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Referendums in the Philippines are occasionally held at the national, regional, or local level. Areferendum may be either national or local in scope. In thePhilippines, the terms "referendum" and "plebiscite" have distinct meanings.

According to the Initiative and Referendum Act, a referendum is "the power of the electorate to approve or reject a legislation through an election called for the purpose." A plebiscite, on the other hand, is "the electoral process by which an initiative on the Constitution is approved or rejected by the people."^[1]

Theconstitution mandates a referendum for these instances:^[2]

• Adoption of a new name for the country, or a new national anthem or a new seal
• Allowing foreign military troops in the Philippines ifCongress requires

The Initiative and Referendum Act allows for referendums on these cases:^[1]

• A petition of at least 10% of registered voters, with 3% within everylegislative district for local initiatives
  • If there is only one legislative district in a province, city or municipality, it has to be 3% within each municipality in a province, or each barangay in a city
  • For barangay initiatives, it has to be at least 10% of registered voters
• A local legislative body can also submit to the electorate approval of any ordinance or resolution

The constitution requires a plebiscite for these:^[2]

• Creation, division, merger, abolishment or major boundary changes of aprovince,city,municipality orbarangay (village).
• Creation of special metropolitan political subdivisions
• Creation ofautonomous regions
• Approval of an amendment or revision to the constitution

The Initiative and Referendum Act allows for plebiscites on these cases:^[1]

• A petition of at least 12% of registered voters, with 3% within every legislative district, for amending the constitution

However, theSupreme Court declared the Initiative and Referendum Act procedures for amending the constitution as fatally defective, although it did not affect the operation of the law for other types of initiatives.^[3]

The constitution allows Congress to submit to the electorate the question of calling a constitutional convention; it did not specify what kind of balloting this is.^[2]

As with other electoral exercises, referendums and plebiscites in the Philippines are administered by theCommission on Elections (COMELEC). The commission's authority to conduct such exercises is mandated by the1987 Constitution and further detailed in the Omnibus Election Code. COMELEC is responsible for preparing the ballots, supervising the voting process, and canvassing and proclaiming the results.

In 1599, KingPhilip II of Spain ordered a referendum in several areas to confirm Spanish sovereignty in the islands. It was approved.^[4]

In 1935,the first national plebiscite was held, for the ratification of the 1935 constitution. This was seen as anindependence referendum, and those in favor of adoption the constitution overwhelmingly outnumbered those who were opposed.^[5]

Two years later,a plebiscite asked women if they wanted suffrage for themselves. Unlike other referendums, 300,000 votes to the affirmative were needed; Filipino women turned out in droves, with more than 447,000 voting for suffrage.^[5]

Two years later,a plebiscite asked the people about economic adjustments. These were amendments to theTydings–McDuffie Act. The people overwhelmingly approved the amendments.^[5]

In 1940,a plebiscite asked three questions to the people. These were amendments to the constitution that restored the bicameralCongress, allowed the re-election of the president, and created theCommission on Elections. The people approved all three, but not as overwhelmingly as the 1935 and 1939 plebiscites.^[5]

The Americans granted independence to the Philippines on July 4, 1946. Prior to that, Congress passed Commonwealth Act No. 733, the local version of theBell Trade Act passed by theUnited States Congress, which include parity rights for both Filipino and American citizens to exploit Philippine natural resources.^[6] As this meant amending the constitution, a plebiscite was called after it was passed by the Philippine Congress by much difficulty. Turnout was low, but the measure was approved by the people by a 5:1 margin.^[5]

By 1967, there were moves to revise the constitution. Congress passed amendments to the constitution where it increased the number of congressmen, and allowed incumbent members of Congress to sit in the incoming constitutional convention. Ina plebiscite held together with the1967 Senate election, the people overwhelmingly rejected both questions. This was the only time the government lost.^[5] A constitutional convention waselected in 1970, and new constitution was put to a plebiscite in 1973.^[7]

PresidentFerdinand Marcos declared martial law onSeptember 23, 1972. Martial law prevented Congress to convene. The constitutional convention presented to him the draft constitution by December 1972. Meanwhile, some senators have been organizing to convene on the supposed resumption of Congress by January 22, 1973. Marcos then created barangay or citizens' assemblies. These assemblies, instead of viasecret ballot, voted viashowing of hands on the new constitution, and whether to hold another plebiscite for approving the constitution, fromJanuary 10 to 15, 1973. The citizens' assemblies overwhelmingly approved the constitution, and voted not to hold another plebiscite.^[5]

Marcos had several more referendums, all being voted by citizens' assemblies, and won on overwhelming margins.^[5]

Marcos was overthrown after thePeople Power Revolution, where he was alleged to have cheated during the1986 presidential election.Corazon Aquino, Marcos's opponent, became president, and did away with the 1973 constitution. She appointed aconstitutional commission that drafted a new constitution. This was then approved by the peoplein a plebiscite in a margin of more than 3:1.^[5]

Local plebiscites have mostly been for the creation, inclusion to, or division of new autonomous regions, provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays.

This is a list of local plebiscites, from the regional down to the municipal level. A law, proclamation, resolution, or ordinance has to be passed for a plebiscite to take place.

These plebiscites asked for the creation of, or the inclusion of a place, in an autonomous region.

The 1987 constitution states that there are two autonomous regions: Muslim Mindanao and the Cordillera. Five successful plebiscites inMindanao have led to the creation of the present-dayBangsamoro via a2019 plebiscite. In theCordillera, two plebiscites have failed, the latest in 1998, and it is still treated as a regular administrative region.

These plebiscites asked for the creation of a province or involved an entire province.A group of cities and municipalities (most usually a legislative district or, formerly, sub-provinces) that aim to become provinces have provincehood (in the case of legislative districts) or conversion (in the case of sub-provinces) plebiscites. There had also been plebiscites asking for the transfer of the provincial capital from one municipality to another, the selection of a provincial capital, and the renaming of a province.There was also a plebiscite asking a province if they would approve the conversion of a component city within that province to a highly urbanized city. A "highly urbanized city" is politically, administratively, and fiscally independent from a province.

These plebiscites involved entire municipalities or cities, asked for the incorporation of a new municipality, or asked for cityhood.Most plebiscites involving entire municipalities ask for its cityhood, conversion from being a component city to a highly urbanized city (see provincial-level plebiscites section above), creation of a new municipality from a group of barangays within it, its renaming, the creation of new barangays, transfer of one barangay from one municipality to another, or merger with other municipalities in order to become a city.

There have also been plebiscites in barangays for renaming them or creating new ones, either from certainsitios or by dividing and merging existing barangays.^[38] There have been hundreds of such plebiscites since the 1980s.

People's Initiative refers to either a mode for constitutional amendment provided by the 1987 Philippine Constitution or to the act of pushing aninitiative (national or local) allowed by the Initiative and Referendum Act of 1987.

While there had been no national people's initiative, there had been several attempts at one. In 2014, the People's Initiative against pork barrel had 10,000 signatures submitted to the Commission on Elections, but a referendum did not push through. In 2020, it was theorized that it could be used to grantABS-CBN anew franchise, but it was seen by lawyer Emil Marañon "as legally problematic and practically impossible to hold."^[39]

Local initiatives are possible. The first initiative under the Initiative and Referendum Act was in Barangay Milagrosa,Quezon City, to stop the continued influx of informal settlers and the sale of illegal drugs in 2011. The initiative passed, with 465 in favor and 384 against, out of 3,665 registered voters eligible to participate.^[40]

• Recall elections in the Philippines
• Special elections in the Philippines

• Referendums in the Philippines
• Local elections in the Philippines

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