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Ared star,five-pointed and filled, is asymbol that has often historically been associated withcommunist ideology, particularly in combination with thehammer and sickle, but is also used as a purelysocialist symbol in the 21st century. It has been widely used inflags,stateemblems,monuments,ornaments, andlogos. A golden star or yellow star is also a closely-associated symbol to the red star in the context of contemporaryChina andVietnam, similarly representingsocialism,communism, andnational communism.
Some formerWarsaw Pact nations have passed laws banning it, describing it as a symbol of far-lefttotalitarian ideology.[1] The red star has also been used in a non-communist context and before the emergence of this movement, in symbols of countries and states since the 19th century. It appears for example on the flags ofNew Zealand and the U.S. state ofCalifornia. The red star has also been used as logo by private agencies and corporations, such as the oil brandTexaco and the beerHeineken.
The star's origins as a symbol of communistmass movements dates from the time of theBolshevik Revolution and theRussian Civil War, but the precise first use remains unknown. The red star as a symbol of theRed Army was proposed by the Military Collegium for the organization of the Red Army and the creator of the Red Star emblem was theBolshevik commander of thePetrograd Military District,Konstantin Eremeev.[2] On the other hand, one account of the symbol's origin traces its roots to the Moscow troopgarrison toward the end ofWorld War I. At this time, many troops were fleeing from the Austrian and German fronts, joining the local Moscow garrison upon their arrival in the city. To distinguish the Moscow troops from the influx of retreating front-liners, officers gave out tin stars to the Moscow garrison soldiers to wear on their hats. When those troops joined theRed Army and theBolsheviks they painted their tin stars red, the color of socialism, thus creating the original red star.[3]
The red star was used in communist media as early as in 1908 with the publication of the novelRed Star by Bolshevik revolutionaryAlexander Bogdanov, which describes a technologically advanced communist civilization on Mars.[4]
Another claimed origin for the red star relates to an alleged encounter betweenLeon Trotsky andNikolai Krylenko. Krylenko, anEsperantist, wore agreen-star lapel badge; Trotsky inquired as to its meaning and received an explanation that each arm of the star represented one of the five traditional continents. On hearing that, Trotsky specified that soldiers of the Red Army should wear a similar red star.[5]
One interpretation sees the five points as representing the five fingers of theworker's hand, as well as thefive populated continents (countingthe Americas as one). A lesser-known suggestion is that incommunist symbolism, the five points on the star were intended to represent the fivesocial groups that would lead Russia to communism: theyouth, the military, theindustrial labourers, theagricultural workers orpeasantry and theintelligentsia. In Soviet heraldry, the red star symbolized theRed Army and military service, as opposed to the hammer and sickle, which symbolized peaceful labour.[citation needed]
Regardless of the star's exact origin, it was incorporated into theRed Army's uniforms and heraldry as early as 1918.[6]
Shortly before the founding of the Soviet Union, in mid-March 1916 theU.S. Army Signal Corps' aviation section used the red star[7] for the nationalinsignia for U.S. aircraft on the aircraft of the Signal Corps'1st Aero Squadron during thePancho Villa Expedition to apprehend the Mexican revolutionaryPancho Villa.
The symbol became one of the most prominent of theSoviet Union, adorning nearly all official buildings, awards and insignia. Sometimes thehammer and sickle appeared inside or below the star. In 1930 the Soviet Union established theOrder of the Red Star and awarded its insignia toRed Army andSoviet Navy personnel for "exceptional service in the cause of the defense of the Soviet Union in both war and peace". The Soviet andRussian Federation military newspaper bore and bears the nameRed Star (Russian:Krasnaya Zvezda).[8]
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During the 1930s, Soviet publications encouraged the practice of decorating aNew Year's tree, known as ayolka (Russian:Ёлка). These trees were often decorated with a red star, a practice that has continued inRussia since the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union.[9]
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Following its adoption as an emblem of the Soviet Union, the red star became a symbol for communism around the world.
SeveralCommunist states subsequently adopted the red star symbol, often placing it on their respective flags andcoats of arms – for example on theflag of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.Separatist and socialist movements also sometimes adopted the red star, as on theEstelada flag in theCatalan countries.
The red star became a common element of the flags and heraldry of socialist states in theEastern Bloc, appearing in heraldry for virtually all of the countries, and on the flags ofBulgaria,Hungary,Romania, andAlbania. From 1991 to 1995,Belarus dropped its Soviet-style emblem in favor of an emblem featuring thePahonia; the Soviet-era heraldry was re-adopted in 1995,[10] and continues to be used today with minor modifications in 2012 and 2020.
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In former Yugoslavia the red star served not only a communist symbol, but also as a more generic symbol of resistance againstFascism and theNazi occupation of Yugoslavia, as well as of opposition to its associated ethnic policies.Tito's partisans wore the red star as an identification symbol during World War II.
