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Ray, Iran

Coordinates:35°35′51″N51°26′04″E / 35.59750°N 51.43444°E /35.59750; 51.43444
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Neighborhood in Tehran province, Iran
For another place, seeRay, South Khorasan.
Neighborhood in Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Shahr-e Rey
شهر ری
Neighborhood
Tughrul Tower
Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine
Rey Castle
Bahram fire temple
Rashkan Castle
Bibi Shahrbanu Shrine
Shahr-e Rey is located in Iran
Shahr-e Rey
Shahr-e Rey
Show map of Iran
Shahr-e Rey is located in West and Central Asia
Shahr-e Rey
Shahr-e Rey
Show map of West and Central Asia
Coordinates:35°35′51″N51°26′04″E / 35.59750°N 51.43444°E /35.59750; 51.43444
CountryIran
ProvinceTehran
CountyTehran
DistrictCentral
CityTehran
Area
 • Total
2,996 km2 (1,157 sq mi)
Elevation
1,180 m (3,870 ft)
Population
 (1996)
 • Total
250,000
 • Density83/km2 (220/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)
Area code021

Shahr-e Ray (Persian:شهر ری)[a] (Nick name:Mother ofTehran[1]) is the capital ofRay County,Tehran province,Iran.[2] Formerly a distinct city, it has now been absorbed into the metropolitan area ofGreater Tehran as the 20th district of municipalTehran, the capital city of the country.

In historical sources also known as Rhages (/ˈreɪdʒiːz/), Rhagae, and Arsacia, Ray is the oldest existing city in Tehran province. In theclassical era, it was a prominent city belonging toMedia, the political and cultural base of theMedes.[3]Ancient Persian inscriptions and theAvesta (Zoroastrianscriptures), among other sources, attest to the importance of ancient Ray.[4] Ray is mentioned several times in theApocrypha.[5] It is also shown on the fourth-centuryPeutinger Map.

The city was subject to severe destruction during themedieval invasions by theArabs,Turks, andMongols. Its position as a capital city was revived during the reigns of theBuyidDaylamites and theSeljuk Turks.[6]

Ray is richer than many other ancient cities in the number of its historical monuments. TheNeolithic site ofCheshme-Ali, the reconstructed Median-eraRey Castle, theParthian-eraRashkan Castle, theSasanian-era ZoroastrianFire Temple of Bahram, and the once Zoroastrian and now IslamicShrine of Bibi Shahrbanu are among the many archaeological sites in Ray.

Ray has been home to many historical figures, including royalty, merchants, scholars and poets. The medieval Persian scholarRhazes, one of the most important figures in medical science, was from Ray. One of theetymologies proposed for the name of theRadhanites—a group of merchants, some ofJewish origin, who kept open theEurasiantrade routes in the earlyMiddle Ages—links them to Ray.

Ray today has many industries and factories in operation. It is connected via the rapidtransit system ofTehran Metro to the rest of Greater Tehran.

Etymology

[edit]

Shahr-e Ray (شَهرِ رِی,Šahr-e Rey) isPersian for "City of Ray".Ray orRey (رِی) derives fromOld PersianRagā (𐎼𐎥𐎠), related to Persianرَخشrakhsh (red). It is recorded inAncient Greek asRhágai (Ῥάγαι) andRháges (Ῥάγες) and inLatin asRhagae andRhaganae. It was once renamedEuropos (Ευρωπός) under the Seleucid Empire.

The name is spelled in various forms, includingRay,Rey,Rayy andRhay.Encyclopædia Iranica usesRay.[7]

In the past, the people of Ray were called "Razi".

History

[edit]
See also:Military history of Ray, Iran

Agricultural settlements were long established as part of the Central Plateau Culture on localfoothills such as that ofCheshme-Ali in northern Ray, which dates back to around 6,000 BC.[8] The establishment of Ray has been attributed to ancient mythological monarchs, and it is also believed that Ray was the seat of a dynasty ofZoroastrian leadership.

