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Ramadanid Emirate Ramazanoğulları Beyliği | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1352–1608 | |||||||||
 Tamga ofYüreğir | |||||||||
| Status | