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Immigration to Norway

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromRefugees in Norway)

This article needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(August 2024)

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Foreign citizens immigrating to Norway annually, 1967-2019[1]

As of 1 January 2024[update],Norway'simmigrant population consisted of 931,081 people, making up 16.8% of the country's total population, with an additional 221,459 people, or 4.0% of the population born in Norway to two foreign-born parents. The most common countries of birth of immigrants living in Norway werePoland (109,654),Ukraine (65,566),Lithuania (42,733),Syria (38,708),Sweden (36,612),Somalia (27,665),Germany (26,860),Eritrea (25,137), thePhilippines (24,718) andIraq (23,603).[2]

Immigration to Norway has increased over the last decades, beginning in the early 1990s. In 1992, the immigrant population in Norway was 183,000 individuals, representing 4.3% of the total population, and net migration that year was 9,105 people. In 2012, net migration peaked, as 48,714 people came to the country. Since 2013, net migration has decreased. In 2016, net migration was 27,778.[3]

History

[edit]
Further information:History of Norway
Maud of Wales was the consort of KingHaakon VII of Norway (photo's date: 1906).

Historical immigration to Norway started in theViking Age. The practice ofroyal intermarriage was common inEuropean aristocracies and elsewhere. Thefamily tree of Norwegian monarchs shows that Norwegian kings used to seek their wives from other royal houses in order to foster ties with foreign countries.[4] Other historical fields linked to migrations weretrade andacademia, bringing workforce and innovation respectively. TheHanseatic League introduced large scale trade in Bergen and Northern Norway.Mining inKongsberg,Røros, and other places was made possible by immigrants from nearby countries. During the 19th century the evolution ofdairies and the industrial exploitation ofwaterfalls depended on immigrants.Before theUniversity was established in Christiania in 1811, almost all civil servants from up tocirca 1500, were migrants.[5]

From the middle of the 20th century, the history of migration to Norway is characterized by four main phases.[6] The first wave of immigrants came during the 1960s, as a result of demand of labor within the secondary labor market. This group was mainly dominated by men fromPakistan andTurkey, who came to work in the oil sector. The shock of the1973 Oil Crisis resulted in an immigration stop to Norway, which ended this first wave. The next wave came in the late 1970s, and consisted mostly of family members from former immigrants. The third wave of the mid 1980s was an increasing flow of asylum seekers mainly fromIran (Incl.Kurdistan province),Chile,Vietnam,Sri Lanka and the formerYugoslavia. From the beginning of the 21st century until today, Norwegian immigration has been characterized by a more liberal approach to labor immigration, as well as stricter policies towardsasylum seekers.

Contemporary immigration

[edit]

According to the Norwegian Immigration Act, all foreigners have to apply for permanent residency in order to live and work in Norway, except for citizens ofNordic countries.[7] There are four main reasons for immigration to Norway that are lawfully accepted – employment, education, protection andfamily reunification.[8] In 2016, most Norwegian immigrants came for family reunification (16,465 people), followed by protection (15,190), work (14,372) and education (4,147). Of the total number of 788,531 people who immigrated between 1990 and 2016, most immigrated for family reunification (283,478), followed by work (262,669), protection (156,590) and education (80,956).[8] Norway is part of theEuropean Economic Area (EEA) and theSchengen area. In 2017, 41.2% of the total immigrant population in Norway were from countries in theEU or EEA. 32.4% were from Asia including Turkey, and 13.7% were from Africa. The remaining 12.7% were from European countries not in the EU or EEA, North America, South America and Oceania.[9]

In 1999, the Norwegian Directorate of Immigration (Norwegian:Utlendingsdirektoratet, UDI) started to use blood testing on Somalis who applied forfamily reunification with parents. The tests showed that 1 out of 4 lied about the family ties. The tests were later changed toDNA tests to verify family ties.[10] The leader of a Somali community organization in Norway and theNorwegian Medical Association protested the tests and wished they would be discontinued.[10] In 2010, UDI started DNA-tests on Somali childless couples who applied for family reunification whereone spouse already resided in Norway. The results showed that 40% of such pairs were siblings. As the tests became widely known, the ratio dropped to 25% and the tests were widened to migrants from other regions.[11] By September 2019, 15 foreign residents who had travelled from Norway to Syria or Iraq to join the Islamic State had their residence permits revoked.[12]

Refugees in Norway

[edit]