Classical era

[edit]
TheBahram Fire Temple (Teppe Mill) is aZoroastrian fire temple from the time of theSasanian Empire in Ray, Iran.

TheAchaemenidBehistun Inscription mentions Ray (Old Persian:𐎼𐎥𐎠,Ragā;Akkadian:𒊏𒂵𒀪,ra-ga-;Elamite:𒊩𒋡𒀭,rák-ka4-an) as a part ofMedia, which was the political and cultural base of the ancientMedes, one of theancient Iranian peoples.[9]

Ray was one of the main strongholds of theSeleucid Empire.[10] During theSeleucid period,Alexander the Great's generalSeleucus I Nicator renamed the city asEuropos (Ευρωπός), honoring his home city inMacedonia.[11] Inc. 148 BC, Ray was conquered by theParthian kingMithridates I (r. 165–132 BC).[12] Following the Parthian conquest of Ray, the city was renamed Arsacia.[4] The city remained an important site under the Parthians, as demonstrated by its many coin mints, under the name ofῬΑΓΑΙ/Ῥάγαι (the Greek form ofRagā/Raγā).[13] Ray was used as one of the shifting capitals of the Parthian Empire, according toAthenaeus.[14] According toIsidore of Charax, under the Parthian and Seleucid eras, Ray was surrounded by the province of Rhagiana together with four other cities.[15] Ray was amongst the bases used by the Parthians to thwart nomadic attacks and to occasionally invade theCentral Asian steppe.[16]

Under theSasanian Empire, Ray (Middle Persian:𐭫𐭣𐭩) was located near the center of the empire. It was the base of the powerfulHouse of Mehran and theHouse of Spandiyad, two of theSeven Great Houses of Iran during the Sasanian period.[17]

Middle Ages

[edit]
Abbasidgold dinar minted in Ray during the governorship ofRafi ibn Harthama, ruler of Khorasan, 9th-century AD

Siyavash, the son of Mehran and the last King of Ray in the Sasanian Empire, was defeated fighting theMuslim invasion in 643.[17] Ray was then used as a camp site under Arab Muslim military occupation.[7] By the time of theAbbasid Caliphate, Ray was considerably restored and expanded into a new city namedMohammadiya.[7] During the early Islamic period, the language spoken in Ray was theRazi dialect, which was most likely a continuation of theMedian language.[9]

TheShah Abdol-Azim Shrine, a shrine containing the tomb ofAbd al-Aziz al-Hasani, a fifth generation descendant ofHasan ibn Ali and a companion ofMuhammad al-Taqi, was built in the ninth century. It remains as the main Islamic sanctuary of the city to date.

ATower of Silence, where Zoroastrians of after the Muslim conquest had come to put the bodies of the dead in the open, was built by a wealthy inhabitant of Ray on a hill in the tenth century. The tower, today in ruins and designated asGabri (a term denoting "Zoroastrian", adopted after the Muslim conquest), was reportedly soon taken by the Muslims.[18][19]

The 12th-century Seljuk-eraTughrul Tower in Ray, Iran.

Also dating to the tenth century is theBibi Shahrbanu Shrine, which is the site of a former Zoroastrian temple dedicated toAnahita, the ancient Iranian goddess of the waters. The temple has been converted into a Muslim shrine claimed to be the burial ofShahrbanu, a legendary Sasanian princess who was captured by the Muslims and marriedHusayn ibn Ali, the grandson ofMuhammad. It is likely that the nameshahrbanu, meaning "lady of the land", is in fact an attribution to Anahita, who bore the titlebanu ("lady").[20]

Ray was one of the capital cities of theBuyid dynasty.[21] It was one of the cities that were equipped with rapid postal service, which was predominantly used for transferring official mails.[22] The Buyid period came to an end in 1029, when the city was sacked brutally byMahmud of Ghazni. A zealous Sunni, Mahmud had large numbers of the local population, consisting ofIsmailis andMazdakites, crucified and many books of the great library of Rayy burned as he considered them heretical.[23][24]

Naghare-khane, a structure identified as a tomb from before theMongol invasion, located outside the old city walls of Ray.