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As communist movements spread across Asia, some entities used a red star, while others used a yellow star (often on a red field) with the same symbolism. TheFar Eastern Republic of 1920 to 1922 used a yellow star on its military uniforms, and theflag of the People's Republic of China has five yellow stars on a red field. Theflag of Vietnam also has a yellow star on a red field. Examples of communes and villages in China named after the red star include Hongxing Village inHuilong Township, Hubei, China[11] andKizilto in Xinjiang (named Hongxing Commune during theCultural Revolution).[12]
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Socialist countries in Africa also incorporated the red or gold stars into their heraldry. This practice was also adopted by countries that formed followinganti-colonialnational liberation struggles, which often involvedMarxist organizations.
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By March 2010, theGovernment of Russia readopted the Soviet red star (but now with a blue outline reflecting the three colors – white, blue and red – of the Russian flag) as a military insignia.[citation needed] TheRussian Air Force used this star as a roundel up to 2013, when Russia re-instated the Soviet-era red star.[13]
As of 2014[update] theArmed Forces of Belarus still use the oldSoviet red star. The coat of arms ofArmed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan includes a modified version of the Soviet red star.
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Transnistria and theLuhansk People's Republic areproto-states located inEastern Europe. Due to their historical association with the Soviet Union, they have adopted socialist imagery – including the red star – into their flags and heraldry. TheZapatista autonomous territories also make use of the symbol.
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Several sporting clubs from countries ruled by communist parties used the red star as a symbol and named themselves after it, such as the Serbian clubRed Star Belgrade (Serbian:Црвена звезда /Crvena zvezda), the East GermanRoter Stern Leipzig, the AngolanEstrela Vermelha do Huambo, theEstrela Vermelha fromBeira, Mozambique or the CzechoslovakRudá Hvězda Brno. Some sports teams from non-communist countries used it, such as FrenchRed Star from Paris, Swiss clubFC Red Star Zürich, EnglishSeaham Red Star F.C., and even an American women's soccer club (Chicago Stars FC (formerly Chicago Red Stars)—though in that case the star is based on theflag of Chicago and not on the communist logo). The American soccer clubsSacramento Republic FC andD.C. United also use red stars in their logos, referencing the flags ofCalifornia and theDistrict of Columbia respectively. The German rowing clubPirnaer Ruderverein 1872 began (and continues) to use red star since the 19th century.
In 1970, theRed Army Faction, aWest German militant group, used a red star paired with aHeckler & Koch MP5 in their highly recognizable insignia.
In 1994, the red star was included in the flag of the armedrevolutionaryZapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) inChiapas,Mexico.
A number of communist parties inTurkey utilize the red star. Likewise, a number of Kurdish revolutionary organizations connected to theKurdistan Communities Union utilize the red star in their iconography. Those include the flags of theKurdistan Workers' Party and the battle flag pennants of thePeople's Defence Forces andFree Women's Units inTurkish Kurdistan, thePeople's Protection Units andWomen's Protection Units inSyrian Kurdistan, and theEastern Kurdistan Units andWomen's Defense Forces inIranian Kurdistan.
TheIranian Islamist-Socialist militant opposition group theMojahedin-e-Khalq uses the red star with the rifle, sickle and the map of Iran in the background.
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The Brazilian leftistWorker's Party uses a red star as its symbol with the party acronym (Portuguese:Partido dos Trabalhadores – PT) inside.Hugo Chávez and his supporters in Venezuela have used the red star in numerous symbols and logos, and have included it in the logo of theUnited Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV). It was also used throughout 2007 as a symbol of the "5 Engines of theBolivarian Socialist Revolution". It is also used by the militant South Africanshack-dweller's movementAbahlali baseMjondolo. Like inLatin America and Africa, several European socialist parties continue to use a star as a part of their logos. The red star is also featured prominently in the independenceflags of various separatist movements inSpain.
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Some red stars adopted in emblems and flags have a significance that does not originally relate to socialism. Among these, the most well-known include the current stateflag of California (echoing the Californian red star flag of 1836) and the flag ofNew Zealand (designed in 1869, officially adopted in 1902). Theflag of the District of Columbia (designed in 1921, adopted in 1938) recallsGeorge Washington's coat of arms.DC Comics'Wonder Woman also wears a 5-point red star headband with gold or yellow background.
The crescent moon and star was a symbol used by theOttoman Empire. Various states with Ottoman history have thus adopted this symbol into their present-day flags.