One cause of immigration in the 20th and 21st century is the need for protection in a new country, due to wars, riots, or political persecution in the migrants' home countries. In the 1950s, refugees came fromHungary to Norway, and in the 1970s fromChile andVietnam.[6] In the mid-1980s, there was an increase in the number ofasylum seekers from countries such asIran (Incl.Kurdistan province) andSri Lanka. In the 1990s, war refugees from theBalkans were the predominant immigrant group accepted into Norway; a large number of whom have since returned home to the Balkans. Since the end of the 1990s, new groups of asylum seekers from countries such asIraq,Somalia, andAfghanistan have arrived in Norway.[citation needed] TheDublin Regulation in 2001 states that non-European refugees applying for asylum in a Dublin country, will only get their application processed once, in the country where they first apply for asylum.[13]

During theEuropean migrant crisis in 2015, a total of 31,145 asylum seekers crossed the Norwegian border in 2015.[14] The number had not been as high since the Balkan wars in 1990s. Most of the asylum seekers came from Afghanistan and Syria. In 2016, the number was dramatically reduced by almost 90%. In 2016, 3460 asylum seekers came to Norway. This was partly due to the stricter border control in Europe.[15] The EU-Turkey agreement, implemented 20 March 2016, was made in order strengthen organized channels of immigration to Europe, and prevent irregular migration from Turkey to the EU.[16] Norway has also accepted refugees from other EU countries, In 2020 it granted asylum to anti-racism activistRafał Gaweł fromPoland, who was facing political persecution in his home country.[17] As part of theUN, Norway receives UNquota refugees. In 2015, theNorwegian government announced that they would receive 8,000Syrian quota refugees between 2015 and 2017.

Immigration of Married Children

[edit]

In April 2016,Reuters reported that in the past year, Norway admitted 10married children (children under 16 years of age). Four had children of their own. The Norwegian Directorate of Immigration (UDI) stated that "some" of the married children in Norway live "with their partners." The head of the PLAN charity stated: "If the girl is aged under 16, the minimum age for sexual intercourse in Norway, the child bride refugee should be separated from her husband even if they have children together."[18]

Demographics

[edit]
Further information:Demographics of Norway

Population

[edit]

As of 2014, an official study showed that 4,081,000 people or 79.9% of the total population wereNorwegians having no migrant background (both of their parents were born in Norway)[19] and more than 759,000 individuals (14.9%)[19] were immigrants—or descendants of recent immigrants—from neighbouring countries and the rest of the world. A further 235,000 (4.6%) were born in Norway to one foreign-born parent, and 34,000 (0.7%) were born abroad to one parent born in Norway.

In 2012, of the total 710,465 with immigrant background, 407,262 had Norwegian citizenship (60.2 percent).[20]Of these 13.2%, 335,000 (51%)[19] had aWestern background mostly fromPoland,Germany, andSweden. 325,000 (49%)[19] had a non-Western background mostly fromTurkey,Morocco,Iraq,Somalia,Pakistan andIran (Incl.Kurdistan province).[21][22] Immigrants were represented in all Norwegian municipalities. The cities or municipalities with the highest share of immigrants in 2012 wereOslo (30.4 percent),Drammen (25 percent),Lørenskog (23 per cent) andSkien (19.6 percent).[23] According toReuters, Oslo is the "fastest growing city in Europe because of increased immigration".[24] In recent years,immigration has accounted for most of Norway's population growth.

In 2010, the immigrant community grew by 57,000, which accounted for 90% of Norway's population growth; some 2% of newborn children were of immigrant background (two foreign parents). These statistics indicate that Norway's population is now 87.8% ethnic Norwegian, a figure that has steadily decreased since the late 20th century. Some 12.2% of the population is of solely immigrant background, while 5.7% of the population is of mixed Norwegian-foreign ancestry. People of other European ethnicity are 5.8% of the total, while Asians (including Pakistanis, and Iraqis) are 4.3%, Africans 1.5%, and others 0.6%.[25]

Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents
2023[26]2023
Europe536 43149.17%
Africa149 50113.70%
Asia357 62532.78%
North America13 7061.26%
Latin America and the Caribbean31 0612.85%
Oceania2 7100.25%
Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, by country background. 1 January[27]
2023[27]
ImmigrantsNorwegian-born to immigrant parentsImmigrants in per cent of total populationNorwegian-born to immigrant parents in per cent of total population
Total877 227213 81016.03.9
Nordic countries except Norway, EU/EFTA, UK, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand378 07651 2746.90.9
Europe except EU/EFTA and UK, Africa, Asia, America except USA and Canada, Oceania except Australia and New Zealand, polar regions499 150162 5359.13.0
Nordic countries except Norway69 2517 3201.30.1
EU/EFTA until 2004 except the Nordic countries85 6268 8521.60.2
New EU countries after 2004207 88334 0893.80.6
Europe except for EU/EFTA/UK101 05822 5891.80.4
Australia and New Zealand2 532910.00.0
Asia265 12092 2734.81.7
Africa105 81743 6851.90.8
America except USA or Canada27 0733 9850.50.1
USA and Canada12 7849220.20.0
Oceania except Australia and New Zealand8230.00.0

Education

[edit]
Educational attainment of migrants in Norway in 2018[28]

On average immigrants are well educated, with 16% having completed over four years of higher education as of 2018, compared to 10% for the whole population.[29] However, education levels vary a lot between different groups of migrants.

Social welfare

[edit]

In 2017, 56% of all state social welfare was paid to immigrants. 86% of which was paid to immigrants from Asia or Africa. The third largest group was immigrants from non-EU Eastern European countries at 6%.[30] 2024 35% of all state social welfare was paid to Ukrainian Refugees.

Religion

[edit]
Further information:Religion in Norway
Saint Paul Catholic Church, Bergen.Catholicism in Norway has grown from recent immigration, notably byPoles.

Immigration has altered the religious demography of Norway. Among the immigrants, 250,030 have background from predominantlyChristian countries, 119,662 from predominantlyMuslim countries, 28,942 from mostlyBuddhist countries, and 7,224 from countries that are predominantlyHindu.[31] The proportion of Muslim immigrants has fallen drastically in recent years, from about 80% in 2000 to less than 20% in 2007.[32]

As of 2008 there were living in Norway somewhere between 120,000 and 163,000 persons who had either immigrated from or who had parents who had immigrated from countries whereIslam is the predominant religion, accounting for up to 3.4% of the country's total population.[32][33] This number should be interpreted with caution according to a report by Statistics Norway, as there are significant religious minorities in several of these countries, and varying degrees of commitment to the religion. In the same year, 84,000 persons were members of an Islamic congregation.[32] The largest single denomination besides the state church is theRoman Catholic Church, which had a membership of more than 54,000 in 2008. It gained about 10,000 new members, mostly Poles, in the period 2004–2008.[32] Other religions which have increased mainly as a result of recent post-war immigration (with percentages of adherents in parentheses), includeHinduism (0.5%),Buddhism (0.4%),Eastern Orthodoxy andOriental Orthodoxy (0.2%) and theBahá'í Faith (<0.1%).

Employment

[edit]

Statistics Norway has been criticized in 2018 for misrepresenting employment levels for African and Asian immigrants due to employment was counted from 1 weekly hour of work. Counting full-time employment as 30 hours of work per week, the figures were significantly lower. While official figures show that 35.2% of Pakistani female immigrants are employed, only 20% are in full-time employment.[34]

Employment rates of the 20 most common migrant groups in Norway, aged 20–66[35]
Country of origin[36]20152016201720182019
 Poland72.274.275.176.775.9
 Lithuania71.263.074.677.076.8
 Somalia33.636.039.041.343.3
 Sweden82.281.882.382.782.7
 Pakistan50.751.752.754.155.5
 Syria21.116.220.430.035.9
 Iraq45.847.848.250.351.4
 Eritrea39.041.846.451.758.6
 Germany76.877.678.178.978.1
 Philippines64.466.970.171.572.4
 Vietnam63.462.963.364.264.7
 Iran (Incl.Kurdistan province)56.756.757.158.859.9
 Thailand66.265.667.468.670.1
 Russia63.063.764.466.767.1
 Afghanistan55.155.957.459.059.6
 Denmark76.976.576.777.377.1
 Turkey52.853.254.855.054.4
 India61.362.463.664.365.7
 Bosnia-Herzegovina68.768.770.171.071.5
 Romania68.868.569.569.970.1
Whole population75.074.875.376.176.3
All migrants63.964.065.066.567.1

Unemployment

[edit]

Immigrant employment rates are generally higher in Norway than overall employment rates in most countries[citation needed], the overall unemployment rate among immigrants being 6.5% in May 2011, totalling about 20,000 persons. The unemployment rate in the population as a whole was 2.7% at this time. There are differences between immigrant groups. People with Ukrainian backgrounds have the highest unemployment rates, with 79.4%. Unemployment rates among immigrants from Asia and Eastern Europe were 8.2% and 7.4%, respectively. Persons born in Norway to immigrant parents, still a young and relatively small demographic, had an unemployment rate of 5.0%, totalling 766 persons. This was 1.6 percentage points above persons with Norwegian-born parents in the same age group, and 2.1 percentage points below immigrants in the same age group.[37]