Ray became later a capital city of theSeljuk Empire in the 11th century. During this time, the city of Ray was at its greatest expanse.[7] It had developed a great urban market that also benefited its neighboring regions, including the once small town of Tehran,[8] and had become a remarkable center for silk weaving.[25] Commercial goods imported by traders via theSilk Road were brought into the bazaar of Ray. One of the monuments that survives from this period is the 12th-centuryTughrul Tower, a brick tower built in 1140 that is attributed toTughrul I, the founder of the Seljuk Empire.[26]

Ray was home to aShia Muslim community and some of the earliest Shiamadrasas in Iran already in the 12th century, at least one established by Shia scholar Qazvini Razi, prior to the laterSafavid official adoption of Shiism as the state religion.[27]

In the early 13th century, following theMongol invasion of Iran, Ray was severely destructed. It was abandoned and eventually lost its importance in the presence of the nearby growing town of Tehran.[7] Ray remained abandoned throughout the time of theTimurid Empire.

Early modern times

[edit]
TheQajar-eraFath Ali Shah Inscription at Cheshme-Ali, Ray.

Amin Razi, a Persian geographer from Ray who lived by the time of theSafavid dynasty, attests to the "incomparable abundance" of the gardens and canals of his hometown. In 1618, Italian authorPietro Della Valle described Ray as a large city with large gardens that was administered by a provincial governor but was not urbanized and did not seem to be inhabited.[8]

The shrines of Shah Abdol-Azim and Bibi Shahrbanu, among other religious shrines throughout Iran, were notably reconstructed during the early modern period, using architectural techniques that were developed since the time of the Safavid dynasty to the time of theQajar dynasty.[28][29][20]

There isa relief located at Cheshme-Ali from the time ofFath-Ali Shah of the Qajar dynasty, who often used to explore the city, which shows the Qajar ruler in a hunting scene, replacing a former Sasanian relief that depicted an ancient Persian emperor in the same manner.[26] It was engraved in 1831, and its surrounding was decorated with tablets covered with poetry.

Contemporary era

[edit]
An old locomotive that connected Tehran and Ray on one of Iran's earliest railways.

In the middle of the 19th century, Ray was described as a place of ruins, the only settlement being around the Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine.[30] Being the only important pilgrimage site in vicinity to the royal court in the new capital Tehran brought more people to visit the shrine and a major restoration was sponsored by the court.[31] Thus, between the years 1886 and 1888, under the reign of Qajar rulerNaser al-Din Shah, Ray became the first place in Iran to be connected to the capital by a railway.[32] The railway had a short single line and transported a few steam locomotives that were colloquially calledmāšin dudi ("smoky machine"), between terminals that were calledgār (fromFrenchgare).

Excavations in the old city began in the late 19th century, and many of the findings were traded. Between 1933 and 1936, the Cheshme-Ali hill was excavated by archaeologists from theBoston Fine Arts Museum and the University Museum at theUniversity of Pennsylvania headed by Erich Schmidt, which resulted in the discovery of a number of 7,000-year-old artifacts. Some of the discovered objects are displayed at museums in Iran, Chicago, and Philadelphia. Due to real estate expansions in the 1980s and 1990s, the hill is now mostly leveled out. Further excavations began in 1997, in a collaboration between theIranian Ministry of Cultural Heritage, the Department of Archaeological Sciences of theUniversity of Bradford and the Department of Archaeology of theUniversity of Tehran.

TheMausoleum of Reza Shah in the 1950s prior to its destruction.

In 1951,Reza Shah of thePahlavi dynasty, the second lastshah of the Imperial State of Iran, was buried by the order of his son and successorMohammad Reza Pahlavi in a mausoleum dedicated to him in Ray. The mausoleum was built near the Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine. Following the1979 Revolution, theMausoleum of Reza Shah was destroyed under the direction ofSadegh Khalkhali, an infamous cleric who was appointed byRuhollah Khomeini as the head of the newly established Revolutionary Courts.

