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Same-sex marriage has been legal inAustralia since 9 December 2017. Legislation permitting same-sex marriage, theMarriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017, became law on 8 December 2017 and came into effect the next day. This immediately recognised overseas same-sex marriages. The first same-sex wedding under Australian law was held on 15 December 2017.[a] The passage of the law followed avoluntary postal survey of all Australians, in which 61.6% of respondents supported the legalisation of same-sex marriage.[1] Australia was the second country inOceania, afterNew Zealand, and the23rd in the world to allow same-sex couples to marry nationwide.[2]
Other types of recognition for same-sex couples are also available. Under federal law, same-sex couples can also be recognised asde facto relationships.De facto couples have most of the same rights and responsibilities afforded to married couples, although these rights may be difficult to assert and are not always recognised in practice. Although there is no nationalcivil union or relationship register scheme in Australia, moststates and territories have legislated for civil unions ordomestic partnership registries. Registered unions are recognised asde facto relationships under federal law.
Prior to legalisation, 22 bills to allow same-sex marriage were introduced to Parliament between September 2004 and May 2017. These failed attempts came after theHoward government amended theMarriage Act 1961 in 2004 to codify the then-exclusively heterosexual common law definition ofmarriage.[3] TheAustralian Capital Territory passed asame-sex marriage law in December 2013 that was struck down by theHigh Court for inconsistency with federal law.
De facto relationships, defined in the federalFamily Law Act 1975,[4] are available to both same-sex and opposite-sex couples.De facto relationships provide couples who live together on a genuine domestic basis with many of the same rights and benefits as married couples. Two people can become ade facto couple by entering into a registered relationship (i.e. a civil union or domestic partnership) or by being assessed as ade facto couple by theFederal Circuit and Family Court.[5] Couples who live together are generally recognised as ade facto relationship, even if they have not registered or officially documented their relationship.[6]
Following theHuman Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission's (HREOC) 2007 report titled "Same-Sex: Same Entitlements",[7] and an audit of federal legislation, theRudd government introduced in 2008 several reforms designed to equalise treatment for same-sex couples and same-sex families. The reforms eliminateddiscrimination against same-sex couples and their children in a wide range of areas. They came in the form of two pieces of legislation, theSame-Sex Relationships (Equal Treatment in Commonwealth Laws—General Law Reform) Act 2008 and theSame-Sex Relationships (Equal Treatment in Commonwealth Laws—Superannuation) Act 2008.[8][9] These laws, which passed theParliament in November 2008, amended 70 existing Commonwealth acts to equalise treatment for same-sex couples and their children.[8]
As a result of these reforms, same-sex couples were treated equally with heterosexual couples in most areas of federal law for the first time.[10][11] For instance, with relation tosocial security and general family law, same-sex couples were previously not recognised as a couple for social security or family assistance purposes. A person who had a same-sexde facto partner was treated as a single person. The reforms ensured that same-sex couples were, for the first time under Australian law, recognised as a couple akin to opposite-sex partners. Consequently, a same-sex couple receives the same rate of social security and family assistance payments as an opposite-sex couple.[10][11]
In 2004, theSuperannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993 was amended to allow tax free payment ofsuperannuation benefits to be made to the surviving partner in an interdependent relationship, including same-sex couples, or a relationship where one person was financially dependent on another person.[12][13] Prior to 2008, same-sex couples were only recognised by theCommonwealth Government in very limited circumstances. For example, since the 1990s, same-sex foreign partners of Australian citizens have been able to receiveresidence permits in Australia known as "interdependency visas". Following a national inquiry into financial and work-related discrimination against same-sex relationships, the HREOC released itsSame-Sex: Same Entitlements report on 21 June 2007. The Commission identified 58 Commonwealth law statutes and provisions that explicitly discriminated against same-sex couples by using the term "member of the opposite sex".[14][15] The previous conservativeHoward government had banned its departments from making submissions to the HREOC inquiry regarding financial discrimination experienced by same-sex couples.[16]
The report found that 100 statutes and provisions under federal law discriminated against same-sex couples by using the term "member of the opposite sex", from aged care, superannuation, childcare,Medicare (including thePharmaceutical Benefits Scheme) through to pensions. "All the basics that opposite-gender couples are legally entitled to and take for granted" were things same-sex couples were effectively barred from utilising under the former system.[17]
Some legal differences remain with respect to treatment of couples in ade facto relationship and couples in a marriage.[18] Differences exist between the rights of ade facto couple and a married couple in relation to family law matters, includingproperty settlements and entitlements tospousal maintenance. Ade facto relationship must have ended for the court to make an order for property settlement or spousal maintenance, though this requirement does not exist for married couples.[19] For ade facto partner to seek an order for property settlement, the court must be satisfied of at least one of the following:[19]
By way of comparison, for a married couple, it is enough merely to have been married to attract the jurisdiction of the court for property and spousal maintenance.[19] Furthermore, it is possible that an individual in ade facto relationship can be treated substantively different to a person in a marriage. In the event of an unexpected end to ade facto relationship (such as the death of a partner), the surviving partner must often prove the existence of a relationship in order to be registered as thenext of kin on adeath certificate and receive governmentbereavement payments and access to a partner's superannuation. These requirements vary on a state by state basis. Given that, prior to the legalisation of same-sex marriage, same-sex couples did not have the option to marry, as heterosexual couples did, these discrepancies could have a particularly discriminatory impact on same-sex couples.[20] The rights of ade facto partner may be poorly understood by government departments, resulting in occasions where said couples have not had their rights upheld.[21]De facto relationships also often face an onerousburden of proof before rights that are automatically granted to married couples can be accessed.[22] This means partners may have to provide evidence about their living and childcare arrangements, sexual relationship, finances,ownership of property, commitment to a shared life and how they present as a couple in public. This can present difficulties whende facto relationships are legally contested by other people, usually other family members. Marriages rarely encounter such difficulties as they are generally regarded as immediate and incontrovertible.[23]
