World production of raspberries in 2023 was 940,979 tonnes, led by Russia with 23% of the total. Raspberries are cultivated across northern Europe and North America and are consumed in various ways, including as whole fruit and inpreserves, cakes, pastries, ice cream, andliqueurs.[3]
A raspberry is anaggregate fruit, developing from the numerous distinct carpels of a single flower.[4] Each carpel then grows into individualdrupelets, which, taken together, form the body of a single raspberry fruit. As withblackberries, each drupelet contains a seed. What distinguishes the raspberry from its blackberry relatives is whether or not the torus (receptacle or stem) "picks with" (i.e., stays with) the fruit. When picking a blackberry fruit, the torus stays with the fruit. With a raspberry, the torus remains on the plant, leaving a hollow core in the raspberry fruit.[5]
An individual raspberry weighs 3–5 g (1⁄8–3⁄16 oz) and is made up of around 100drupelets.[6] A raspberry bush can yield several hundred berries a year.[citation needed]
Raspberries thrive in well-drained soil with apH between 6 and 7 with ample organic matter to assist in retaining water.[7] Raspberries need ample sun and water for optimal development. While moisture is essential, wet and heavy soils or excessirrigation can bring onPhytophthora root rot, which is one of the most serious pest problems faced by the red raspberry. As a cultivated plant in moist, temperate regions, it is easy to grow and tends to spread unless pruned. Escaped raspberries frequently appear as garden weeds, spread by seeds found in bird droppings.[citation needed]
Raspberry is a compound word fromrasp andberry first in print in 1602.[8] Rasp in this sense derives fromraspise, "a sweet rose-colored wine" (mid-15th century), from theAnglo-Latinvinum raspeys. The speculation that it is derived from a Germanic word like the English rasp, so a "rough berry", based upon its appearance is a possiblefolk etymology according toEtymonline.[9] The wordrasp is still used for the fruit in the north of England and in Scotland. It was first in print in 1555.[10]
Various kinds of raspberries can be cultivated fromhardiness zones 3 to 9.[11] Raspberries are traditionally planted in the winter as dormant canes, although planting of tender, plug plants produced by tissue culture has become much more common. A specialized production system called "long cane production" involves growing canes for a year in a northern climate such as Scotland orOregon orWashington, where the chilling requirement for proper bud break is attained, or attained earlier than the ultimate place of planting. These canes are then dug, roots and all, to be replanted in warmer climates such as Spain, where they quickly flower and produce a very early season crop. Plants are typically planted 2–6 per meter in fertile, well drained soil; raspberries are usually planted in raised beds/ridges, if there is any question about root rot problems.[citation needed]
All cultivars of raspberries have perennial roots, but many do not have perennial shoots. In fact, most raspberries have shoots that arebiennial (meaning shoots grow in the first growing season and fruits grow on those shoots during the second growing season).[12] The flowers can be a majornectar source forhoneybees and other pollinators.[citation needed]
Raspberries are vigorous and can be locally invasive. They propagate usingbasal shoots (also known as suckers), extended underground shoots that develop roots and individual plants. They can sucker new canes some distance from the main plant. For this reason, raspberries spread well, and can take over gardens if left unchecked. Raspberries are often propagated using cuttings, and will root readily in moist soil conditions.
The fruit is harvested when it comes off the receptacle easily and has turned a deep color (red, black, purple, or golden yellow, depending on the species and cultivar). This is when the fruits are ripest and sweetest.
High tunnel bramble production offers the opportunity to bridge gaps in availability during late fall and late spring. Furthermore, high tunnels allow less hardy floricane-fruiting raspberries to overwinter in climates where they would not otherwise survive. In the tunnel, plants are established at close spacing usually prior to tunnel construction.[13]
Raspberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of the world. Many of the most important modern commercial red raspberrycultivars derive fromhybrids betweenR. idaeus andR. strigosus.[11] Some botanists consider the Eurasian and American red raspberries to belong to a single, circumboreal species,Rubus idaeus, with the European plants then classified as eitherR. idaeussubsp.idaeus orR. idaeusvar.idaeus, and the native North American red raspberries classified as eitherR. idaeus subsp.strigosus, orR. idaeusvar.strigosus. Recent breeding has resulted incultivars that are thornless and more strongly upright, not needing staking.[citation needed]
The black raspberry,Rubus occidentalis, is also cultivated, providing both fresh and frozen fruit, as well as jams, preserves, and other products, all with that species' distinctive flavor.
Purple raspberries have been produced by horticultural hybridization of red and black raspberries, and have also been found in the wild in a few places (for example, inVermont) where the American red and the black raspberries both grow naturally. Commercial production of purple-fruited raspberries is rare.
Blue raspberry is a local name used inPrince Edward County, Ontario, Canada,[14] for the cultivar 'Columbian', a hybrid (purple raspberry) ofR. strigosus andR. occidentalis.[15]Blue raspberry can also refer to the whitebark raspberry,R. leucodermis.[citation needed]
Both the red and the black raspberry species have albino-like pale-yellow natural or horticultural variants, resulting from presence of recessivegenes that impede production ofanthocyanin pigments.[16] Fruits from such plants are called golden raspberries or yellow raspberries; despite their similar appearance, they retain the distinctive flavor of their respective species (red or black). Most pale-fruited raspberries commercially sold in the eastern United States are derivatives of red raspberries. Yellow-fruited variants of the black raspberry are sometimes grown in home gardens.