Geography

[edit]
Main article:Geography of Ray

Mountain ranges

[edit]

Ray County is located in the plain and its mountains are not very tall. These mountains are:

  • Bibi Sharbanu (کوه بی بی شهر بانو): The Bibi Sharbanu mountains are located in the east of Ray City, measuring 1535 meters above sea level.[33]
  • Arad mountains (کوه آراد): located in the center of Ray County, on the border betweenKahrizak andFashapoye parts, its height is 1428 meters.[34] This range also appears in a map dated to 1307 AH, during the era ofNaser al-Din Shah Qajar, drawn by two Iranian engineers of the time. In the bookDetailed Geography of Iran, Mount Arad is mentioned with the name of mountainsHasanabad andKanargard (حسن‌آباد and کنارگرد).
  • Mar_e (mære): located in the southwest of Ray City and in the south of the cities of Hassanabad and Rudshur. Its height is 1503 meters.[35]
  • Kūh-e Qarah Bologh (کوه کورابلاغ): This mountain is located at the intersection of four cities, Zarandiyeh, Saveh, Ray and Qom.[36]

Thumbnail:A show of Shahreri and Bibi Shahrabano Mountain

Rivers

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  • Karaj River: The Karaj River originates from Mount Alborz and flows into the Salt Lake after passing through several cities in Tehran Province. This river runs in a northwest-southeast direction throughout Ray City and after joining one of the branches of Jajroud flows into the salt lake.[37] It is the second largest river afterZayandarud in the central plateau region.[37]
  • Jajrud river: Jajroud river is one of the permanent and important rivers of Tehran province, which flows along the southern direction and finally into the salt lake. A branch of this river passes through the eastern border of Ray City.[citation needed]
  • Shur Fashapoye River: The Shore River originates from Zanjan province and after passing through Qazvin province, the southwest of Tehran province and Zarandieh city, it reaches Ray City. This river crosses the width of Ray city in a northwest-southeast direction. The river is permanent and is 420 kilometers long.

Vegetation

[edit]

The climate of the city is semi-arid and therefore does not have a natural forest, But it has a hand-planted forest of 387 hectares. However, in terms of pasture, it is relatively rich and has 166,200 hectares of pasture.

Climate

[edit]

Rey has acold semi-arid climate (KöppenBSk).

Climate data for Shahre-Rey
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)9
(48)		12
(54)		17
(63)		24
(75)		29
(84)		36
(97)		38
(100)		37
(99)		33
(91)		26
(79)		17
(63)		11
(52)		24
(75)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)1
(34)		3
(37)		8
(46)		13
(55)		18
(64)		23
(73)		26
(79)		25
(77)		21
(70)		15
(59)		8
(46)		4
(39)		14
(57)
Averageprecipitation mm (inches)29.8
(1.17)		30.5
(1.20)		37.3
(1.47)		32.0
(1.26)		9.2
(0.36)		5.4
(0.21)		7.1
(0.28)		5.0
(0.20)		1.0
(0.04)		9.9
(0.39)		26.4
(1.04)		24.7
(0.97)		218.3
(8.59)
Source: NOAA