Workforce participation

[edit]

Overall workforce participation in the immigrant population was 61.6% in 2010,[37] compared to 71.9% for the population as a whole.[38]Ukrainian immigrants had the lowest workforce participation, with 20.9%. Persons born to immigrant parents had a workforce participation of 53.0%, similar to that of the corresponding age demographic with Norwegian-born parents.[37]

Health

[edit]

Immigrants from low income countries in Africa and Asia constitute a large proportion of those diagnosed with chronic infectious diseasesTuberculosis, HIV andHepatitis B. Those who fall ill are often infected in their country of origin and are only diagnosed as they arrive in Norway, or they are infected during later visits to the home country of their family. In addition, these immigrants are less likely than Norwegian travellers to take travel vaccines against malaria, as they are unaware that after a couple of years in Norway they lose the immunity they had in their home country. Immigrants also socialize more with other immigrants and are therefore at greater risk of being infected while in Norway.[39]

In 2016, there were 298 reported cases of tuberculosis; of these, about 90% were people born outside Norway.[39] In the 2013–2017 period people born outside Norway represented 60% of the about 225 annual cases of HIV infections and 96% of the 675 annual cases of chronic Heptatitis B.[39]

Effects of immigration

[edit]

Demographic

[edit]
Norwegian and foreign born population pyramid in 2023
Youths inOslo

From 1977 to 2012, the number of non-Norwegian citizens living in Norway ofEuropean descent has increased from around 46,000 to around 280,000. In the same period the number of citizens of nations on other continents increased from about 25,000 to about 127,000, of which 112,230 fromMiddle East,Asia,Africa andSouth America.[40] If people with two immigrant parents are counted, the total immigrant population has risen from 57,041 in 1970 to 710 465 in 2012, the non-European proportion rose from 20.1% to 46.1%. The proportion of women in the immigrant population shifted from 56.1% in 1970 to 48.0% in 2012.[41] According to a book chapter published by Amsterdam University in 2008 and authored by Prof. Mete Feridun of University of Greenwich, immigration has a positive impact on economic growth in Norway and it has no statistically significant impact on unemployment in the job market.[42]

Crime

[edit]
See also:Crime in Norway andImmigration and crime

According to an analysis of 1998–2002 crime statistics, non-Western immigrants were overrepresented for violent crime, economic crime and traffic violations.[43][needs update] According to data released by theEuropean Council, 341 out of the year 2000 prison inmate population of 2643 were foreign nationals, a share of 12.9%. In the year 2010 foreign nationals represented 1129 out of a 3636 total, a 31.1% share. These figures were corroborated by officials of theNorwegian Correctional Service which stated the rising trend escalated when 8 countries joined theSchengen Area in 2007.[44] In order to decrease costs for interpreters and other special needs of foreign inmates, foreign nationals serving sentences involving subsequentdeportation were in 2012 incarcerated in an institution holding only foreigners as they are not intended to be re-integrated into Norwegian society.[45] This institution opened in December 2012 inKongsvinger.[46]

In September 2016, Norwegian authorities discovered that more than a million identity papers had been issued without stringent checks which enabled fraudsters to claimsocial welfare benefits ofmany persons simultaneously.[47][relevant?] 2007 was the first time when foreign perpetrators of partner murders were in the majority. While 13% of Norway's population are foreigners, they represent 47% of perpetrators who have murdered their partner.[48] The most prevalent countries of origin were: Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia and Eritrea.[48] In 2018, an investigation into court cases involving domestic violence against children showed that 47% of the cases involved parents who were both born abroad. According to a researcher atNorwegian Police University College the over-representation was due to cultural (honor culture) and legal differences in Norway and foreign countries.[49]

Fiscal effects

[edit]

