Red Velvet (Korean: 레드벨벳;RR: Redeu Belbet) is a South Koreangirl group formed and managed bySM Entertainment. They originally debuted on August 1, 2014, with the single "Happiness" with the four-member line-up ofIrene,Seulgi,Wendy, andJoy. A fifth member,Yeri, joined in March 2015, following the release of their first extended play, the chart-toppingIce Cream Cake. Sonically, the music of Red Velvet reflects their group name: their predominantly-pop "red" side experiments occasionally withelectronic andfunk, while their "velvet" side focuses on '90s-influencedR&B with elements ofballad andhip hop.
Red Velvet began forming in 2007, when Seulgi was cast as a trainee bySM Entertainment via audition.[5] Irene was cast in 2009, and Yeri in 2011.[6][7] In 2012, Wendy and Joy were cast through the SM Global Auditions in Canada and Seoul, respectively.[8] Preparations for Red Velvet's debut began in late 2013, with the introduction of Irene and Seulgi in December 2013 and Wendy in March 2014 through SM Entertainment's trainee groupSM Rookies.[9] Irene and Seulgi made cameo appearances in the music videos for "1-4-3 (I Love You)" and "Fantastic", respectively, by then-labelmateHenry; Seulgi also featured in Henry's "Butterfly".[10][11] In March 2014, Wendy, then credited as a member of SR14G, was introduced through the release of "Because I Love You", her first solo soundtrack for theMnetdramaMimi.[12] Rumors of a group debut gained traction in July, which were subsequently confirmed by SM Entertainment.[13][14][15] With the addition of member Joy, the quartet went on to debut in 2014 as SM Entertainment's first girl group in five years and first idol group since 2012.[16]
Red Velvet made their official performance debut on August 1, 2014, on the programMusic Bank.[17] Their first single, "Happiness", was released digitally on August 4.[18] It is an urbanEuropop song with "strong synth sound" and "African tribal beat",[19][better source needed] penned byYoo Young-jin and composed by Will Simms,Chad Hugo (The Neptunes),Chris Holsten, and Anne Judith Wik (Dsign Music). The original music video for "Happiness" gained more than two million views onYouTube in its first 24 hours of release before being removed due to controversy over problematic background images and replaced with an edited version. "Happiness" was the second-most viewed K-pop music video worldwide in August 2014.[20] Red Velvet became the first K-pop girl group to chart a debut single on theBillboard World Digital Songs chart, where it peaked at number four.[21] The group released their second digital single "Be Natural" on October 13, 2014.[22] The song, which includes a rap verse fromthen-SR14B memberTaeyong, was a remake of the 2000 single of the same name byS.E.S., SM Entertainment's first girl group.[23] The music video for the song was directed by Kwon Soon-wook and Shim Jae-won, choreographed by Kyle Hanagami, and featured original choreography seen in a pre-debut SM Rookies teaser of Irene and Seulgi.[24][25] The group began promoting the release on October 9, making their first appearance onM Countdown.[26] The song peaked at number 33 on the Gaon Digital Chart and at number six on theBillboard World Digital Songs chart.[27][28] Red Velvet won Rookie of The Year at theGolden Disk Awards andSeoul Music Awards.[29]
Red Velvet at the Incheon Hallyu K-pop Concert in October 2015
Following news reported that the group was filming in adesert just outside ofPalmdale, California, in February 2015, SM Entertainment announced that former SM Rookies member Yeri would officially join the group on March 11, 2015.[30] Yeri had been one of the remaining SM Rookies female trainees to appear in the group's music video for "Happiness" and was first introduced to the public through a Rookie Station video and a group performance onSM Town Live World Tour IV.[31] Preceded by the release of "Automatic", the group's first extended play (EP),Ice Cream Cake, was released on March 17, 2015, to critical and commercial success. The EP's second single, "Ice Cream Cake", marked their commercial breakthrough.[32][33] On March 19, the group held an album showcase onIce Cream TV, a program streamed throughNaver Music and hosted byShinee'sMinho.[34] On March 27, they won their first music show trophy onKBS'Music Bank, and the EP became the best-selling album by a girl group in South Korea in the first half of 2015 on the Hanteo Chart.[35] In August 2015, Red Velvet held their first US performance during the annualKCON convention and music festival in Los Angeles, California.[36]
