| Raynolds Expeditionnoting | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theexploration of North America | |||||
 William F. Raynolds | |||||
| |||||
| Belligerents | |||||
 United States | |||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||
 William F. RaynoldsHenry E. Maynadier | |||||
| Strength | |||||
33 soldiers
| |||||
TheRaynolds Expedition was aUnited States Army exploring and mapping expedition intended to map the unexplored territory betweenFort Pierre,Dakota Territory and the headwaters of theYellowstone River. The expedition was led bytopographical engineer CaptainWilliam F. Raynolds.
In early 1859, Raynolds was charged with leading an expedition into theYellowstone region ofMontana andWyoming to determine,"as far as practicable, everything relating to ... the Indians of the country, its agricultural and mineralogical resources ... the navigability of its streams, its topographical features, and the facilities or obstacles which the latter present to the construction of rail or common roads ...".[1] The expedition was carried out by a handful of technicians, including geologist/naturalistF.V. Hayden, who led several later expeditions to the Yellowstone region, photographer and topographerJames D. Hutton and artist and mapmakerAnton Schönborn.[2][3] Raynold's second-in-command was Lt.Henry E. Maynadier. The expedition was supported by a small infantry detachment of 30 and was funded with $60,000 by the U.S. Government. Experiencedmountain manJim Bridger was hired to guide the expedition.[1]
The expedition commenced atSt. Louis, Missouri in late May 1859 as the party was transported by two steamboats up theMissouri River toNew Fort Pierre,South Dakota.[4] By late June the expedition left Fort Pierre and headed overland, encountering theCrow Indians, exploring theTongue River and then heading for theYellowstone River in southern Montana. Raynolds divided his expedition, sending a smaller detachment under Maynadier to explore theTongue River, a major tributary of theYellowstone River. James D. Hutton and Zephyr Recontre, the expedition'sSioux interpreter, took a side trip to locate an isolated rock formation that had been seen from great distance by a previous expedition in 1857. Hutton was the first person of European descent to reach the rock formation in northeastern Wyoming, later known asDevils Tower; Raynolds never elaborated on this event, mentioning it only in passing.[3][5] By September 2, 1859, Raynolds's detachment had followed the Yellowstone River to the confluence with theBighorn River in south-central Montana.[4][6] The two parties under Raynolds and Maynadier reunited on October 12, 1859, and wintered at Deer Creek Station, on thePlatte River in central Wyoming.[3][7]
In May 1860, the expedition re-commenced their explorations, with Raynolds leading a party north and west up the upstream portion of the Bighorn River, which is known today as theWind River, hoping to cross theAbsaroka Range atTogwotee Pass, amountain pass expedition guide Jim Bridger knew about. Meanwhile, Maynadier led his party back north to the Bighorn River to explore it and its associated tributary streams more thoroughly. The plan was for the two parties to reunite on June 30, 1860, atThree Forks, Montana, so they could make observations of a totalsolar eclipse forecast for July 18, 1860.[1][3][8][9] Hampered by towering basaltic cliffs and deep snows, Raynolds attempted for over a week to reconnoiter to the top of Togwotee Pass, but was forced south due to the June 30 deadline for reaching Three Forks. Bridger then led the party south over another pass that Raynolds namedUnion Pass, to the west of which layJackson Hole and theTeton Range. From there the expedition went southwest, crossing the southern Teton Range atTeton Pass and enteringPierre's Hole in present-dayIdaho.[3] Though Raynolds and his party managed to get to Three Forks at the scheduled date, Maynadier's party was several days late, too late to allow a detachment to head north to observe the solar eclipse.[1] The reunited expedition then headed home, traveling fromFort Benton, Montana toFort Union near the Montana-North Dakota border via steamboat. They then journeyed overland toOmaha, Nebraska where the expedition members were disbanded in October 1860.[3][7]
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Though the Raynolds Expedition was unsuccessful in exploring the region that later became Yellowstone National Park, they were the first U.S. Government sponsored party to enter Jackson Hole and observe the Teton Range.[10] The expedition also covered over 2,500 miles (4,000 km) and explored an area of nearly 250,000 square miles (650,000 km2).[3] In a preliminary report sent east in 1859, Raynolds reported that the once abundantbison were being killed for their hides at such an alarming rate, that they might soon become extinct.[11] The outbreak of theAmerican Civil War and a severe illness afterwards delayed Raynolds from presenting his report on the expedition until 1868.[1] The Raynolds Expedition did not gain the attention it may have due to the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861.[3] Overshadowed by subsequent larger events where the nation's objectives were turned away from western exploration and expansion, the geological, cartographical and historical importance of the expedition nearly vanished into obscurity. Botanical collections, as well as fossils and related specimens that were to be sent to theSmithsonian Institution were delayed from being studied and much of the artwork created by Hutton and especially Schönborn was lost, though several of Schönborn'schromolithographs appeared in F.V. Hayden's 1883 report that was submitted after later expeditions.[3][12][13]
-Captain William F. Raynolds, United States Topographical Engineers, commanding.
-First Lieutenant Henry Eveleth Maynadier, United States Army, second in command.
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