In April 2014, a federal court judge ruled that a heterosexual couple who had a child and lived together for 13 years were not in ade facto relationship and thus the court had no jurisdiction to divide up their property under family law following a request for separation. In his ruling, the judge stated that "de facto relationship(s) may be described as 'marriage-like' but it is not a marriage and has significant differences socially, financially and emotionally."[24]
The federalMarriage Act 1961 governsmarriage in Australia.[25] It did not explicitly define the legal meaning of the word "marriage" prior to 2004. Section 46(1) of the Act, however, has always included a provision requiringcelebrants to state the legal nature of marriage in Australia. Prior to the legalisation of same-sex marriage, the requirement was to state marriage is the union of "a man and a woman", or words to that effect, in line with the 1866 English case ofHyde v Hyde.[26] The words in section 46(1) have been seen as a description or exhortation rather than a legal definition.[26]
In August 2004, theHoward government introduced a bill to insert a definition of marriage in the interpretation section (section 5) of the Act; as "the union of a man and a woman to the exclusion of all others, voluntarily entered into for life".[27] The bill also inserted a new provision in the Act (section 88EA) which stipulated any foreign marriages of same-sex couples "must not be recognised as a marriage in Australia".[27] The bill was supported by the oppositionLabor Party and came amidst increased public debate on the issue following the judicial legalisation of same-sex marriage inMassachusetts andCanada.[28]Prime MinisterJohn Howard later stated that the amendments were partially motivated by a desire to prevent same-sex couples from having their marriages recognised by the courts, as was being litigated at the time.[3] Additional amendments to theFamily Law Act 1975 prevented same-sex couples fromadopting children in inter-country adoption arrangements,[29] although these restrictions were eventually relaxed in 2014.[30] The bill passed the Parliament on 13 August 2004 and went into effect on the day it receivedroyal assent byGovernor-GeneralMichael Jeffery, 16 August 2004.[31][27]
Between 2004 and 2017, there were 22 unsuccessful bills to legalise same-sex marriage in the Parliament.[32] Labor governments ofKevin Rudd andJulia Gillard between 2007 and 2013 were divided on the issue. Despite passing a resolution at the party's national conference in December 2011 to support same-sex marriage, the party held aconscience vote when twoprivate member's bills to legalise same-sex marriage were debated in the Parliament in September 2012.[33][34] The legislation was opposed by Prime MinisterJulia Gillard and several other Labor MPs, as well as by the oppositionCoalition, led byTony Abbott. The first bill failed in theHouse of Representatives by 42 votes to 98 and a similar bill was rejected by theSenate by 26 votes to 41.[35][36]
Same-sex marriage caused significant tension within theAbbott government.[37][38] It resolved in August 2015 to hold a national vote on same-sex marriage sometime after the2016 federal election, in the form of either aplebiscite or a constitutional referendum.[39] This policy was maintained by theTurnbull government afterMalcolm Turnbull (a supporter of same-sex marriage) replaced Abbott as prime minister following aleadership challenge.[40] A bill providing for the plebiscite (which would have been held on 11 February 2017) passed the House of Representatives by 76 votes to 67 on 20 October 2016,[41] but was rejected by the Senate on 7 November 2016 by 29 votes to 33, as the government had failed to attract the support of the opposition Labor Party, theGreens and several Senatecrossbenchers, who demanded that same-sex marriage be legalised through a parliamentary vote.[42] Despite initially suggesting the government had "no plans to take any other measures on this issue",[43] Prime Minister Turnbull came under increasing pressure to change policy and allow a conscience vote in the Parliament.[44] By August 2017, severalLiberal Party MPs stated they would considercrossing the floor to suspend standing orders and force debate on same-sex marriage legislation against the government's wishes.[45] Consequently, at a Liberal party room meeting on 7 August 2017, the government resolved to conduct avoluntary postal survey on the matter later in the year.[46] The government stated the survey would only occur in the event the Senate again rejected the legislation enabling the plebiscite, which it did on 9 August 2017.[47] On 9 August 2017, the government directed theAustralian Statistician to conduct a survey of all enrolled voters to measure support for same-sex marriage.[48] The direction was given to bypass the need for the Parliament to approve a plebiscite. The direction was legally challenged, but was upheld by theHigh Court.[49] The survey was held between 12 September and 7 November 2017 and returned a 61.6% vote in favour of same-sex marriage.[50] The government responded by confirming it would facilitate the passage of a private member's bill legalising same-sex marriage before the end of the year.[51]
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TheMarriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017 was introduced by openly gay Liberal Party backbencher, SenatorDean Smith.[52] The bill amended section 5 of theMarriage Act to define marriage in Australia as the union of "2 people".[53] It also removed the ban on overseas same-sex marriages being recognised in Australia, including ones that occurred before the law change.[54] Additionally, the bill included protections for religious celebrants, ministers of religion and bodies established for a religious purpose, to not be obligated to perform or provide services and facilities to marriages they object to.[53] The bill passed the Senate by 43 votes to 12 on 29 November 2017 and passed the House of Representatives on 7 December 2017 by a vote of 128 to 4 with 15 abstentions.[55][56][57] The bill received royal assent on 8 December 2017 and went into effect the following day.[58] Same-sex marriages lawfully entered into overseas automatically became recognised from that date, and the first weddings after the normal one-month waiting period occurred on 9 January 2018.[59][60] Several same-sex couples successfully applied for an exemption from the one-month waiting period,[61] and the first legal same-sex wedding under Australian law was held on 15 December 2017 for Jill Kindt and Jo Grant in theSunshine Coast, with further weddings taking place the following day.[62][63][64]
On 27 May 2004, Attorney-GeneralPhilip Ruddock introduced a bill,[65] intending to incorporate the-thencommon law definition of marriage into theMarriage Act 1961.[66] In June 2004, the bill passed theHouse of Representatives, and theSenate passed the amendment by 38 votes to 6 on 13 August 2004. The bill subsequently received royal assent from Governor-General Michael Jeffery, becoming theMarriage Amendment Act 2004. The amendment specified that marriage meant "the union of a man and a woman to the exclusion of all others, voluntarily entered into for life." In addition, the bill banned the recognition of same-sex marriages entered into in other jurisdictions.[67] Attorney-General Ruddock and otherLiberals argued that the bill was necessary to protect the institution of marriage, by ensuring that the common law definition was put beyond legal challenge.[68]Labor Shadow Attorney-GeneralNicola Roxon on the same day the amendment was proposed said that the party would not oppose the amendment, arguing that it did not affect the legal situation of same-sex relationships, merely putting into statute law what was already common law. TheFamily First senator supported the bill.[56]