The group released their first studio album,The Red, on September 9, 2015, also to critical and commercial success.[37]Billboard's Jeff Benjamin praisedThe Red "an impressive, solid debut album", stating that it "indicates big things for the act that needs to follow in the footsteps of their beloved female label matesGirls' Generation andf(x)".[38] The album debuted at number one on theBillboard World Albums Chart and South Korea'sGaon Album Chart,[39] and appeared onBillboard's list of the "10 Best K-Pop Albums of 2015".[40] Lead single "Dumb Dumb" peaked at number two on theGaon Digital Chart and number three on theBillboard World Digital Songs chart, topping the list of the "Top 20 K-pop Tracks of 2015" byDazed.[41] The music video for "Dumb Dumb" was the only non-English language entry inRolling Stone's "10 Best Music Videos of 2015".[42] Red Velvet went on to take part in the SM Entertainment's specialChristmas project,Winter Garden, releasing a digital single titled "Wish Tree" on December 18, 2015.[43]
2016–2017:The Velvet,Russian Roulette and commercial success
Red Velvet's second EPThe Velvet was intended to be released on March 16, 2016; however, SM Entertainment announced that the music video and album's release would be delayed "to guarantee a high quality of work".[44] The EP and its lead single "One of These Nights" (7월 7일) was released on March 17.[45]The Velvet showcased the smooth R&B-influenced "velvet" side of the group's concept as a direct follow-up toThe Red, which highlighted the group's bright and bold "red" persona.[46] On May 2, Red Velvet released the soundtrackYossism for the children's animation seriesTelemonster.[47] The group released their third EP,Russian Roulette, on September 7, 2016.[48][49] It consists of seven tracks, including thelead single of the same name.[50] On September 13, 2016, Red Velvet won their first music show trophy for "Russian Roulette" onThe Show.[51] The song peaked at number two on the Gaon Digital Chart andBillboard's World Digital Songs chart, making it their highest rankings on both charts at the time.[52][53]
On February 1, 2017, Red Velvet releasedRookie,[54] a six-track EP, including the lead single "Rookie" and a solo track by Wendy titled "Last Love" (마지막 사랑). The EP topped the weeklyGaon Album Chart as well as theBillboard World Albums Chart.[55] The group won their first music show trophy for "Rookie" onThe Show on February 7, followed by wins onShow Champion,M Countdown,Music Bank, andInkigayo.[56][57][58] On March 31, the group released the first single forSM Station 2, titled "Would U".[59] From July 27 to September 10, Red Velvet starred in their first reality television program,Level Up Project, which showcased footage of their trip to Thailand. The show aired for 23 episodes and was shot without member Joy, who was filming the dramaThe Liar and His Lover, in which she was the female lead.[60] On July 9, 2017, Red Velvet released their first summer EP,The Red Summer, with lead single "Red Flavor" (빨간 맛).[61][62] The EP was a commercial success, topping the Gaon Album Chart and theBillboard World Albums Chart. It was Red Velvet's third number-one album and set the record for most number one albums on the chart by a K-pop girl group.[63] Additionally, "Red Flavor" debuted atop the Gaon Digital Chart, with the other four songs on the EP also charting in the top 50.[64]
In August 2017, Red Velvet's rendition of Yoon Jong Shin's "Rebirth", made possible by the showSnowball Project, was officially released as part of SM Station.[65] On August 18, the group held their first solo concert, titled Red Room, to an audience of 11,000. Although it was initially planned to be a two-day concert, a third show was added due to demand.[66] On October 4, SM Entertainment announced through their Japanese website that the group would have their first showcase in Japan.[67] The Red Velvet Premium Showcase F'U'N Room Reveluv-Baby Party took place at the Yebisu Garden Hall inTokyo on November 6.[68] They performed the Japanese versions of their Korean songs "Dumb Dumb" and "Red Flavor" for the first time.[69] After wrapping up the showcase, it was officially announced that Red Velvet's Red Room concerts would be extended to Japan in 2018.
