 | This articlepossibly containsoriginal research. Pleaseimprove it byverifying the claims made and addinginline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.(April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Reborrowing is the process where a word travels from one language to another and then back to the originating language in a different form or with a different meaning. A reborrowed word is sometimes called aRückwanderer (German, a 'returner').
The result is generally adoublet, where the reborrowed word exists alongside the original word, though in other cases the original word may have died out. Alternatively, a specific sense of a borrowed word can be reborrowed as asemantic loan; for example, Englishpioneer was borrowed fromMiddle French in the sense of "digger, foot soldier, pedestrian", then acquired the sense of "early colonist, innovator" in English, which was reborrowed into French.[1] In other cases the term may becalqued (loan translated) at some stage, such as Englishready-to-wear → Frenchprêt-à-porter (1951) → Englishprêt-à-porter (1957).[1]
In some cases the borrowing process can be more complicated and the words might move through different languages before coming back to the originating language. The single move from one language to the other is called "loan" (seeloanword). Reborrowing is the result of more than one loan, when the final recipient language is the same as the originating one.
| Old Norse: | klubba | → | English: | club | → | Norwegian: | klubb("association of people")[2] | |||
| French: | tenez[a] | → | English: | tennis | → | French: | tennis(the sport) | |||
| French: | cotte | → | English: | riding coat | → | French: | redingote | → | English: | redingote |
| Old French: | bacoun | → | English: | bacon | → | French: | bacon | |||
| Greek: | κίνημα (kínēma, movement) | → | French: | cinéma(tographe) | → | Greek: | σινεμά(sinemá, cinema) | |||
| Dutch: | bolwerk(bulwark, bastion) | → | French: | boulevard | → | Dutch: | boulevard("broad avenue") | |||
| Dutch: | manneken("little man")[b] | → | French: | mannequin | → | Dutch: | mannequin("catwalk model") | |||
| Dutch: | koekje(cookie) | → | English: | cookie | → | Dutch: | cookie("web cookie") | |||
| Middle Dutch : | snacken[3]/ˈsnɑkən/ ("to gasp/bite at") | → | English: | to snack[4] | → | Dutch: | snacken/ˈsnɛkən/ | |||
| English: | crack (fun) | → | Irish: | craic (fun) | → | English: | craic (news, gossip, fun, entertainment, happenings) | |||
| English: | animation | → | Japanese: | アニメ[c](anime) | → | English: | anime(Japanese animation) | |||
| English: | professional wrestling | → | Japanese: | プロレス[d](puroresu) | → | English: | puroresu(Japanese professional wrestling) | |||
| Hebrew: | תַּכְלִית/taχˈlit/ (purpose) | → | Yiddish: | תכלית/ˈtaχləs/ (result; purpose; serious business)[5] | → | Hebrew: | תַּכְלֶס/ˈtaχles/ (directly,matter-of-factly,cut the crap) | |||
| Spanish: | tronada(thunderstorm) | → | English: | tornado | → | Spanish: | tornado | |||
| Chinese: | 革命(dynastic changes) | → | Japanese: | 革命(kakumei; revolution) | → | Chinese: | 革命 (revolution)[6] | |||
| Chinese: | 共和(Gonghe Regency) | → | Japanese: | 共和(kyōwa; republic) | → | Chinese: | 共和(republic) | |||
| Chinese: | 抹茶(A lost way of tea making) | → | Japanese: | 抹茶(matcha) | → | Chinese: | 抹茶(Japanese style matcha) | |||
| Hokkien orCantonese: | 鮭汁(kôe-chiap/kê-chiap; type of fish sauce) | → | English: | ketchup(table sauce/tomato ketchup) | → | Cantonese: | 茄汁(ke4*2 zap1; ketchup) | |||
| Old Turkic: | ülüş(share, portion) | → | Mongolian: | ulus(country, division) | → | Turkish: | ulus(nation) | |||
| Turkish: | bey armudu(bergamot, "lord's pear") | → | Italian: | bergamotto | → | French: | bergamote | → | Turkish: | bergamot |
| Middle Mongol: | jarlig(royal decree) | → | Russian: | ярлык(yarlyk; label, price tag) | → | Mongolian: | yarlyk(price tag) | |||
| Middle Persian: | handaz-(to plan, allot) | → | Arabic: | مهندس(mohandis; geometer, engineer) | → | Persian: | مهندس(mohandes; engineer) | |||
| Persian: | زرناپا(zornāpā; 'flute leg', giraffe) | → | Arabic: | زرافة(zarāfa/zurāfa; giraffe) | → | Persian: | زرافه(zarāfe; giraffe) |
A similar process occurs when a word is coined in a language based on roots from another language, and then the compound is borrowed into this other language or a modern descendant. Inthe West this primarily occurs withclassical compounds, formed on Latin orAncient Greek roots, which may then be borrowed into a Romance language or Modern Greek. Latin is sufficiently widespread that Latinate terms coined in a non-Romance language (such as English or German) and then borrowed by a Romance language (such as French or Spanish) are not conspicuous, but modern coinages on Ancient Greek roots borrowed into Modern Greek are, and include terms such as τηλεγράφημαtilegráfima ('telegram').[7] These arevery common.
This process is particularly conspicuous in Chinese and Japanese, where in the late 19th and early 20th century many terms were coined inJapanese on Chinese roots (historically terms had often passed via Korea), known aswasei kango (和製漢語, Japanese-made Chinese-words), then borrowed into modern Chinese (and often Korean) with corresponding pronunciation; from the mid 20th century such borrowings are much rarer. Often these words could have been coined in Chinese, but happened to be coined first in Japanese; notable examples include文化bunka ('culture') and革命kakumei ('revolution').[7]
Klubben fekk vi på slutten av 1700-tallet fra England. Men ordetclub kjem frå det nordiskeklubba for 1000 år sia.