Notable people

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Gallery

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See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^شهر باستانی ری که میتوان آنرا بحق مادر تهران دانست .. karaketab.com
  2. ^Habibi, Hassan (12 September 1990) [تاریخ تصویب (Approval date) 1369/06/21 (Iranian Jalali calendar)].تصویب سازمان و سلسله تابعیت عناصر و واحدهای تقسیمات کشوری استان تهران به مرکزیت شهر تهران [‌Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Tehran province centered on the city of Tehran].لام تا کام [Lam ta Kam] (in Persian).‌وزارت کشور [Ministry of the Interior].کمیسیون سیاسی دفاعی هیأت دولت [Political Defense Commission of the Government Board].شناسه [ID] B559F46F-4863-4D87-ACAB-5274C02BA3C5.شماره دوره [Course number] 69,شماره جلد [Volume number] 3. Archived fromthe original on 21 June 2025. Retrieved21 June 2025.
  3. ^Baghbidi 2016, pp. 403–404.
  4. ^abMinorsky & Bosworth 1971, p. 471.
  5. ^Judith 1:5, 15;Tobit 1:14, 5:5, 6:10.
  6. ^Shahbazi & Bosworth 1990, pp. 768–774.
  7. ^abcdeRante 2000.
  8. ^abcde Planhol 2004.
  9. ^abBaghbidi 2016, p. 403.
  10. ^Strootman 2015.
  11. ^Kosmin 2013.
  12. ^Olbrycht 2010, pp. 238–239.
  13. ^Baghbidi 2016, p. 406.
  14. ^Duchesne-Guillemin 1994, pp. 227–229.
  15. ^Shahbazi 1991, pp. 365–366.
  16. ^Overtoom 2020, p. 254.
  17. ^abShahbazi 1988, pp. 514–522.
  18. ^Shahbazi 1987, pp. 851–853.
  19. ^Pope, Arthur Upham; Ackerman, Phillis (1964).A Survey of Persian Art from Prehistoric Times to the Present. Vol. 4. Oxford University Press. p. 1532.Archived from the original on 2023-02-27. Retrieved2019-12-01.
  20. ^abBoyce 1989, p. 198.
  21. ^François de Blois (28 November 2011)."DĪVĀN".Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. VII. pp. 432–438.Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved1 December 2019.
  22. ^Floor, Willem (15 December 1990)."ČĀPĀR".Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. IV. pp. 764–768.Archived from the original on 16 November 2019. Retrieved1 December 2019.
  23. ^Nagel, Tilman (1990)."Buyids". InYarshater, Ehsan (ed.).Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. IV/6: Burial II–Calendars II. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 578–586.ISBN 978-0-71009-129-1.
  24. ^Tetley, G. E. (27 October 2008).The Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks: Poetry as a Source for Iranian History. Routledge. pp. 70–71.ISBN 978-1-134-08438-8. Retrieved22 February 2025.
  25. ^Eilers et al. 1983, pp. 229–247.
  26. ^abAlizadeh 1990, pp. 38–39.
  27. ^Morimoto, Kazuo (16 March 2015)."KETĀB AL-NAQŻ".Encyclopædia Iranica (online ed.).Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved1 December 2019.
  28. ^Scarce 1986, pp. 627–637.
  29. ^Hillenbrand 1986, pp. 345–349.
  30. ^Brugsch, Heinrich (1862).Reise der Königlich preussischen Gesandtschaft nach Persien 1860 und 1861. Vol. 1. Leipzig. p. 230.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  31. ^Madelung, W. (13 July 2011)."ABD-AL-ʿAẒĪM AL-ḤASANĪ".Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. I. pp. 96–97.Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved18 January 2016.
  32. ^Shahvar 2008.
  33. ^Vah and Kohnameh of Iran, Abbas Jafari.Publications of the Institute of Geographical and Cartographic Gitaology. p. 123.
  34. ^38, page 248 and map number 130, Central Alborz, Institute of Geographical and Cartographic Gitaology.
  35. ^Map No. 130, Central Alborz.Institute of Geography and Cartography of Gitaology; Geography of Tehran Province. 1363. pp. 35.
  36. ^Map 1:50,000, Qom Governorate; map 183 of the Geographical and Cartographic Institute of Gitology, Iran's Mountains and Hills, Abbasi Jafari, p. 453.
  37. ^abHourade, Bernard (December 15, 2010)."Karaj River".iranicaonline.org. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation.Archived from the original on 2010-04-10. Retrieved2022-02-04.

Sources

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Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Alsoromanized asŜahr-e Rey; also known asShahr Ray,Shahre Rey, andShahr-e Rey (English:City of Rey), or simplyRay andRey (ری)

External links

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