Red Velvet revisited their "velvet" image by releasing their second studio album,Perfect Velvet, on November 17, 2017, with lead single "Peek-a-Boo".[70] Unlike their first "velvet" release, the album and single were both commercially successful.[71] The album peaked atopBillboard's World Albums chart; "Peek-a-Boo" peaked at number two onBillboard'sWorld Digital Songs chart, tying their 2016 single "Russian Roulette".[72] In South Korea, the album and "Peek-a-Boo" both charted at number two on the Gaon Album Chart and Gaon Digital Chart.[73][74] Through the release ofRookie,The Red Summer andPerfect Velvet in the same year, along with the popularity of the single "Red Flavor" and the success of their albums overseas, Red Velvet achieved "top girl group" status in South Korea. This was further cemented whenPerfect Velvet sold over 100,000 copies and "Peek-A-Boo" won first place on the music programInkigayo on their last day of promotions for the song, proving its longevity on the charts.[75][76]
The group released a reissue ofPerfect Velvet,The Perfect Red Velvet, on January 29, 2018. It included three new tracks, in addition to all the songs fromPerfect Velvet, with the single "Bad Boy" promoted as the lead single.[77] The album topped theGaon Album Chart upon release, while "Bad Boy" debuted at number two on theGaon Digital Chart.[78]The Perfect Red Velvet also charted at number three onBillboard'sWorld Albums chart, while "Bad Boy" debuted at number two on theWorld Digital Songs chart. Red Velvet also entered the top 10 ofBillboard'sSocial 50 chart for the first time at number nine.[79] The album also marked the first time the group appeared on theCanadian Hot 100, entering at number 87 and becoming only the seventh K-pop artist and the third female K-pop act to appear on the chart.[80] Red Velvet promoted the song on various South Korean music shows, earning their firstmusic show win for "Bad Boy" on February 8 onShow Champion.[81] In December,Billboard named "Bad Boy" the best K-pop song of the year.[82]
Red Velvet's solo concert Red Room was held in Tokyo, Japan on March 28 and 29 at theMusashino Forest Sports Plaza, a 10,000-seat capacity venue built for the2020 Tokyo Olympics.[83] On the second day, the group announced that they would be officially debuting in Japan in July.[84] On April 1, 2018, Red Velvet performed alongside other selected South Korean artists foran inter-Korean concert in Pyongyang, North Korea,[85] making them the first artist from SM Entertainment in fifteen years sinceShinhwa to perform in North Korea.[86] Joy was unable to perform with the group due to scheduling conflicts with the filming ofTempted.[87] On April 29, 2018, Red Velvet held their first fan meeting at the Rosemont Theater in Chicago, to an audience of 4,000.[88] The event was first solo performance by a female K-pop group in the United States since 2016.[89] The group later toured six Japanese cities in May and June to a total of 20,000 people.[90] Their debut Japanese EP,#Cookie Jar, was released on July 4, 2018, by labelAvex Trax and included six new songs, including the Japanese versions of "Dumb Dumb", "Russian Roulette" and "Red Flavor". Other songs on the album were "#Cookie Jar" ,"Aitai-tai", and "Cause It's You".[91] The EP debuted at number three on theOricon Weekly Albums chart and sold 26,124 copies in its first week of release in Japan.[92]
On July 19, 2018, Red Velvet announced that they would be making a comeback and that they had filmed their music video outdoors in Gyeonggi-do. The songs from the new album were performed at Red Velvet's second concert, Redmare, held in Seoul from August 4 to 5.[93] On August 6, Red Velvet released their second summer EP,Summer Magic, containing eight tracks, including one bonus track and oneiTunes exclusive track.[94] Its lead single "Power Up" earned the group a "perfect all-kill" for the first time in their career when it topped all of South Korea's real-time, daily and weekly music charts upon release.[95] The music video for "Power Up" was the only K-pop music video onBillboard's list of 50 best music videos of 2018.[96] In September and October, the group brought their Redmare concerts to Bangkok, Taipei and Singapore.[97] Red Velvet released their third album in the year and fifth EP overall on November 30. The six-track EP,RBB, was supported by lead single "RBB (Really Bad Boy)" and its English version.[98][99]
On January 6, 2019, Red Velvet released their first Japanese digital single, "Sappy".[100] They released another Japanese single, "Sayonara", on February 20.[101] Both were included in their second Japanese EP,Sappy, released on May 29; the EP also included Japanese versions of "Peek-a-Boo", "Rookie" and "Power Up", as well as the original song "Swimming Pool".[102] In February, Red Velvet embarked on the North American leg of their Redmare Tour. They held shows inLos Angeles,Dallas,Miami,Chicago andNewark in the United States andToronto andVancouver in Canada, becoming the first K-pop girl group to hold a North American tour in three years.[103][104] On April 5, Red Velvet were featured on a remixed version of "Close to Me" byEllie Goulding andDiplo, with members Yeri and Wendy contributing Korean lyrics to the song.[105] The song won Choice Electronic/Dance Song at the2019 Teen Choice Awards.[106]
