Proposed political concept
The term "red–green–brown alliance ", originating in France in the 2000s, refers to an alliance ofleftists (red Islamists (green far right (brown [ 1] [ 2] [ 3] industrial union -focused leftists (red ),ecologically -mindedagrarians (green ), and the far right (brown ).[ 4] [ 5]
French essayistAlexandre del Valle wrote of "a red–brown–green ... ideological alliance" in a 22 April 2002 article in theLe Figaro [ 6] Politique Internationale magazine.[ 7] mujahideen in theSoviet–Afghan War during theRonald Reagan presidency.[ 8] Verdi, Rossi, Neri. La convergenza degli estremismi antioccidentali: islamismo, comunismo, neonazismo [ 9]
The later popularity of the red–green–brown theory and its various permutations derives mainly from a speech given byRoger Cukierman , president of theConseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France (CRIF), to a CRIF banquet on 25 January 2003, and given prominence by a 27/28 January 2003 newspaper article inLe Monde extreme right nostalgic for racial hierarchies" (symbolized by the colour brown in reference to theSturmabteilung extreme left [which is]anti-globalist ,anti-capitalist ,anti-American [and]anti-Zionist " (red), and followers ofJosé Bové (green). In the United States, a similar alliance of disparate groups occurred in opposition to theWorld Trade Organization in thealter-globalization movement , which saw trade unions,neo-Luddite environmentalists, andpaleoconservative nationalists likePat Buchanan joining a common cause.[ 5] Lenora Fulani 's support for Buchanan, which has been viewed as an example of a red–green–brown alliance.[ 10]
Thered–brown term (Russian :красно-коричневые krasno-korichnevye ) originated inpost-Soviet Russia to describe an alliance ofcommunists and far-right (nationalist ,fascist ,monarchist , andreligious ) opposition to theliberal ,pro-capitalist Russian government in the 1990s, opposingeconomic andsocial reforms such as rapid transition to amarket economy throughshock therapy , subsequent sharp increase inpoverty and drop inliving standards , and removal of many restrictions on people's behaviour.[ 11] Aleksandr Dugin , an early member of theNational Bolshevik Party and writer of the newCommunist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF) program.[ 12] Gennady Zyuganov oversaw the partnership of the CPRF withRussian National Unity , a prominentRussian neo-Nazi party.[ 13]
As described by American geography lecturerAlexander Reid Ross in his 2017Against the Fascist Creep , in the 1990s Zyuganov also formed alliances with the far-rightNational Republican Party of Russia and the Soyuz Venedov, the latter of which, as described and paraphrased by Reid Ross," 'promotes the worship of pagan gods of theSlavic pantheon ' while translating and disseminating GermanNazi propaganda in Russian."[ 14] antisemitism within the CPRF,[ 15] Albert Makashov , who openly called for the expulsion ofJews in Russia and met withDavid Duke ,grand wizard of theKu Klux Klan .[ 13] [ 16]
^ Judaken, J. (2013).Naming Race, Naming Racisms Taylor & Francis . p. 197.ISBN 978-1-317-99156-4 ^ Sedgwick, M. (2004).Against the Modern World: Traditionalism and the Secret Intellectual History of the Twentieth Century Oxford University Press . p. 258f.ISBN 978-0-19-974493-0 ^ Flood, C.; Hutchings, S.; Miazhevich, G.; Nickels, H. (2012).Political and Cultural Representations of Muslims: Islam in the Plural ISBN 978-90-04-23102-3 ^ Strauss, Mark (November 2003)."Antiglobalism's Jewish Problem" .Foreign Policy . No. 139. pp. 58– 67.doi :10.2307/3183738 .ISSN 0015-7228 .JSTOR 3183738 . ^a b "The Buchanan Troll Project".MetroWest Jewish News . Vol. 2, no. 4. Whippany, NJ, USA. 13 January 2000.ProQuest 364868971 . ^ Del Valle, Alexandre; Knobel, Marc (27 April 2002)."Le Péril rouge en France ou la convergence des Totalitarismes" [The Red Peril in France: The convergence of totalitarianisms].Le Figaro (in French). Archived fromthe original on 18 April 2012. harissa.com .