Reformed Political Party Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij | |
|---|---|
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| Abbreviation | SGP |
| Leader | Chris Stoffer (list) |
| Chairman | Dick van Meeuwen [nl] (list) |
| Leader in theSenate | Peter Schalk (list) |
| Leader in theHouse of Representatives | Chris Stoffer (list) |
| Leader in theEuropean Parliament | Bert-Jan Ruissen |
| Founded | 1918[a] |
| Headquarters | Dinkel 7 Rotterdam |
| Youth wing | Reformed Political Party Youth |
| Think tank | Guido de Brès Foundation |
| Membership(January 2025) |  30,573[2] |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Right-wing[5] |
| Religion | Reformed Christianity |
| European affiliation | European Christian Political Party |
| European Parliament group | European Conservatives and Reformists Group |
| Colours | Orange Blue |
| House of Representatives | 3 / 150 (2%) |
| Senate | 2 / 75 (3%) |
| European Parliament | 1 / 31 (3%) |
| provincial councils | 16 / 570 |
| Website | |
| sgp.nl | |
TheReformed Political Party (Dutch:Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij[ˌstaːtˈkʏndə(x)xəˌreːfɔrˈmeːrdəpɑrˈtɛi],SGP) is a conservativeReformed Christian[6]political party in theNetherlands. The SGP is the oldest political party in the Netherlands existing in its present form, and has been in opposition for its entire existence. Since 1925, it has won between 1.5% and 2.5% of the votes in general elections. Owing to its orthodox political ideals and its traditional role in the opposition, the party is considered atestimonial party.[7]
The SGP was founded in 1918 by orthodox Protestants led byYersekepastorGerrit Hendrik Kersten, some of which originated from the ProtestantAnti-Revolutionary Party (ARP). After thePacification of 1917,compulsory voting andproportional representation was introduced in the Netherlands. The founders did not want to vote for existing parties, but saw an opportunity for a smaller party because of proportional representation.[8] The party first participated in the1918 general election. The hastily organised campaign focused on the ARP and its support of what SGP called state coercion, such ascompulsory vaccination and insurance law. Because some might object to him combining being politician and pastor, Kersten was not a candidate, but instead Barend Lemans and Pieter Gijze. The party received over 5,000 votes, not enough for a seat.[9]
Despite not winning a seat, the SGP continued its activities In 1919, the party board started apetition against theInvaliditeitswet [nl] (Disability Act), which forced workers to pay premiums to insure against disability. It received 4,800 signatures. The party encouraged its members to send back their stamp cards which tracked their premiums. In December 1920, the Senate passed a law that would accommodate their conscientious objections. A similar petition against compulsory vaccination received 27,059 signatures in 1922, but sorted no effect.[10]
For the1922 general election, Kersten waslead candidate, accepting objections within his electorate. The party won one seat in theHouse of Representatives, which was taken by Kersten. His speeches in parliament regularly received media attention, for example when he opposed the1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. In the1925 general election, the party won another seat which was taken byPieter Zandt.[11]
Later that year, theanti-Catholic SGP would cause the fall of thesecond Ruijs de Beerenbrouck cabinet in what became known as theNight of Kersten [nl]. During the debate on the budget of theForeign Affairs Ministry, Kersten had proposed cutting the budget of thediplomatic mission of the Netherlands to the Holy See. The amendment received a majority, because it was supported by the ProtestantChristian Historical Union (CHU), which was in cabinet together with theCatholic General League. It resulted in more publicity and a third seat in the1929 general election, which was taken byCor van Dis sr. [nl].[11] Kersten, Zandt and Van Dis formed the parliamentary group until the1937 general election, when the SGP lost one seat. The SGP did not achieve much in parliament other than during the Night of Kersten, but achieved some smaller goals outside of parliament through contact with the ministers.[12]
Kersten saw theGerman invasion of the Netherlands in 1940 as a punishment for its sins. He rejectedresistance against theGerman occupation and was seen as friendly towards them. After the war, he was nominated again as lead candidate, but he was barred from the House of Representatives for his stances during the war.[13]
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Kersten was succeeded by Zandt, under whose leadership the SGP was very stable, continually getting 2% of votes. In the1956 general election, the SGP profited from the enlargement of parliament, and entered theSenate for the first time. It lost that seat in1960 Senate election, but regained it in the1971 Senate election.[14]