Red raspberries have also been crossed with various species in other subgenera of the genusRubus, resulting in a number ofhybrids, the first of which was theloganberry. Later notable hybrids include theolallieberry,boysenberry,marionberry, andtayberry; all are multi-generational hybrids. Hybridization between the familiar cultivated red raspberries and a few Asiatic species ofRubus has also been achieved.
Two types of raspberry are available for commercial and domestic cultivation; the summer-bearing type produces an abundance of fruit on second-year canes (floricanes) within a relatively short period in midsummer, and double or "everbearing" plants, which also bear some fruit on first-year canes (primocanes) in the late summer and fall, as well as the summer crop on second-year canes. Those marked (AGM) have gained theRoyal Horticultural Society'sAward of Garden Merit.
Raspberries, due to the high sugar content of their fruit, are the main food resource of theJapanese beetle. The voracious feeding habits of these beetles not only pose a direct threat to raspberry plants but also increase the risk of transmitting various plant diseases. This dual impact can significantly undermine agricultural productivity, making pest control a high priority for growers.[30][31]
Botrytis cinerea, or gray mold, is a common fungal infection of raspberries and other soft fruit under wet conditions. It is seen as a gray mold growing on the raspberries, and particularly affects fruit which are bruised, as the bruises provide an easy entrance point for the spores.[35]
Potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, or bulbs are hosts for the diseaseVerticillium wilt, a fungus that can stay in the soil for many years and can infest the raspberry crop. To avoid an infection, the soil should be fumigated after the harvest of these crops.
Plants are oftensimultaneously infected by two or more viruses. These viruses form disease complexes, doing more damage that way than they could by single infection.[36]
Raspberry crumbly fruit disease is caused byraspberry bushy dwarf virus in coinfection with one or more of the following viruses: Rubus yellow net virus,raspberry latent virus and raspberry leaf mottle virus. This infection reducescane growth in first year plants, as well asdrupelet abortion in fruits, which leads to a distinct misshapen crumbly fruit appearance. It also causes plantdwarfing andshoot proliferation.[36]
Tomato ringspot virus is more common in older plantings and causes a crumbly appearance in raspberry fruit.[37] Other symptoms vary from mottled, chlorotic, mosaic leaves to leaf curling and ring spotting. Infected plants can also have low vigor and yield, but be otherwiseasymptomatic.[38]
In 2023, world production of raspberries was 940,979tonnes, led by Russia with 23% of the total (table). Other major producers were Mexico, Serbia, and Poland.
Raspberry leaves can be used fresh or dried inherbal teas, providing anastringent flavor. Inherbal andtraditional medicine, raspberry leaves are used for some remedies, although there is no scientifically valid evidence to support their medicinal use.[44]
^"Angiosperm - Petals, Stamens, Sepals".Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved6 December 2023.consist of several separate carpels of one apocarpous gynoecium (e.g., raspberries where each unit is a single carpel
^Gina Fernandez; Elena Garcia; David Lockwood."Fruit development". North Carolina State University, Cooperative Extension.Archived from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved9 August 2018.
^Iannetta, P. P. M.; Wyman, M.; Neelam, A.; Jones, C.; Taylor, M. A.; Davies, H. V.; Sexton, R. (December 2000). "A causal role for ethylene and endo-beta-1,4-glucanase in the abscission of red-raspberry (Rubus idaeus) drupelets".Physiologia Plantarum.110 (4):535–543.Bibcode:2000PPlan.110..535I.doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.2000.1100417.x.
^"High Tunnel Raspberries and Blackberries", Department of Horticulture publication, Cathy Heidenreich, Marvin Pritts, Mary Jo Kelly., and Kathy Demchak
^Hedrick, U.P.; Howe, G.H.; Taylor, O.M.; Berger, A.; Slate, G.L.; Einset, O. (1925).The small fruits of New York. Albany, New York: J. B. Lyon.Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved23 October 2021. page 96
^abCarvalho E, Franceschi P, Feller A, Palmieri L, Wehrens R, Martens S (2013). "A targeted metabolomics approach to understand differences in flavonoid biosynthesis in red and yellow raspberries".Plant Physiology and Biochemistry.72:79–86.Bibcode:2013PlPB...72...79C.doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.04.001.PMID23622736.
^Mazur SP, Nes A, Wold AB, Remberg SF, Aaby K (2014). "Quality and chemical composition of ten red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) genotypes during three harvest seasons".Food Chemistry.160:233–40.doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.174.PMID24799233.
^Carvalho, Elisabete; Fraser, P.D.; Martens, S. (2013). "Carotenoids and tocopherols in yellow and red raspberries".Food Chemistry.139 (1–4):744–752.doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.047.PMID23561169.
^Holst, Lone; Haavik, Svein; Nordeng, Hedvig (13 June 2009). "Raspberry leaf – Should it be recommended to pregnant women?".Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice.15 (4):204–8.doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2009.05.003.hdl:1956/3702.PMID19880082.
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