According to Statistics Norway, every non-Western immigrant mean net deficit of 4.1 million NOK for Norwegian authorities, where tax income are reduced by welfare payments. The 15400 non-Western immigrants who arrived in 2012 will then result in expenses of about 63 000 million NOK, half the sum the Norwegian government revenue from theoil fund.[50] Immigrants from Africa and Asia generally contributed less to tax uptake of the Norwegian state, where immigrants from Africa aged 25–62 contributed 50 000 NOK annually, immigrants from Asia contributed 70 000 NOK annually and the general population 140 000 NOK annually.[51] Of the immigrant population 7.5% received social benefits compared to the other population at 2.2% The share of immigrants from Ukraine on social benefits was 78%, Somalia 38% Syria 30%, Afghanistan 22% and Iraq 20%.[51]

According to calculations byFinansavisen, the cost of the average Somali to the state is 9 million NOK, assuming that the descendants are perfectly integrated into Norwegian society. Of non-Western immigrants, Tamils do best with a cost of 1 million NOK. Swedes who already have an education and migrate to Norway give a net addition to the state balance sheet. Neighbouring countries India and Pakistan have a significant difference in state expenses, whereas the average Indian lead to costs of 1.6 million NOK, the average Pakistani costs 5.1 million NOK.[52]

Legal and administration issues

[edit]
Further information:Norwegian nationality law

The Directorate of Immigration (UDI) is responsible for the administration of immigration into the country.[53] Before the UDI was established in 1988, several government organisations were involved in administering immigration.[54] Another body,Integrerings- og mangfoldsdirektoratet (IMDi) (Directorate of Integration and Diversity), "contribute[s] to equality in living conditions and diversity through employment, integration and participation".[55]

[icon]
This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(January 2011)

Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, by country of origin

[edit]
Country of origin[36]Population (1970)Population (1980)Population (1990)Population (2000)Population (2010)Population (2020)[56]
 Poland1,1981,6724,6616,28252,125115,416
 Sweden11,19811,01812,73223,24031,19338,854
 Somalia3311,3918,38625,49643,273
 Lithuania34827810,34147,304
 Pakistan1636,82815,48822,83131,06138,674
 Iraq20387597,66426,37434,268
 Germany5,2955,8916,7189,10222,85928,258
 Vietnam202,0728,75715,39020,10023,655
 Denmark12,30614,57118,54318,86319,29821,010
 Philippines707893,3845,57313,44726,334
 Iran431355,38110,35416,32123,331
 Russia4143593,01214,87322,191
 Turkey2362,3846,15510,48115,99820,075
 Bosnia-Herzegovina00312,61415,91818,542
 Thailand291911,0973,29812,26822,194
 Afghanistan0326680410,47521,942
 Sri Lanka232634,8939,82613,77215,737
 United Kingdom4,7388,65811,83011,16112,84316,154
 Kosovo000012,71916,357
 Eritrea03187335,78929,102
 India2461,8824,6725,9969,74719,135
 Romania1151503099944,53317,653
 China, People's Republic of3696831,9683,5487,32611,856
 Latvia1114143182,85612,318
 Morocco4011,2863,0645,4098,05810,738
 United States7,06910,2898,9997,5717,70710,213
 Iceland7611,5662,1443,8194,9668,001
 Netherlands1,4652,2222,9263,8216,9268,974
 Chile859475,9016,3777,6077,983
 Ethiopia82271,5322,5255,15612,036
 Finland1,9933,5904,1466,5506,6657,373
 France7051,6832,0062,3643,9306,389
 Bulgaria2561663397692,1528,212
 Estonia1624243032,0925,233
 Spain5918931,1431,3632,2057,342
 Serbia00002,7488,874
 Ukraine6633312,6046,939
 Brazil681403977302,8145,871
 Syria7482137632,01036,026
 Myanmar61331603,0154,186
 Palestine000642,9394,331
 Slovakia0631582,1424,309
 Hungary1,4811,5621,6461,6422,2884,734
 Croatia03101,5413,2446,109
 North Macedonia0007073,1174,459
 Italy5987489251,2191,9925,162
 Sudan327593711,3186,164
 Lebanon11856141,5402,3973,865
 Congo, Democratic Republic of1212932362,0504,300
 Portugal1473906057011,0793,906
 Ghana11337771,3412,0343,022
 Czech Republic1091411655261,4642,556
 Nigeria111183325041,2472,692
 Colombia321072504761,2162,451
 Canada6889511,0571,1381,6022,245
 Greece1852574375047433,550
 Algeria661364788801,4971,874
 Kenya131243406421,2752,373
 Gambia191536159841,4091,855
 Australia2343934836001,2201,917
 Indonesia1021642413831,1481,851
  Switzerland4706107419321,2041,740
   Nepal00191266812,605
 Burundi003621,1191,561
 Peru30712124581,0541,587
 Tunisia391063826071,1061,596
 Austria5936597487929971,480
 Liberia3823261,0751,240
 Uganda111762464739032,383
 Belgium2563885646008791,460
 Egypt831702813998061,640
 Mexico31791613177731,609
 Bangladesh3514764577991,696
 Belarus0001057101,487
 South Korea251073213957951,430
 Venezuela1230551345801,397
 Ireland1202494104606401,101
 Cuba814402047361,205
 Kazakhstan000467151,203
 South Africa2033063754937731,298
 Japan2164105385797871,181
 Argentina1412393093716491,256
 Albania2315211564912,996
 Hong Kong332115847418311,110
 Faroe Islands284432455853754751
 Dominican Republic38532476091,131
 Tanzania768182414739947
 Rwanda336176653900
 Malaysia1090160273485973
 Israel70152372453612817
 Moldova003263231,667
 Cameroon8151962472886
 Sierra Leone1425149227553689
 Azerbaijan00077435718
 Libya0546563021,055
 Cambodia08147271485632
 Jordan32257133388858
 Cape Verde1063193293496527
 New Zealand106164204230432544
 Angola002296408566
 Ecuador114065161350642
 Uzbekistan00031326796
 Montenegro0000350701
 Kuwait0313131345671
 Saudi Arabia3016432201,223
 Singapore1398178215352519
 Yemen001145197816
 Zambia0658106301521
 Bhutan0038229421
 Slovenia00053203529
 Georgia00017228398
 Armenia00030226405
 Bolivia61386120230391
 Côte d'Ivoire3859106258410
 United Arab Emirates00333166647
 Senegal042972205417
 Guinea893438154423
 Trinidad and Tobago48117159195259288
 Taiwan01595114218384
 Zimbabwe31147111193326
 Congo, Republic of031422151321
 El Salvador3654126190285
 Uruguay1287158173185250
 Madagascar97105127139198243
 Mauritius14108177179211235
 Kyrgyzstan0003149302
 South Sudan00000435
 Guatemala8224274146241
 Greenland73369120164212
 Mozambique362355126200
 Jamaica4303965135194
 Nicaragua392876137209
 Togo335478129175
 Cyprus12327091103184
 Mongolia000796188
 Costa Rica3163454112190
 Tajikistan00010102152
 Honduras7135863101152
 Laos03605792159