Despite having the support of the major parties, the bill was contested by sections of the community, human rights groups and some minor political parties. TheGreens opposed the bill, calling it the "Marriage Discrimination Act". TheAustralian Democrats also opposed the bill. Democrat SenatorAndrew Bartlett stated that the legislation devalues his marriage, and Greens SenatorBob Brown (himself openly gay)[69] referred to John Howard and the legislation as "hate[ful]".[70][71] Brown was asked to retract his statements, but refused. Bob Brown additionally described Australia as having a "straight Australia policy", in reference tothe 1901 immigration policy of a similar name.[71] Not all Labor members were in support of the bill. During the bill's second reading,Anthony Albanese, Labor MP forGrayndler, said, "what has caused offence is why the Government has rushed in this legislation in what is possibly the lastfortnight of parliamentary sittings. This bill is a result of 30 bigoted backbenchers who want to press buttons out there in the community."[72]
Senator Dean Smith introduced to Parliament a private senator's bill to alter the definition of marriage to allow same-sex couples to marry, after 61.6% of Australians who responded in the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey voted to support same-sex marriage.[73] The bill amended the definition of "marriage" in the Act, omitting the words "man and a woman" and replacing them with thegender-neutral wording "2 people".[74][75] The amendment which prevented overseas same-sex marriages from being recognised in Australia was repealed. The bill passed the Senate by 43 votes to 12 on 29 November, and passed the House of Representatives by 128 votes to 4 on 7 December 2017.[76][56]
| Party | Voted for | Voted against | Abstained | Absent (Did not vote) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australian Labor Party | – | |||
| G Liberal Party of Australia | – | |||
| Australian Greens | – | – | – | |
| G Liberal National Party of Queensland | – | |||
| Pauline Hanson's One Nation | – | – | ||
| G National Party of Australia | – | – | ||
| Nick Xenophon Team | – | – | – | |
| Australian Conservatives | – | – | – | |
| G Country Liberal Party | – | – | – | |
| Derryn Hinch's Justice Party | – | – | – | |
| Liberal Democratic Party | – | – | – | |
| Independent | – | – | – | |
| Total[b] | 43 | 12 | 17 | 0 |
| 59.7% | 16.7% | 23.6% | 0.0% |
The bill received royal assent from Governor-GeneralPeter Cosgrove on 8 December 2017 and came into effect the following day.[58] As a result of the law, the definition of marriage in Australia is now "the union of 2 people to the exclusion of all others, voluntarily entered into for life."[25] Under section 46 of theMarriage Act 1961, a celebrant is required to say these words, or words to this effect, in every marriage ceremony.[25]
The federal legalisation of same-sex marriage extended to all of Australia'sstates and territories, including itsexternal territories.[79][80] States and territories have long had the ability to create laws with respect to relationships, though Section 51(xxi) of theConstitution of Australia prescribes that marriage is a legislative power of the Parliament.[81]
Since the Parliament introduced theMarriage Act 1961, marriage laws in Australia were generally regarded as an exclusive Commonwealth power. The precise rights of states and territories with respect to creating state-based same-sex marriage laws was complicated further by the Howard government amendment to theMarriage Act in 2004 to define marriage as the exclusive "union of one man and one woman, to the exclusion of all others".[82] TheAustralian Capital Territory (ACT) provided a test case on the matter, when in October 2013, itsLegislative Assembly passed a law allowing same-sex marriage.[83] On 13 September 2013, theAustralian Capital Territory Government had announced that it would introduce a bill to legalise same-sex marriage, following a decade-long attempt to legislate in the area.[84] "We've been pretty clear on this issue for some time now and there's overwhelming community support for this",Chief MinisterKaty Gallagher said. "We would prefer to see the federal parliament legislate for a nationally consistent scheme, but in the absence of this, we will act for the people of the ACT." The bill would have enabled couples unable to marry under theMarriage Act 1961 to enter into marriage in the ACT, and would have provided for solemnisation, eligibility, dissolution and annulment, regulatory requirements and notice of intention in relation to same-sex marriages.[85] On 10 October 2013,Attorney-GeneralGeorge Brandis confirmed that theCommonwealth Government would challenge the proposed ACT bill, stating that it had significant constitutional concerns with respect to the bill.[86] The bill was debated in the Legislative Assembly on 22 October 2013, and passed by 9 votes to 8.[87] Under the legislation, known as theMarriage Equality (Same Sex) Act 2013, same-sex marriages were legally permitted from 7 December 2013.[88][89][90]
The Abbott government immediately challenged the law in theHigh Court of Australia. The High Court ruled on the matter on 12 December 2013,[91][92] five days after the first same-sex weddings were celebrated in the ACT, striking down the ACT's same-sex marriage law.[83] The court determined that all laws with respect to marriage were an exclusive power of the Commonwealth and that no state or territory law creating any other type of marriage could operate concurrently with the federalMarriage Act; "the kind of marriage provided for by the [Marriage] Act is the only kind of marriage that may be formed or recognised in Australia".[83] The court found that the ACT act was invalid and of "no effect", because it was "inconsistent", in terms of theAustralian Capital Territory Self-Government Act 1988, and the federalMarriage Act 1961. It was inconsistent both because its definition of marriage conflicted with that in the federal act and because the federal act was exclusive, leaving no room for any other definition in the legislation of a state or a territory. However, the court went on to determine that the word "marriage" in Section 51(xxi) of the Constitution means "a consensual union formed between natural persons in accordance with legally prescribed requirements" where that union is "intended to endure and be terminable only in accordance with law" and "accords a status affecting and defining mutual rights and obligations".[93] Therefore, it included same-sex marriage thus clarifying that there is no constitutional impediment to the Commonwealth legislating for same-sex marriage in the future and as such that a same-sex marriage law passed by the Parliament could operate lawfully.[91] The ruling closed off the possibility for a state or territory to legislate for same-sex marriage in the absence of a federal same-sex marriage law.[83]