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The red star was adopted as the symbol of theInternational Red Star Alliance, a Geneva international treaty signed in 1914 with the purpose of bringing about international cooperation on behalf of sick and woundedwar animals, while securing the neutral status of the personnel engaged in such work. Besides the International Alliance, national Red Star societies were also established. Regarding animal relief, the International Red Star Alliance had an analogous role of that of theInternational Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. To identify their neutral status, whitebrassards with red stars were worn by military veterinary personnel inWorld War I in a similar way medical personal worn brassards with red crosses.[16]
Following the War, theAmerican Red Star turned to focus on domestic issues, including care for animals during disasters. The organization waxed and waned over the decades, and as of 2016[update] exists as theAmerican Humane Association'sRed Star Animal Emergency Services.[17][verification needed]
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The red star was used by theTexaco oil company in various forms from 1909 to 1981.[18] Its overseas divisionCaltex also used the red star until 1996.Red Star Yeast was produced for a century in Milwaukee, Baltimore, and Oakland before its subsumption as a brand byLesaffre.
A brand ofErguotou, a type ofBaijiu, was named "Hongxing" (Chinese:红星;lit. 'Red Star') in 1949 to celebrate the founding of thePeople's Republic of China.[19]
North Korea'sRed Star operating system takes its name from the communist red star.
Red stars were included in the symbolism of manyshipowners, such asPuget Sound Navigation Co. (1898–1927),Bombay Steam Navigation Co (since the 19th century),London & Overseas Freighters (1948–1997) andColumbia Transportation Division of the Oglebay Norton Corporation. The two companies were independently named Red Star Line in the 19th century.
The red star and thehammer and sickle are regarded as occupation symbols as well as symbols oftotalitarianism andstate terror by several countries that were formerly either members of or occupied by theSoviet Union. Accordingly,Latvia,[20]Lithuania,[21]Hungary[22] andUkraine[23][24][25] have banned the symbol among others deemed to be symbols of totalitarian political ideologies and the Soviet Union or its republics. InPoland, the Parliament passed in 2009 a ban that referred generally to "fascist, communist or other totalitarian symbols", while not specifying any of them.[26] Following a constitutional complaint, it has been abolished by the Constitutional Tribunal as contrary to articles in theConstitution of Poland guaranteeing thefreedom of speech. A similar law was considered inEstonia, but eventually failed in a parliamentary committee due to its conflict with freedoms guaranteed by theconstitution of Estonia.
TheEuropean Court of Human Rights has ruled, in a similar manner, against the laws that ban political symbols, which were deemed to be in clear opposition with basic human rights, such as freedom of speech,[27][28] confirmed again in 2011 in caseFratanolo v. Hungary.[29] The decision has been compared[30] to thelegislation concerning the symbols ofNazism, which continue to be banned in severalEuropean Union member states, includingGermany andFrance.
There have been calls for an EU-wide ban on both Soviet and Nazi symbols, notably by politicians from Lithuania, Estonia, theCzech Republic, Hungary andSlovakia. The European Commissioner for Justice,Franco Frattini, felt it "might not be appropriate" to include communist symbols in the context of discussions on xenophobia and anti-Semitism.[31]
In 2003, Hungarian politician Attila Vajnai was arrested, handcuffed and fined for wearing a red star on his lapel during a demonstration. He appealed his sentence to theEuropean Court of Human Rights, which decided that the ban was a violation of the freedom of expression, calling the Hungarian ban "indiscriminate" and "too broad".[32]
InSlovenia, the red star was historically associated with theresistance movement that fought against fascist occupation in World War II, but was also later a state symbol ofYugoslavia during the dictatorship ofJosip Broz Tito. On 21 March 2011, Slovenia issued atwo-euro commemorative coin to mark the 100th anniversary of the birth ofFranc Rozman, a partisan commander, featuring a large star that represented a red star. This led to criticism from the Slovenian democratic parties without a communist history.
Emblems and flags where the red stars displayed are not five-pointed are much rarer. These include the following:
Just one day after arriving, on 16 March 1916, the first reconnaissance flight was flown by Capt. Dodd with Capt. Foulois (as an observer) on the Curtiss JN-3 S.C. No. 43. As with all of the Army's aircraft in that era, the plane carried simple markings – a red star on the tail and the large number 43 painted on the sides of the fuselage.
统计用区划代码 城乡分类代码 名称
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420325211201 220 红星村委会
克孜勒陶乡 1966年成立克孜勒陶公社，1967年更名红星公社，1984年改设克孜勒陶乡。位于县城以南，距县城121千米。面积3882平方千米，人口0.8万，其中柯尔克孜族占99.16％，辖乌尔都隆窝孜、喀尔乌勒、塔尔开其克、托云都克、 塔木、喀普喀、其木干、阿尔帕勒克8个行政村。
Any person who: a) distributes, b) uses before the public at large, or c) publicly exhibits, the swastika, the insignia of the SS, the arrow cross, the sickle and hammer, the five-pointed red star or any symbol depicting the above so as to breach public peace – specifically in a way to offend the dignity of victims of totalitarian regimes and their right to sanctity – is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by custodial arrest, insofar as they did not result in a more serious criminal offense.