On June 19, Red Velvet released the EPThe ReVe Festival: Day 1,[107] which featured the lead single "Zimzalabim" and served as the first entry ofThe ReVe Festival trilogy. Commercially, the CD version of the EP debuted atop theGaon Weekly Album Chart, and sold 156,993 copies by the end of 2019 in South Korea, placing thirty-seventh for the year.[108] It was followed by the second EP of the series,The ReVe Festival: Day 2, and its lead single "Umpah Umpah" on August 20.[109] The album was a commercial success and debuted atop ofGaon Weekly Album Chart, becoming the group's tenth number one album on the chart and extending their record as the girl group with most number one albums on the chart. The CD version of the EP debuted on the monthly chart of Gaon Album Chart with 107,554 copies sold;[110] became the fourth best-selling album of the month August 2019; and placed fifty-first for the year, with 111,654 copies sold.[111] In the same month, Red Velvet also released a soundtrack, titled "See the Stars", for the tvN dramaHotel Del Luna.[112] On November 26, "Umpah Umpah" won Song of the Year at the 2019Asia Artist Awards. The final release of the trilogy,The ReVe Festival: Finale, was released on December 23 as a repackage of two previous EPs, led by the single "Psycho".[113][114][115] In November 2020, "Psycho" received platinum certification from theKorea Music Content Association for surpassing 100 million streams.[116] To promoteThe ReVe Festival trilogy, the group embarked on their third tour, La Rouge, which began in Seoul on November 23 and 24.[117] In early 2020, La Rouge continued as an arena tour in Japan without Wendy, who was injured in a stage accident during rehearsals at the 2019SBS Gayo Daejeon on December 25. After three dates in Japan, the final two La Rouge concerts at Yokohama were postponed due to theCOVID-19 pandemic.
In 2020, Red Velvet were featured in the animated musical filmTrolls World Tour, in which they represented the K-pop trolls, and their song "Russian Roulette" was featured in the film. The film had the biggest digital debut of all time and broke streaming records.[118] On August 21, Red Velvet released their SM Station single, a cover ofBoA's "Milky Way", as part of a project celebrating BoA's 20th debut anniversary.[119] The release also marked Wendy's partial return to the group, eight months after her stage accident.[120] On October 17, Red Velvet released another soundtrack for the tvN dramaStart-Up, titled "Future".[121] Red Velvet was the fifth most-streamed K-pop artist onSpotify in 2020.[122]
On February 21, 2022, it was announced that the group would hold a special live concert titled The ReVe Festival: Prologue on March 19–20.[130] The event was postponed until further notice as Irene, Joy, and Yeri tested positive forCOVID-19 on March 14.[131] On March 21, they released the EPThe ReVe Festival 2022 – Feel My Rhythm, a sequel of their 2019 trilogyThe ReVe Festival, alongside lead single "Feel My Rhythm".[132] By March 20, 2022, it was reported thatThe ReVe Festival 2022 – Feel My Rhythm accumulated 516,866 total pre-orders, a career high for Red Velvet, making them half-million sellers.[133] The EP debuted at number two on theGaon Weekly Album Chart in the chart issue dated March 20–26, 2022,[134] before peaking at number one in the chart issue dated April 10–16, 2022,[135] becoming the group's twelfth number-one album and extending their record as the girl group with the most number-one albums on the chart.As of April 2022,The ReVe Festival 2022 – Feel My Rhythm sold 653,610 copies on the Gaon Chart, making it the group's best-selling physical release of their career.[136] It was certified Double Platinum domestically for selling over 500,000 copies.[137]
Red Velvet's first Japanese studio album,Bloom, featuring the lead single "Wildside",[138] was released on April 6, 2022.[139][140]Bloom debuted at number five on Japan's weeklyOricon Albums Chart in the chart issue dated April 4–10, 2022.[141] It also peaked at number two on the component daily albums chart,[142] and at number two on theBillboard Japan Hot Albums chart.[143]
In March 2023, SM announced that the group's fourth concert tour,R to V, would start in early April atKSPO Dome in Seoul.[146] In August 2023, SM confirmed thatSeulgi had renewed her contract with SM, although the duration of the renewal was not specified.[147] In September 2023, SM confirmed that the group would be releasing their third studio album in November, marking it as the group's first Korean studio album release in six years afterPerfect Velvet in 2017.[148] On October 18, Red Velvet announced their third studio albumChill Kill would be released on November 13. The album contains ten tracks including the lead single of thesame name.[149]
On December 31, 2023, Red Velvet members Irene, Seulgi, and Wendy performed in the Philippines for the New Year's Countdown held inBonifacio Global City (BGC),Taguig.[150][151]
On June 10, 2024, it was announced that Red Velvet would be making a comeback on June 24 with the EPCosmic.[152] The lead single of thesame name and its music video were released along with the album.[153] It was also announced that Red Velvet would be embarking on their tenth anniversary fancon tour,Happiness: My Dear, ReVe1uv, from August 3 in Seoul.[154] On July 5, SM announced that there would be an additional performance on August 2 in Seoul for the fancon tour due to selling out of all tickets for the original dates.[155] On July 15, it was announced that Red Velvet would be releasing a new version ofCosmic on August 1, the day of their tenth anniversary, with the addition of a new fan song "Sweet Dreams".[156]
On April 4, 2025, SM Entertainment announced that its exclusive contracts with members Wendy and Yeri had ended, but the two will remain in the group and be involved in all future group activities.[157][158]
On April 21, 2020, SM Entertainment confirmed the formation of Red Velvet's first sub-unit,Red Velvet – Irene & Seulgi, composed of members Irene and Seulgi.[159] The duo released their debut extended play,Monster, on July 6.[160]
Wendy was the first member of Red Velvet to debut as a soloist; her debut EPLike Water was released on April 5, 2021.[161] The five-track album includes a duet titled "Best Friend" with Seulgi,[162] as well as the lead single "Like Water", which compares one's existence and meaning to water and how it flows like fate. It conveyed a message of gratitude for the people who stood by her and hope for a new journey.[163] Joy was the second member to make a solo debut, releasing her debut EPHello on May 31, 2021. It featured six remakes of songs from 1990s and 2000s, including the lead single "Hello", originally released by Park Hye-kyung in 2003.[164] Seulgi was the third member to debut as a soloist, releasing her first EP28 Reasons on October 4, 2022.[165] Irene, the fourth member to debut as a soloist, released her first EPLike a Flower on November 26, 2024.[166]
Red Velvet's music and public image play on contrasting "red" and "velvet" sides. The "red" side showcases a bubbly and vibrant image, while their "velvet" side is more mature and elegant. Their recent work mixes both sides to convey sensuality, color, and sophistication.[169][170][171][172] Musically, the "red" side is predominantly of thepop genre, and their "velvet" is primarilyR&B andballads; however, the group also experiments with other genres.[173][174] Red Velvet's dual concept also affects the members'styling. In their "red" concept, they are usually dressed in colorful clothing, such as pastel sweaters and skirts in "Ice Cream Cake" and red doll costumes in "Dumb Dumb".[175][176] They are dressed more maturely for their "velvet" side, such as theirsuits in "Be Natural".[177]
Red Velvet have been lauded for breaking stereotypes among popular girl groups in South Korea, who tend to fall under either "cute and pure" or "sexy". In a country where girl groups'fanbases are mostly male, Taylor Glasby ofDazed Digital noted that the majority of Red Velvet's fans are young women.[178][179][180]IZE named the group as one of the successful female figures who helped transform the "passive image" of South Korean women in 2017.[181] Red Velvet's musical versatility has led to recognition byTime magazine as one of the genre's standout K-pop groups.[182] Janelle Okwodu fromVogue wrote that throughout their career, "the critically acclaimed South Korean girl group has dominated the charts with their innovative pop sound".[183]Billboard reported that Red Velvet were the overall favorite K-pop group of 2018 among fans of every gender andsexual identity on the genre-specific community on popular internet forumReddit.[184]
Red Velvet have topped the Girl Group Brand Power Ranking, published by the Korean Corporate Reputation Research Institute, several times.[185] In November 2019,Billboard crowned Red Velvet as "the best idol group alive" and named "Red Flavor" as the second-best K-pop song of the 2010s.[186] Red Velvet's performance inPyongyang in 2018—which made them the seventh idol group to perform in North Korea and the first since 2003[187][188]—was part of a wider diplomatic initiative between South Korea and North Korea[189][190] and earned the group a commendation from South Korea's Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism for their contributions in spreading South Korean popular culture.[191] Discussing theKorean Wave in 2018, the director of the Korea Foundation for International Cultural Exchange cited Red Velvet as a major contributor and one of the country's most talented idol groups who have "largely promoted K-pop" around the world.[192] In 2024, Red Velvet was ranked at number 8 in aGallup Korea survey of the most popular girl groups of the 21st century, tied withAespa andKara.[193]
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^Hwang, Hye-jin (June 10, 2024).'데뷔 10주년' 레드벨벳, 24일 컴백 "완전히 새로운 여름 음악"[공식] ['10th anniversary of debut' Red Velvet, comeback on the 24th "Completely new summer music" [Official]] (in Korean). Newsen.Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. RetrievedJune 10, 2024 – viaNaver.