^ A. Del Valle,"Rouges-Bruns-Verts : L'étrange alliance" ,Politique Internationale , no. 102 (January 2004),official translation . Retrieved 7 May 2016. ^ Murawiec, Laurent (Spring 2000)."The wacky world of French intellectuals" .Middle East Quarterly . Vol. 8.Middle East Forum . pp. 3– 10.^ A. Del Valle,"Verdi, rossi e neri: chi sono i nemici dell'Occidente e perché ci odiano così Archived 5 July 2018 at theWayback Machine ,L'Occidentale , 3 December 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2016. ^ Twersky, David (27 January 2000). "Buchanan's voice bodes ill for israel".Jewish Exponent . Vol. 207, no. 4. Philadelphia, USA: Jewish Federation of Greater Philadelphia. p. 36.ProQuest 227249240 . ^ Shenfield, Stephen D. (2001).Russian Fascism: Traditions, Tendencies, Movements .London :ME Sharpe . p. 192.ISBN 0765606348 OCLC 878994537 . ^ Lee, Martin A. (2000).The Beast Reawakens: Fascism's Resurgence from Hitler's Spymasters to Today's Neo-Nazi Groups and Right-Wing Extremists New York :Routledge . p. 320.ISBN 0415925460 OCLC 1106702367 .^a b Ross, Alexander Reid (2017).Against the Fascist Creep . Chico, CA:AK Press . p. 173. ^ Ross, Alexander Reid (2017).Against the Fascist Creep . Chico, CA:AK Press . p. 174. ^ Shenfield, Stephen D. (2001).Russian Fascism: Traditions, Tendencies, Movements .London :ME Sharpe . pp. 153– 154.ISBN 0765606348 OCLC 878994537 . ^ Beirich, Heidi (2013). "Hate Across Waters". In Wodak, Ruth; Khosravinik, Majid; Mral, Brigitte (eds.).Right-Wing Populism in Europe .London :Bloomsbury . pp. 94– 95.ISBN 9781780933436 OCLC 847620454 . Insight Turkey: Quarterly Research and Information Journal with Focus on Turkey ISSN 2564-7717 .JSTOR i26328846 ."Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France" .crif.org (in French). 27 September 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007."Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France" .crif.org (in French). 27 September 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.Cukierman, R. (2008).Ni fiers ni dominateurs ISBN 9782354170332 Guerra, N. (2025)."Red meets brown: investigating the antiliberal political convergence of Italy's extremes" .Modern Italy . Cambridge University Press: 1-17.doi :10.1017/mit.2025.3 Hassoux, Didier (27 January 2003)."Défiance à l'égard de toute la gauche" .Libération.fr (in French). Hecker, M. (2005).La défense des intérêts de l'état d'Israël en France ISBN 978-2-7475-9228-4 Kling, A. (2010).Le CRIF, Conseil représentatif des institutions juives de France: un lobby au coeur de la République ISBN 9782952942324 L'Année politique, économique et sociale en France Rabasa, A. (2006).Beyond Al-Qaeda: The outer rings of the terrorist universe ISBN 978-0-8330-3932-3 "Raffarin promet de s'attaquer au nouvel antisémitisme" [Raffarin promises to tackle the new anti-Semitism].Le Figaro . 27 January 2003.Rich, Dave (November 2004)."The barriers come down: Antisemitism and coalitions of extremes" (PDF) .Community Security Trust . Archived fromthe original (PDF) on 6 August 2016. Retrieved25 May 2018 . Schnapper, D.; Bordes-Benayoun, C.; Raphaël, F. (2009).La condition juive en France: La tentation de l'entre-soi ISBN 978-2-13-056707-3 del Valle, Alexandre (2002).Le totalitarisme islamiste à l'assaut des démocraties ISBN 978-2-84545-058-5 del Valle, Alexandre; Razavi, E. (2005).Le dilemme turc, ou, Les vrais enjeux de la candidature d'Ankara ISBN 978-2-84545-116-2 del Valle, Alexandre (3 January 2004)."Les rouges, les bruns et les verts, ou la convergence des totalitarismes" [The Reds, Browns and Greens: The convergence of totalitarianisms].Politique Internationale (in French). Archived fromthe original on 13 October 2009. webresistant.over-blog.com del Valle, Alexandre (21 May 2011)."Les convergences des totalitarismes communiste, fachiste et islamiste" [The convergences of Communist, Fascist, and Islamist totalitarianisms].Europe Israel News (in French). Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. webresistant.over-blog.com .