Prior to that ruling, reports released by the New South Wales Parliamentary Committee on Social Issues and the Tasmanian Law Reform Institute found that a state parliament "has the power to legislate on the topic of marriage, including same-sex marriage. However, if [New South Wales] chooses to exercise that power and enact a law for same-sex marriage, the law could be subject to challenge in the High Court of Australia",[94] and that no current arguments "present an absolute impediment to achieving state-based or Commonwealth marriage equality".[95] TheACT Government received legal advice supporting the lawfulness of its same-sex marriage law prior to the High Court ruling, though several legal experts expressed doubts.[96][97][98][99] Aside from the Australian Capital Territory,Tasmania is the only other state or territory to have passed same-sex marriage legislation in a chamber of its legislature. TheTasmanian House of Assembly passed same-sex marriage legislation by 13 votes to 11 in September 2012, though theLegislative Council subsequently voted against the legislation a few weeks later by 6 votes to 8.[100][101] Both chambers later passed motions giving in-principle, symbolic support for same-sex marriage.[102]
Prior to the federal legalisation of same-sex marriage, six Australian jurisdictions (Tasmania, the Australian Capital Territory,[103]New South Wales,Queensland,Victoria andSouth Australia), comprising 90% of Australia's population, recognised same-sex marriages and civil partnerships performed overseas, providing automatic recognition of such unions in their respective state registers.[104]
There is an important difference in the source of power of the Commonwealth to legislate over married andde facto relationships. Marriage and "matrimonial causes" are supported by sections 51(xxi) and (xxii) of the Constitution. The legal status of marriage is also internationally recognised whereas the power to legislate forde facto relationships and their financial matters relies on referrals by states to the Commonwealth in accordance withSection 51(xxxvii) of the Australian Constitution, where it states the law shall extend only to states by whose parliaments the matter is referred, or which afterward adopt the law.[105]
In the 2001 case ofRe Kevin – validity of marriage of transsexual, theFamily Court of Australia recognised the right of transsexual people to marry according to their currentgender as opposed to theirsex assigned at birth; this did not permit same-sex marriage from the perspective of the genders the prospective partners identified as, but it did mean that atransgender woman could legally marry a cisgender man, and atransgender man could legally marry a cisgender woman.[106]
In October 2007, theAdministrative Appeals Tribunal overturned a decision by theForeign Affairs Department refusing to issue a transgender woman apassport listing her as female because she was married to a woman. The tribunal ordered that she be issued a passport listing her as female, in accordance with her other official documents, thereby recognising the existence of a marriage between two persons legally recognised as female.[107] Same-sex marriage advocates noted that same-sex marriage legislation should be inclusive of the rights of transgender andintersex people, with intersex people being sceptical of the termsame-sex marriage.[108] These concerns were addressed by the federal legalisation of same-sex marriage in December 2017, which amended the definition of marriage to "2 people".[109]
As of 2017, onlySouth Australia and theAustralian Capital Territory did not require transgender people todivorce before registering an official change of gender on abirth certificate.[110] This requirement was removed by federal law in December 2018.[111]Victoria passed legislation removing the forced divorce requirement in May 2018,[112] and similar legislation was passed inNew South Wales andQueensland the following month.[113][114] TheNorthern Territory passed similar laws in November 2018, and it was followed byWestern Australia in February 2019.[115][116]Tasmania was the last jurisdiction to reform its laws. The state passed legislation removing the forced divorce requirement in April 2019, and it joined some of the other states and territories in also removing the requirement for a person to have undergonesex reassignment surgery prior to having a change of sex recognised on a birth certificate.[117]
While manyIndigenous Australian cultures historically practicedpolygamy, there are no records of same-sex marriages being performed in these cultures in the way they are commonly defined inWestern legal systems. However, many Indigenous communities recognize identities and relationships that may be placed on the LGBT spectrum. For instance, theArrernte adhered to a "boy bride" custom whereby many young men, usually younger than 14 years of age, would be given to older adult men. The relationship was understood to include some sexual relations between both men, usually onlymasturbation, as well as sleeping, hunting and eating together. At puberty, the younger partner would undergo a series of ceremonies into adulthood, and the "boy bride" relationship would end.[118] The Arrernte also recognise people fulfilling athird gender role, known askwarte kwarte (pronounced[ˈkʷaʈəˈkʷaʈə]).[119] Similar cultural third gender roles exist among theWarlpiri askarnta-piya (pronounced[ˈkaɳdapi.ja]), thePitjantjatjara askungka kungka (pronounced[ˈkʊŋkɐˈkʊŋkɐ]), thePintupi askungka wati (pronounced[ˈkuŋkaˈwati], theWarumungu asgirriji karrti, and theWiradjuri asyamadi.[120] TheTiwi people similarly recognise formal structures and roles for themurrulawamini,[121] often translated inEnglish as "sistergirls".[122]
In 2015, a group of Aboriginal elders delivered a petition to theParliament House called the "Uluru Bark Petition", which opposed same-sex marriage and described it as "an affront to the Aboriginal people of Australia". The petition also stated that "all Aboriginal people oppose changing the definition of marriage to allow same-sex couples to wed". Aboriginal writer Dameyon Boyson widely criticised the petition, saying, "The Uluru Bark Petition misrepresents Aboriginal culture, and that it's only the voice of a few leaders excessively influenced by white man's religion and influence. Behind these authentic faces that you see holding up these pieces of bark and standing in front of Parliament House you will find the mechanics of white influence."[123] ADarumbal Aboriginal who was asked to comment by theNational Indigenous Television said, "Colonisation andChristianity ha[ve] pretty much shaped Indigenous culture today. In particular, it has hidden the voices of Indigenous lesbians and gays, and downplayed the importance of their relationships in traditional culture."[124] During the marriage postal survey, about 50 survey forms were burned by local community members inRamingining because they thought that "it meant a man should be 'compelled' to marry another man".[125] Indigenous activists also worried that survey forms would not be understood in remote Aboriginal communities as locals are not always fluent in English or "familiar with the process".[126] A 2018 article from theAustralian Institute of Family Studies showed that support for equal rights did not vary significantly between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians.[127]
According to theAustralian Bureau of Statistics, approximately 4% of all marriages officiated in Australia between 2018 and 2024 were marriages of same-sex couples.[128] The data for the year 2018 indicated that the overwhelming majority of same-sex weddings were administered by a civil celebrant, and that the median age of same-sex couples entering into marriages was notably older than that of heterosexual couples.[129] The figures for 2018–2021 do not include any marriages where one or both of the parties do not identify as either male or female. Figures for 2020 and 2021 are also much lower than previous years because of the restrictions in place due to theCOVID-19 pandemic.