Opposition

[edit]

The Norwegian far-right opposes immigration from non-European countries. TheProgress Party describes their position like this: "Immigration from countries outside the EEA must be strictly enforced to ensure a successful integration. It can not be accepted that fundamental Western values and human rights are set aside by cultures and attitudes that certain groups of immigrants bring with them to Norway."[57] In the2011 terrorist attacks, a former Progress Party member murdered 77 people, mostly children and young adults attending aLabour Party youth event. The attacker opposed migration for anti-Islamic reasons and accused the Labour Party of "promoting multiculturalism".[58]

From 1987-1995, Norway had a party calledStop the Immigration.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"05869: Flyttinger fra og til utlandet 1958 – 2019".PX-Web SSB (in Norwegian). Statistics Norway. Retrieved19 September 2020.
  2. ^"Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents". Statistics Norway. 7 March 2024. Retrieved9 August 2024.
  3. ^"05394: Innvandring, utvandring og nettoinnvandring, etter norsk/utenlandsk statsborgerskap 1958 – 2016-PX-Web SSB".PX-Web SSB.Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved2 March 2018.
  4. ^FromHarald Finehair toHåkon Håkonsson eight out of ten known queens were princesses from neighbouring countries. Steinar Imsen.Våre dronninger(in Norwegian). Grøndahl og Dreyer. 1991.ISBN 82-09-10678-3
  5. ^Knut Kjeldstadli.Norsk innvandringshistorie(in Norwegian). Pax, 2003.ISBN 82-530-2541-6
  6. ^abSandnes, Toril (2017).Innvandrere i Norge, 2017. Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistics Norway.Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved23 September 2018.
  7. ^"Lov om utlendingers adgang til riket og deres opphold her (utlendingsloven) – Lovdata".lovdata.no (in Norwegian).Archived from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved2 March 2018.
  8. ^ab"Innvandrere etter innvandringsgrunn".ssb.no (in Norwegian Bokmål).Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved2 March 2018.
  9. ^"Innvandrere og norskfødte med innvandrerforeldre".ssb.no (in Norwegian Bokmål).Archived from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved2 March 2018.
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