In 1961 Zandt died and was succeeded by Van Dis sr. After ten years he stood down in favour of ReverendHette Abma, who also stepped down after ten years, in favour ofHenk van Rossum, a civil engineer. In the1984 European Parliament election, the SGP joined the two other orthodox Protestant parties, theReformatory Political Federation (RPF) and theReformed Political League (GPV). They won one seat in the European Parliament, which was taken by SGP memberLeen van der Waal, a mechanical engineer.[14]
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In 1986, Van Rossum was succeeded byBas van der Vlies. In the1994 election the party lost one seat in the House,regained it in 1998, andlost it again in 2002. During the2003 cabinet formation, theChristian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and thePeople's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) held talks with the SGP — the first time that the SGP was seriously considered as a possible coalition partner. Ultimately, theDemocrats 66 joined thesecond Balkenende cabinet instead of the SGP, mostly because of the ideological differences between the VVD and the SGP.[14]
In 2010,Kees van der Staaij succeeded Van der Vlies. During the2010 cabinet formation, the negotiating CDA, VVD andParty for Freedom (PVV) took into account some wishes of the SGP, so that SGP would provideconfidence and supply in the Senate where thefirst Rutte cabinet did not have a majority.[14]
As aProtestant fundamentalist[15] party the SGP draws much from its ideology from theReformed Christian tradition, specifically the ecclesiastical doctrinal standards known as theThree Forms of Unity, including an unamended version of theBelgic Confession (Dutch:Nederlandse Geloofsbelijdenis). It includes 21 words that were removed by thesynod of theReformed Churches in the Netherlands in 1905, which state that the government must "eliminate and eradicate allidolatry and false religion, so as to destroy the kingdom of Antichrist". This contrasted with the other two Protestant parties, theAnti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) and theChristian Historical Union (CHU) when SGP was founded, which had accepted the change.[16]
The SGP is a theocratic party, although its precise position on the relation between religion and politics has changed over time.[17] The SGP does favor some, but no strict,separation of church and state. The church and state should cooperate, including the advancement of the true faith.[b] The state should not curtail the freedom of the church, while the church similarly should not impose upon the state.[18] Abma rejectedtheocracy as form of government, instead harmonizing theocracy anddemocracy.[19] Over time, it has however become more realistic, accepting the religiously neutral state.[20] The party has also tried to distinguish its theocratic positions from Islamic theocracy.[19] The SGP supportsfreedom of conscience, but not an unconditionalfreedom of religion.[21]
The SGP is critical ofIslam,[22] although Muslims have also been seen as allies against secularism.[23][24] With the argument that Judeo-Christian culture must be preserved, the party opposes public expressions such aspublic calls to prayer, big mosques andminarets.[25][26]
The SGP has generally opposedwomen's suffrage, bothpassive and active, believing it to be contrary to a "woman's calling". Some within the party however argue that the biblical argumentation is not clear or that this could hurt them electorally.[27] In 1989 the party changed its principles, approving women voting if they can answer this to God in their conscience. No similar change was made for passive suffrage.[28]
The SGP opposes gay rights.[29] In May 2019, the party voted against banningconversion therapy.[30] In 2024, the SGP introduced a motion in the House of Representatives to call on the government to withdraw the so-called "transgender bill" which had been introduced by the previous Dutch government and would enable people under the age of 16 to legally declare their gender without requiring a medical diagnosis.[31]
The SGP is opposed to abortion[32] andeuthanasia.[33] It supports the reintroduction of the death penalty.[34]
The party has evolved into a pro-Israel party.[35] Due to its early focus on anti-Catholicism and belief insupersessionism, the SGP and Kersten were critical of the reception ofGerman-Jewish refugees in the years leading up to World War II. The establishment of the state ofIsrael in 1948 and its victories against neighboring Arab countries contributed to increased sympathy among SGP members. From 1968 onwards, this was also evident in Abma's contributions in parliament. In 2000, a separate article was included in the party's manifesto emphasizing the importance of good diplomatic relations with Israel and advocating for secure borders for Israel.[36]
| Election | Lead candidate | List | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1918 | Barend Lemans | List | 5,180 | 0.39 | 0 / 100 | New | |
| 1922 | Gerrit Hendrik Kersten | List | 26,744 | 0.91 | 1 / 100 |  1 | |