| Year | Same-sex marriages | Marriages including a person of non-binary gender | Total marriages | % same-sex | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | Male | Total | ||||
| 2018 | 3,781 | 2,757 | 6,538 | N/a | 119,188 | 5.5% |
| 2019 | 3,243 | 2,262 | 5,505 | N/a | 113,815 | 4.8% |
| 2020 | 1,782 | 1,117 | 2,899 | N/a | 78,987 | 3.7% |
| 2021 | 1,771 | 1,072 | 2,843 | N/a | 89,167 | 3.2% |
| 2022 | 2,667 | 1,767 | 4,434 | 159 | 127,161 | 3.5% |
| 2023 | 2,619 | 1,735 | 4,354 | 204 | 118,439 | 3.7% |
| 2024 | 2,622 | 1,893 | 4,515 | 231 | 120,844 | 3.7% |
Dual British-Australian couples have been able to marry in Britishdiplomatic missions in Australia since theUnited Kingdom legalised same-sex marriage in 2014. The first couple to marry were Peter Fraser and Gordon Stevenson on 27 June 2014 at the British consulate inSydney.[130] From June 2014 to October 2017, 445 same-sex couples married in British diplomatic offices across Australia.[131]
Most major religious organisations in Australia do not perform orbless same-sex marriages in their places of worship. The largestreligious denomination permitting same-sex marriage is theUniting Church in Australia. On 13 July 2018, its National Assembly approved the creation of marriage rites for same-sex couples.[132] The change incorporated a gender-neutral definition of marriage in the Church's official statement, though also retained the existing statement on marriage as a heterosexual union, which the Church described as an "equal yet distinct" approach to the issue.[133] Same-sex marriages have been permitted in the Uniting Church since 21 September 2018.[134] Some smallerChristian denominations, includingQuakers, theAustralia and New Zealand Unitarian Universalist Association,[135] and theMetropolitan Community Church,[136] also solemnise same-sex marriages. Australian Quakers have supported the celebration of same-sex commitment ceremonies since 1994 and recognize them on an equal basis with other committed and loving relationships. In January 2010, they called on the government to legislate for same-sex marriages, and agreed to treat all requests for marriages in accordance with Quaker traditions, regardless of the sexual orientation or gender of the partners.[137] Prior to this, the first Quaker same-sex marriage was held inCanberra on 15 April 2007.[138]
TheAnglican Church of Australia's official position is that marriage is "an exclusive and lifelong union of a man and a woman",[139] though a number of prominent members of the Church have stated support for same-sex marriage, and the prospect of a formal split on the issue has been canvassed.[140] The Church permits the blessing of same-sex marriages on a diocesan basis; in November 2020, the Church's Appellate Tribunal approved 5–1 the right of individualdioceses to formally bless the weddings of same-sex couples married in civil ceremonies.[141] In 2013, theDiocese of Perth voted in favour of recognising same-sex relationships,[142] thoughArchbishopRoger Herft later vetoed the measure.[143] Nonetheless, the union of a same-sex couple, Suzie and Samantha Day-Davies, was blessed at St. Andrew's Church inSubiaco in April 2016.[144] In October 2018, theDiocese of Sydney banned same-sex marriages and events that might advocate "expressions of human sexuality contrary to our doctrine of marriage" on about a thousand church-owned properties.[145] In 2019, theDiocese of Wangaratta voted in favour of a motion authorising a blessing rite for same-sex unions.[146][147] BishopJohn Parkes performed the first blessing in September 2019 inWangaratta for Father John Davis and Father Rob Whalley, with a second blessing occurring inMilawa a few months later.[148] TheDiocese of Newcastle passed a similar motion in October 2019.[149] Thesynod of theDiocese of Ballarat has also asked BishopGarry Weatherill to permit the blessing of same-sex unions,[150] and in June 2022 BishopRichard Treloar of theDiocese of Gippsland said there were "no obstacles" to same-sex blessings in his diocese.[151]
TheAustralian Baptist Ministries "rejects moves to extend the definition of marriage to include same-sex relationships". In May 2025, two parishes, the Canberra Baptist Church and the Hamilton Baptist Church inNewcastle, were expelled from the denomination over their decision to affirm same-sex marriages.[152] TheGreek Orthodox Church considers marriage "a sacrament ... through which the union of man and woman is sanctified by God".[153][154] TheAustralian Christian Churches opposes same-sex marriage,[155] and thePresbyterian Church responded to the results of the same-sex marriage survey by stating that it "continues to hold to the biblical definition of marriage as between one man and one woman as we believe it best reflects the Lord's creational design for human flourishing".[156][157] TheCatholic Church opposes same-sex marriage and "views marriage as a unique relationship between a woman and a man".[158] In December 2023, theHoly See publishedFiducia supplicans, a declaration allowingCatholic priests tobless couples who are not considered to bemarried according to church teaching, including the blessing of same-sex couples.[159] The Australian Confraternity of Catholic Clergy reacted to the declaration, stating, "Ordained priests are ministers of God's blessings given to sanctify the human person and build up all that is true, good, and beautiful in human life. While sinful human persons who seek God's mercy are authentic recipients of God's blessings, such blessings of their nature are ordered to communion with God; to conversion and sanctification, and so can never be bestowed on sinful acts nor legitimize relationships that are intrinsically incompatible with the divine plan."[160]
Most Islamic scholars are in agreement that homosexuality is "incompatible with Islamic theology".[161] TheAustralian National Imams Council "affirms that Islam sanctifies marriage as only being between a man and a woman".[162] TheAustralian Council of Hindu Clergy issued a clarifying statement in September 2017 that marriage under Hinduism is between "a man and a woman"; the group having come to the position after a formal vote was taken indicating 90% approval for the position.[163] TheFederation of Australian Buddhist Council states there is no fixed or pre-ordained form of marriage, though it "has been consistent in its support for same-sex marriage since 2012".[164] Same-sex marriages can also be performed inReform Jewish synagogues, but are not permitted inOrthodox orConservative traditions.[165] The first Jewish same-sex marriage in Australia was performed atEmanuel Synagogue in Sydney in May 2018 for Ilan Buchman and Oscar Shub.[166]
Same-sex couples have access to different relationship recognition schemes in Australia'ssix states and three internal territories. Under federal law, they are treated asde facto relationships. Despite Australia having passed a federal same-sex marriage law, these schemes remain in place as an option for couples.