^Ji, Min-kyung (June 24, 2024).여름 레드벨벳의 맛..무한 매력에 빠진다 'Cosmic' [퇴근길 신곡] [The taste of summer Red Velvet..Falling in love with its infinite charm 'Cosmic' [New song on the way home from work]] (in Korean).OSEN.Archived from the original on June 24, 2024. RetrievedJune 30, 2024 – viaNaver.
^Seon, Mi-kyung (June 11, 2024).레드벨벳, 'Cosmic' 여권 콘셉트 스케줄 포스터 공개..컴백 본격 시동 [Red Velvet releases 'Cosmic' passport concept schedule poster...comeback begins in earnest] (in Korean).OSEN.Archived from the original on June 13, 2024. RetrievedJuly 24, 2024 – viaNaver.
^Chu, Seung-hyun (July 5, 2024).레드벨벳, 팬콘 한 번 더...서울 공연 1회 추가 [Red Velvet, one more for fancon...1 additional performance in Seoul] (in Korean).Newsis.Archived from the original on July 27, 2024. RetrievedJuly 27, 2024 – viaNaver.
^Park, Seo-yeon (April 4, 2025).웬디X예리, SM 떠난다…"레드벨벳 활동은 계속" [공식입장](전문) [Wendy X Yeri, have left SM... "to continue with Red Velvet activities" [Official Statement] (Special)] (in Korean).MyDaily. RetrievedApril 4, 2025 – viaNaver.
^Lee, Min-ji (April 21, 2020).SM 측 "레드벨벳 아이린X슬기 유닛 준비 중"(공식입장) [SM side "Red Velvet Irene X Seulgi unit is being prepared" (official position)] (in Korean). Newsen.Archived from the original on July 10, 2020. RetrievedApril 21, 2020 – viaNaver.
^Yoo, Byung-chul (July 6, 2020).레드벨벳-아이린&슬기, 첫 미니앨범 'Monster' 6일 공개...음악X퍼포먼스X비주얼 '퍼펙트 시너지' 예고 [Red Velvet - Irene & Seulgi, first mini album 'Monster' released on the 6th...Music X Performance X Visual 'Perfect Synergy' Preview] (in Korean). Korea Economic TV.Archived from the original on January 14, 2022. RetrievedJanuary 14, 2022 – viaNaver.
^Han, Hae-seon (November 4, 2024).레드벨벳 아이린, 드디어 솔로 데뷔..첫 미니앨범 'Like A Flower' 26일 발매[공식] [Red Velvet's Irene finally makes her solo debut..first mini album 'Like A Flower' released on the 26th [Official]] (in Korean). MT Star News. RetrievedNovember 4, 2024 – viaNaver.
^Lee, Kyung-ho (October 13, 2014).레드벨벳, 'Be Natural' 13일 정오 음원공개.MT Star News (in Korean).Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. RetrievedApril 13, 2021.
^Lee, Ji-hye (December 5, 2017).2017년의 여성캐릭터│① 소녀도 꽃도 아닌 [Female Characters of 2017│① Neither Girls Nor Flowers].IZE (in Korean).Archived from the original on December 6, 2017. RetrievedDecember 6, 2017.
^Lee, Ha-young (April 7, 2018)."적수가 없다"...레드벨벳, 3개월 연속 걸그룹 브랜드 평판 1위 ["Unrivaled"... Red Velvet has Topped the List of Girl Group Brands for Three Consecutive Months].Insight (in Korean).Archived from the original on July 28, 2019. RetrievedApril 21, 2018.
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