KhepermaatreRamesses X (also writtenRamses andRameses) (ruled 1110-1106 BC) was the ninth pharaoh of the20th Dynasty ofAncient Egypt. His birth name was Amonhirkhepeshef. Hisprenomen or throne name, Khepermaatre, means "The Justice of Re Abides."[1]
His highest attested regnal year is year 3; the highest attested date in his reign is either "year 3, second month of theInundation season, day 2"[3] or possibly "year 3, month 4 (no day given)".[4]
Ramesses X is thought to have reigned 3 or 4 regnal years.
However, a later 20th Dynasty papyrus fragment fromDeir el-Medina published in 2023 by Egyptologist Robert Demarée refers to a partial date of Year 4, third month of Inundation [or Akhet] together with a change to Year 1, month 4 of Inundation. Although both kings are unnamed, it is strongly suggested by Demarée to refer to the reigns of Ramesses X and his successor Ramesses XI because Ramesses X is "the only king in the second half of the 20th Dynasty" known to have had a Year 3 and, hence, a probable Year 4 attested here.[5] If confirmed, this would mean that Ramesses X ruled for 3 years and 10 months or nearly 4 years before he died.[6] The only other 20th Dynasty king who died in his regnal Year 4 wasRamesses V but this ruler died around the time interval between the first and second month ofPeret[7] So, the papyrus document above cannot refer to Ramesses V.
The older theory put forward on astronomical grounds byRichard Parker that Ramesses X may have reigned for 9 years,[8] has since been abandoned.Likewise, the suggested ascription of Theban graffito 1860a to a hypothetical year 8 of Ramesses X[9][10] is no longer supported.[11]
Ramesses XI's accession date (or Ramesses X's death date)
Robert Demarée observes that the new Year 4 papyrus evidence contradicts the conventional view that Ramesses XI--Ramesses X's successor--had his succession on III Shemu day 20 which has been accepted by most scholars until recently.[12] Demaree notes, however, that....
....the sources to support this suggested date can hardly be called decisive. The two key documents quoted are P. Turin Cat. 1888 + Cat. 2095 and P. Ashmolean Museum 1945.96, the Adoption Papyrus. The first is a journal text from the reign of Ramesses XI containing a series of dates spread over several months, with only one full date: Year 18 IV Smw Day 14 or 24.6 Considering this as certain indication of a recent year change is speculation and beyond proof. The [Page 66] second document is the famous Adoption Papyrus, P. Ashmolean Museum 1945.96. In the words of its first editor, Alan Gardiner, the opening lines of this document record, on III Smw Day 20, a visit by Ramesses XI to the Temple of Karnak to announce his accession to the god Amun, followed by an offering to this deity.7 The text clearly only speaks of informing the god Amun of the accession of the king –sr.t xa n nTr pn Sps n Imn.[13] Contrary to the opinion of the scholars who first posited III Shemu Day 20 as the coronation date, the accession of the king did not take place on that day at Karnak. This ceremony certainly had already taken place earlier either in the Delta residence or at Memphis, and as usual the king later had to pay visits to other state gods to inform them of his accession.[14]
The English Egyptologists Aidan Dodson and Dyan Hilton wrote in a 2004 book:
No evidence is known to indicate the relationship between the final kings Ramesses IX, X and XI. If they were a father-son succession,Tyti, who bears the titles of King's Daughter, King's Wife and King's Mother, would seem [to be] a good candidate for the wife of Ramesses X, but little else can be discerned.[15]
However, Dodson's hypothesis here on Tyti's position must now be discarded since it has been proven in 2010 that Tyti was rather a queen of a previous 20th dynasty pharaoh instead. She is mentioned in the partly fragmented Harris papyrus to beRamesses III's wife as Dodson himself acknowledges.[16]
Ramesses X is a poorly documented king. His year 2 is attested byPapyrus Turin 1932+1939, while his third year is documented in the Necropolis Journal of the Workmen ofDeir El Medina.[17] This diary mentions the general idleness of the necropolis workmen, at least partly due to the threat posed by Libyan marauders in theValley of the Kings. It records that the Deir El-Medina workmen were absent from work in Year 3 IIIrd Month of Peret (i.e., Winter) days 6, 9, 11, 12, 18, 21 and 24 for fear of the "desert-dwellers" (i.e., the Libyans orMeshwesh) who evidently roamed through Upper Egypt and Thebes at will.[18] This is partly a reflection of the massive Libyan influx into the Western Delta region of Lower Egypt during this time. Ramesses X is also the lastNew Kingdom king whose rule overNubia is attested from an inscription atAniba.[19]
At Thebes, the Tomb of Ramesses X (KV18) was located in theValley of the Kings and left unfinished. It is uncertain if he was ever buried there, since no remains or fragments of funerary objects were discovered within it.
^Bierbrier, M. L. (1975). "The Length of the Reign of Ramesses X".The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology.61 (1). Egypt Exploration Society: 251.doi:10.1177/030751337506100133.JSTOR3856515.
^Bell, L. D. (1980). "Only One High Priest Ramessesnakht and the Second Prophet Nesamun His Younger Son".Serapis.6:7–27.
^J-C Antoine, “Le premier prophète d’Amon et l’ascension de Piankh à Thèbes pendant l’Aire de la Renaissance”, JEH 12, 2019, p.3
^Collier, Mark; Dodson, Aidan; Hamernik, Gottfried (2010). "P. BM EA 10052, Anthony Harris, and Queen Tyti".The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology.96:242–247.ISSN0307-5133.JSTOR23269772.
^E.F. Wente & C.C. Van Siclen, "A Chronology of the New Kingdom" inStudies in Honor of George R. Hughes, (SAOC 39) 1976, p. 261.
^Cerny, J. (1975). "'The Middle East and the Aegean Region c.1380-1000 BC". In Edwards, I. E. S.; Gaad, C. J.; Hammond, N. G. L.; Sollberger, E. (eds.).Egypt from the Death of Ramesses III to the End of the Twenty-First Dynasty. Cambridge Archaeological History (CAH). p. 618.doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521086912.024.
^Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, (Blackwell Books: 1992), p. 291.