| States or Territories | Official relationship status | Year of enactment |
|---|---|---|
 Australian Capital Territory | Domestic relationship | 1994 |
| Civil partnership | 2008 | |
 New South Wales | Registered relationship | 2010 |
 Queensland | Civil partnership | 2012 |
 South Australia | Registered relationship | 2017 |
 Tasmania | Significant relationship | 2004 |
 Victoria | Domestic relationship | 2008 |
Same-sex couples can enter into civil partnerships in theAustralian Capital Territory (ACT) andQueensland. The schemes include state-sanctioned ceremonies that are similar to marriage ceremonies.
Previously, same-sex couples could enter intocivil unions in theAustralian Capital Territory. In August 2012, a civil union bill passed theLegislative Assembly. TheCivil Union Act 2012 granted many of the same rights to same-sex couples as people married under theMarriage Act 1961.[167][168] The Act was not challenged by theGillard government. It was to be repealed and civil unions were to be no longer accessible to same-sex couples upon commencement of theMarriage Equality (Same Sex) Act 2013, which (if not struck down by theHigh Court) would have permanently legalised same-sex marriage in the territory.[169] Due to the High Court's ruling striking down the ACT's same-sex marriage law as invalid, the repeal of the Act was of no effect and civil unions continued to take place in the ACT until 2017.[170] From 2017, forming a new civil union is no longer possible as section 7 of theCivil Union Act 2012 requires that potential couples be unable to marry under theMarriage Act 1961.[171] When same-sex marriage was legalised, it became legally impossible to form a civil union, though existing ones remain valid.[172]
Since 2008, the ACT has recognised civil partnerships which provide same-sex couples with increased rights regarding superannuation, taxation and social security. Although theCivil Partnerships Act 2008 was repealed upon passage of the aforementionedCivil Unions Act 2012,[173] entering into civil partnerships, which are now regulated by theDomestic Relationships Act 1994, remains an option for same-sex and opposite-sex couples.[174] Couples can also enter into domestic relationships, which were enacted in 1994.[175][176] The ACT's laws also apply to theJervis Bay Territory.[177]
Civil partnerships have been legal inQueensland since April 2016. TheQueensland Parliament passed theDiscrimination Law Amendment Act 2002 in December of that year, which created non-discriminatory definitions of "de facto partner" with respect to 42 pieces of legislation.[178] This gave same-sex couples the same rights asde facto couples in most instances.
On 30 November 2011, the Queensland Parliament passed a bill allowing civil partnerships. The legislation passed by a vote of 47 to 40, with those against including four votes from theLabor Party.[179] TheCivil Partnerships Act 2011 allowed for same-sex couples who are Queensland residents to enter into a civil partnership.[180] Shortly after the change of government in the2012 state elections, and following high profile advertisements for repeal of the law byKatter's Australian Party,[181] the centre-rightLiberal National government passed theCivil Partnerships and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2012.[182] The new law changed the name from "civil partnership" to "registered relationship" and prohibited the state from offering ceremonies for those who registered their relationship in this manner. Following the2015 state election, which saw Labor formminority government, the Parliament passed theRelationships (Civil Partnerships) and Other Acts Amendment Act 2015 in December 2015, which restored state-sanctioned ceremonies for same-sex and opposite-sex couples and once more changed regulations referring to "registered relationships" with "civil partnerships".[183] The law came into effect following a number of administrative matters occurring, with civil partnerships resuming in the state on 2 April 2016.[183][184]
Same-sex couples have access to domestic partnership registries (otherwise known as registered relationships) in the Australian Capital Territory,New South Wales,Tasmania,Victoria andSouth Australia.
New South Wales, Australia's most populous state, has recognised domestic partnerships since July 2010. TheRelationships Register Act 2010 was passed by theNew South Wales Parliament in May and came into effect on 1 July 2010.[185][186] The Act provides conclusive proof of the existence of a relationship and ensures participants gain all the rights afforded tode facto couples under state and federal law.[187] Previously, in June 2008, the Parliament passed theMiscellaneous Acts Amendment (Same Sex Relationships) Act 2008.[188] The Act amended several other state laws to recognise co-mothers as legal parents of children born throughdonor insemination and to ensurebirth certificates allow both mothers to be recognised.[188] Additionally, the Act amended 57 pieces of state legislation to ensurede facto couples, including same-sex couples, are treated equally with married couples.[188] Finally, the Act amended theNew South Wales Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 to ensure same-sex couples are protected from discrimination on the basis of their "marital or domestic status" in employment, accommodation and access to other goods and services.[188][189]
New South Wales has also sought to legislate with respect to same-sex marriage. In November 2013, a bill was introduced to theLegislative Council to legalise same-sex marriage at the state level, thought it was narrowly defeated.[190][191] The external territory ofNorfolk Island has, since 1 July 2016, been incorporated into New South Wales legislation. Prior to this, a same-sex marriage bill had been tabled in theNorfolk Island Legislative Assembly in September 2014,[192] though it was eventually not put to a vote.