| 1925 | List | 62,513 | 2.03 | 2 / 100 | 1 | ||
| 1929 | List | 71,420 | 2.27 | 3 / 100 | 1 | [37] | |
| 1933 | List | 93,275 | 2.51 | 3 / 100 | 0 | [38] | |
| 1937 | List | 78,619 | 1.94 | 2 / 100 |  1 | [39] | |
| 1946 | Pieter Zandt | List | 101,761 | 2.16 | 2 / 100 | 0 | [40] |
| 1948 | List | 116,864 | 2.37 | 2 / 100 | 0 | [41] | |
| 1952 | List | 129,073 | 2.42 | 2 / 100 | 0 | [42] | |
| 1956 | List | 129,515 | 2.26 | 3 / 150 | 1 | [43] | |
| 1959 | List | 129,678 | 2.16 | 3 / 150 | 0 | [44] | |
| 1963 | Cor van Dis Sr. | List | 143,549 | 2.29 | 3 / 150 | 0 | [45] |
| 1967 | List | 138,119 | 2.01 | 3 / 150 | 0 | [46] | |
| 1971 | Hette Abma | List | 148,221 | 2.35 | 3 / 150 | 0 | [47] |
| 1972 | List | 163,114 | 2.21 | 3 / 150 | 0 | [48] | |
| 1977 | List | 177,010 | 2.13 | 3 / 150 | 0 | [49] | |
| 1981 | Henk van Rossum | List | 171,324 | 1.97 | 3 / 150 | 0 | [50] |
| 1982 | List | 156,636 | 1.90 | 3 / 150 | 0 | [51] | |
| 1986 | Bas van der Vlies | List | 159,740 | 1.74 | 3 / 150 | 0 | [52] |
| 1989 | List | 166,082 | 1.87 | 3 / 150 | 0 | [53] | |
| 1994 | List | 155,251 | 1.73 | 2 / 150 | 1 | [54] | |
| 1998 | List | 153,583 | 1.78 | 3 / 150 | 1 | [55] | |
| 2002 | List | 163,562 | 1.72 | 2 / 150 | 1 | [56] | |
| 2003 | List | 150,305 | 1.56 | 2 / 150 | 0 | [57] | |
| 2006 | List | 153,266 | 1.56 | 2 / 150 | 0 | [58] | |
| 2010 | Kees van der Staaij | List | 163,581 | 1.74 | 2 / 150 | 0 | [59] |
| 2012 | List | 196,780 | 2.09 | 3 / 150 | 1 | [60] | |
| 2017 | List | 218,950 | 2.08 | 3 / 150 | 0 | [61] | |
| 2021 | List | 215,249 | 2.07 | 3 / 150 | 0 | [62] | |
| 2023 | Chris Stoffer | List | 217,270 | 2.08 | 3 / 150 | 0 | [63] |
| 2025 | List | 238,093 | 2.25 | 3 / 150 | 0 |
| Election | Lead candidate | List | Votes | Weighted votes | % | Seats | +/– | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | Peter Schalk | List | 17 | 4,436 | 2.76 | 2 / 75 | [64] |
| Election | List | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | EP Group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1979 | List | 126,412 | 2.23 | 0 / 25 | New | |
| 2024 | List | 228,036 | 3.66 | 1 / 31 | 0 |
Between 1984 and 2019, the SGP filed joint candidate lists with theChristian Union and its predecessors. SeeCU-SGP for these election results.
Since the1984 European Parliament election the party has had one elected representative in theEuropean Parliament. From 1984 to 1997Leen van der Waal was the representative, from1999Bas Belder was the party's representative, succeeded byBert-Jan Ruissen in the2019 European Parliament election. In European Parliament elections, the SGP formed one candidate list with theChristian Union, calledCU–SGP, until the2024 European Parliament election. The SGP's representative is a member of theEuropean Christian Political Party andEuropean Conservatives and Reformists Group (ECR Group).[65]
The SGP has had a very stable electorate since first entering the States-General in 1922. Since winning a second seat in 1926, it has usually varied between two and three seats in the House of Representatives.
Most of its electorate is formed by so-calledpietisticReformed Protestants ("bevindelijk gereformeerden [nl]"),[66] Reformed Protestants for whom personal religious experience is very important. Most of theOld Reformed Congregations and theReformed Congregations are considered pietistic Reformed Protestants. Pietistic Reformed Protestants are also present in theChristian Reformed Churches, theReformed Association in the Protestant Church in the Netherlands and theRestored Reformed Church.[67]
The SGP's support is concentrated geographically in theDutch Bible Belt, a band of strongly Reformed and mostly rural municipalities ranging fromZeeland in the South viaGoeree-Overflakkee and theAlblasserwaard inSouth Holland and theVeluwe inGelderland to the Western part ofOverijssel, aroundStaphorst. Outside the Bible Belt, the SGP also performs well inUrk,Uddel andRijssen-Holten.[68] The geographical concentration of SGP voters has however decreased between 1956 and 2017. Its votes have shifted away fromUtrecht andSouth Holland towardsZeeland,Gelderland,Overijssel, with a modest turnout inDrenthe andGelderland.[69]
Despite SGP's opposition towomen's suffrage, it draws significant support from women. In the period 1971–1977, when the Dutch National Voter Survey started, around half of its voters were female. This declined to 34% in 1989–1998, but rose back to half in 2010–2017.[70] In theMarch 2021 general election and theMarch 2023 provincial elections, nearly 60% of SGP voters were female.[71]
The highest organ of the SGP is the congress, which is formed by delegates from the municipal branches. It convenes once every year. It appoints the party board and decides the order of the Senate, House of Representatives, European Parliament candidates list and has the last say over the party program. The SGP chairman is always aminister. Since 2001 this position is ceremonial, as the general chair leads the party's organisation.