InSouth Australia, theStatutes Amendment (Domestic Partners) Act 2006 (Number 43), which took effect 1 June 2007, amended 97 acts, dispensing with the term "de facto" and categorising couples as "domestic partners".[193] This means thatde facto same-sex and opposite-sex couples are covered by the same laws.[194][195] In December 2016, theSouth Australia Parliament passed a law which created a relationship register for same-sex couples and recognises the relationships of same-sex couples who have married or entered into an official union in other states and nations.[196] This law went into effect on 1 August 2017.[196] Prior to that reform, same-sex couples could make a written agreement called a "domestic partnership agreement" about their living arrangements. This may be prepared at any time and is legal from the time it is made, but must meet other requirements, such as joint commitments, before being legally recognised.[194]
InTasmania, beginning on 1 January 2004, theRelationships Act 2003 has allowed same-sex couples to register their union as a type of domestic partnership in two distinct categories, "significant relationships" and "caring relationships", with the state's Registry of Births, Death and Marriages. A new definition of partner as "two persons" was embedded into 80 pieces of legislation,[197] giving same-sex couples rights in making decisions about a partner's health, guardianship when a partner is incapacitated, and equal access to a partner's public sector pensions. It also allows one member of a same-sex couple to adopt the biological child of their partner.[197][198] In September 2010, theTasmanian Parliament unanimously passed legislation to recognise same-sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions as registered partnerships under theRelationships Act 2003, making it the first Australian state or territory to do so.[199]
In August 2012, a bill was introduced to the Tasmanian Parliament to legalise same-sex marriage. The bill passed theHouse of Assembly, but was later rejected by theLegislative Council on 28 September 2012.[200][201] In October 2013, the bill was re-introduced into the Legislative Council and was defeated once more.[202]
Victoria has recognised domestic partnerships since December 2008. TheVictoria Parliament passed theRelationships Act 2008 on 10 April 2008, which came into effect on 1 December 2008.[203] This has allowed same-sex couples to register their relationships with the state Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages and provide conclusive proof of ade facto relationship, allowing them to receive all the benefits and rights of such a couple under state and federal law.[204] In 2016, the Parliament passed reforms to the state's domestic partnership legislation, allowing for the recognition of overseas same-sex marriages on official documents and allowing couples the option of having an official ceremony when registering for a domestic partnership.[205]
The earliest legislative reform in the state designed to provide equal treatment of same-sex couples came in August 2001, in the form of theStatute Law Amendment (Relationships) Act 2001 and theStatute Law Further Amendment (Relationships) Act 2001. The acts amended 60 laws in Victoria to give same-sex couples, called "domestic partners", many rights equal to those enjoyed byde facto couples, including hospital access, medical decision making, superannuation, inheritance rights, property tax, landlord and tenancy rights, mental health treatment and victims of crime procedures.[206][207]
Same-sex and opposite-sexde facto couples exist in all states and territories. Before the introduction of same-sex marriage nationally, the inability ofde facto couples to have conclusive evidence of their relationships inWestern Australia and theNorthern Territory made it more difficult for them to access rights accorded to them under the law.
In theNorthern Territory, theParliament enacted theLaw Reform (Gender, Sexuality and De Facto Relationships) Act 2003 in March 2004 to remove legislative discrimination against same-sex couples in most areas of territory law (except theAdoption of Children Act 1994) and recognise same-sex couples asde facto relationships. The Act removed distinctions based on a person's gender, sexuality orde facto relationship in approximately 50 acts and regulations. As in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, the reforms also enabled the lesbian partner of a woman to be recognised as the parent of her partner's child across state law.[208]
InWestern Australia, theActs Amendment (Lesbian and Gay Law Reform) Act 2002 removed all remaining legislative discrimination towardsexual orientation by adding the new definition of "de facto partner" into 62 acts, provisions and statutes and creating new family law designed to recognise same-sex couples asde facto relationships.[209] Western Australia's laws are also applicable toChristmas Island and theCocos (Keeling) Islands.
A number oflocal government councils in Australia have created relationship recognition schemes, which allow couples to register their relationship and provide conclusive proof of ade facto union for the purposes of federal law. These are theCity of Sydney since 2004,[210] theMunicipality of Woollahra since 2008,[211] theCity of Blue Mountains since 2010,[212] theCity of Vincent since 2012,[213] and theTown of Port Hedland since 2015.[214] In Victoria, the cities ofMelbourne andYarra established relationship declaration registers in 2007. Both local governments discontinued the registers in 2018 after the federal legalisation of same-sex marriage.[215][216]
Local government areas have also published official positions in favour of same-sex marriage. In June 2016, theAustralian Local Government Association (ALGA) approved a motion supporting the legalisation of same-sex marriage. The motion was put forward by theLord Mayor of Darwin,Katrina Fong Lim, and Meghan Hopper, a member of the Council of Moreland. It was approved by a strong majority at ALGA's National General Assembly.[217][218][219] ALGA's board approved it on 21 July 2016.[220] The motion read:[217] "That this National General Assembly call on the Commonwealth Government to treat with dignity and respect all members of the community regardless of gender or sexuality by supporting changes to the Marriage Act to achieve marriage equality for same-sex couples."
As of 1 January 2018, of the 546 local governments (also known as "councils" or "shires") in Australia, a total of 62 were known to have passed formal motions in support of the legalisation of same-sex marriage. Those local governments were:[221][222] the cities of Sydney,[223]Greater Geelong,[224]Hobart,[225]Moreland,[226] Vincent,Hawkesbury,[227]Randwick,[228] Blue Mountains,Lismore,[229]Albury,[230]Ballarat,[231]Wodonga,[232]Glenorchy,[233]Port Phillip,Glen Eira,[234]Hobsons Bay,[235]Darebin,[236]Greater Shepparton,[237]Maribyrnong,[237] Melbourne,[238]Banyule,[239] Yarra,[240]Darwin,[241]Brisbane,[242]Lake Macquarie,[243][244]Shoalhaven,[245][246]Monash,[247]Kingston,[248]Whittlesea,[222]Fremantle,[249]Bayswater,[249]Willoughby,[250]Warrnambool,[251]Newcastle,[252]Moonee Valley,[253]Stonnington,[254] andGreater Bendigo;[255] the councils ofCamden,Inner West,[256]Central Coast,[257]Kingborough,[258]Richmond Valley,North Sydney,[259] andWaverley;[222] the shires ofCoonamble,Tenterfield,[260]Lachlan,Bega Valley,[261]Byron,[262]Buloke,[263]Strathbogie,[264]Indigo,[265]Bass Coast,[266]Cardinia,[222]Noosa,[267]Douglas,[268]Campaspe,[269]Bellingen,[270] andNillumbik;[271] the municipality of Woollahra;[272] and the town of Port Hedland.[273]
At least two local governments rejected motions to support same-sex marriage; theCity of Launceston in 2015,[274] and the Shire of Campaspe in 2015, though it later voted to support same-sex marriage.[275]
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The following table shows the results ofopinion polls conducted to ascertain the level of support for the introduction of same-sex marriage in Australia:
| Date | Firm | Support | Oppose | Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| March–May 2023 | Pew Research Center[276] | 75% | 23% | 2% |
| March 2018 | Essential[277] | 65% | 26% | 9% |
| September–October 2017 | Essential[278][279] | 61% | 32% | 7% |
| August–September 2017 | Newgate Research[280] | 58.4% | 31.4% | 10.2% |
| August 2017 | Newspoll[281] | 63% | 30% | 7% |
| July 2017 | Essential[282] | 63% | 25% | 12% |
| July 2017 | YouGov[283] | 60% | 28% | 12% |
| February 2017 | Galaxy[284] | 66% | – | – |
| September 2016 | Newspoll[281] | 62% | 32% | 6% |
| August 2016 | Essential[285] | 57% | 28% | 15% |
| March 2016 | Essential[286] | 64% | 26% | 10% |
| March 2016 | Roy Morgan[287] | 76% | 24% | – |
| October 2015 | Essential[288] | 59% | 30% | 11% |
| August 2015 | Essential[289] | 60% | 31% | 9% |
| August 2015 | Ipsos[290] | 69% | 25% | 6% |
| July 2015 | ReachTEL[291] | 53.8% | 32.8% | 13.4% |
| June 2015 | Ipsos[292] | 68% | 25% | 7% |
| July 2014 | Newspoll[293] | 66% | – | – |
| July 2014 | Crosby Textor[294] | 72% | 21% | 7% |
| August 2013 | Nielsen[295] | 65% | 28% | 7% |
| May 2013 | Ipsos[296] | 54% | 20% | 26% |
| May 2013 | Roy Morgan[297] | 65% | 35% | – |
| August 2012 | Galaxy[298][299] | 64% | 30% | 6% |
| July 2011 | Roy Morgan[287] | 68% | 30% | 2% |
| October 2010 | Galaxy[300] | 62% | 33% | 5% |
| June 2009 | Galaxy[301] | 60% | 36% | 4% |
| June 2007 | Galaxy[302] | 57% | 37% | 6% |
| June 2004 | Newspoll[303] | 38% | 44% | 18% |
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A September–October 2016 survey by theVarkey Foundation found that 77% of 18–21-year-olds supported same-sex marriage in Australia.[304]
According to a survey published in late January 2018 by the Social Research Center along with theAustralian National University, same-sex marriage was ranked the most historic event to have shaped the lives ofAustralians. 30% of the survey participants named the legalisation of same-sex marriage as the most historic event in their lifetime, 27% named theSeptember 11 attacks, 13% named former Prime Minister Kevin Rudd's apology toIndigenous Australians and another 13% named thePort Arthur massacre.[305]
The Pew Research Center poll conducted between March and May 2023 showed that 75% of Australians supported same-sex marriage, 23% were opposed and 2% did not know or had refused to answer. When divided by age, support was highest among 18–39-year-olds at 80% and lowest among those aged 40 and above at 73%. When divided by political affiliation, support was highest among those on the left of the political spectrum at 94%, followed by those at the centre at 74% and those on the right at 57%.[276]
What we didn't want to happen in 2004 was for the courts to start adjudicating on the definition of marriage because that was a real threat in 2004 because some people who had contracted same sex marriages in another country had the capacity to bring their issues before courts in Australia ...
[…] you cannot be on one or the other side of a divide with discriminatory legislation like this. The people who are on the receiving end of this discriminatory legislation will find it hateful. It impacts on them. It is not a loving message coming from thePrime Minister; it is the opposite. I have said that this is legislation of hate. I have said that this is a message of hate coming from the Prime Minister. It came fromGeorge W. Bush initially. […] Discrimination is hate in this circumstance and it is not unparliamentary for me to say so. […] When you discriminate against people, they feel they are being hated.
Refer to Part 1 (Subsection 8) of the Act
Refer to Schedule 1, Part 5 of the Act.
People who changed genders were previously unable to change sex on birth certificates and other official documentation if they were married, as state or territory governments could refuse to do this as it could be seen as facilitating a same-sex union. Many transgender people were forced to divorce if they wanted to officially change gender. From December 9 [2018], state and territory governments will no longer be able to block changes to birth certificates and other documents.
Click on and download the XLSX file titled 'Marriages and Divorces (Australia)' to refer to the detailed marriage figures.
Refer to Resolution 50 on page 20