The party has 245 municipal branches and has a provincial federation in each province, except forLimburg.
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Initially, women were not allowed to be member of the party. In 1983, the first woman, W. van Donge-van Bezooijen, applied for membership, butThe Hague electoral association had rejected her application because she was a woman. She then wrote to the national party board, after which she andRiet Grabijn-van Putten [nl] became member in 1985. The party board however changed its position in 1991, rejecting membership for women. This position was supported by ninety percent of electoral associations in 1993. The party was aware that this might be against theConvention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women.[72]
Meanwhile, public opinion in the Netherlands turned against SGP's decision not to allow women.UN committees also recommended intervention. In 2003, theClara Wichmann Institute and some other organisations sued the Dutch government, for subsidising SGP. The district court of The Hague ruled that the party could no longer receive subsidies from the government, while it did not force the SGP to change it statutes. Based on the verdict, the party decided to allow female membership, while still not allowing them on candidate lists.[73] At the end of 2017, SGP had 800 female members.[74]
Meanwhile in 2005, the Dutch government had refused the SGP's application for subsidies. The administrative law division of the district court of The Hague supported the rejection. However, theCouncil of State overturned this decision in December 2007, maintaining that a party's political philosophy takes precedence, and that women have the opportunity to join other political parties where they can obtain a leadership role. Two weeks later, The Hague courts of appeal ruled on the first case that the SGP should also allow women's passive suffrage. TheSupreme Court of the Netherlands affirmed this decision in 2010 and an appeal to theEuropean Court of Human Rights was unsuccessful in 2012. As a result, the SGP changed its internal regulations to formally allow women to be candidates in elections,[75] while still discouraging it in their principles.[76]
Some women have been candidates starting with the2014 municipal elections, withlead candidateLilian Janse becoming the first female elected representative for the SGP when she was elected municipal councilor inVlissingen in 2014.[77]However the party still forbid women from joining its list for general elections.[78]
The party publishes the Banner (Dutch:De Banier) two-weekly since 1921. Its think tank was founded in 1974, and it was renamed after Walloon theologianGuido de Brès in 1992. It publishes the quarterly magazine Zicht (Sight).[79] The youth organisation of the SGP is called theReformed Political Party Youth (SGPJ).
The SGP participates in theNetherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy, a democracy assistance organisation of seven Dutch political parties.
The SGP has close links with several other orthodox Protestant organisations, such as several Reformed churches and the newspaperReformatorisch Dagblad. Together they form a small but strong orthodox-Reformedpillar.
The SGP has traditionally been very focused on its independence. In the 1950s, the SGP created common candidates lists in municipal elections with theAnti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) and/orChristian Historical Union (CHU). These collaborations stalled when these two parties intensified their collaboration with theCatholic People's Party (KVP).[80]
In 1963 another orthodox Protestant party, theReformed Political League (GPV) entered parliament, although they had little contact with the SGP at first.[81] Another orthodox Protestant party, theReformatory Political Federation (RPF).[82] Over time they started to work together to oppose the secularisation[81] and created shared lists and connections between their lists (Dutch:lijstverbinding).[83] This included common lists for the European Parliamentary elections starting in 1984.
After 1993 the cooperation between the GPV and the RPF intensified, but the SGP's position at the time onfemale suffrage prevented the SGP joining this closer cooperation. However, in 2000 the GPV and RPF merged to form theChristianUnion (CU). Traditionally the SGP and the CU worked together closely as they were both based on Protestant Christianpolitics. Recently however, as the CU has moved more towards the centre-left,[citation needed] discernible differences of philosophy between the SGP and CU have caused the parties to not join in elections.
In the2019 Senate election, some provincial councillors of the far-rightForum for Democracy (FvD) strategically voted for the SGP to keep their second seat.[84] The parties also joined the same European Parliament Group after the2019 European Parliament election.[85] In 2021, incoming party chair Van Meeuwen ruled out cooperation with the FvD,[86] although party leader Van der Staaij didn't want to rule any parties out in advance.[87][84]
SGP is strongly opposed to abortion.
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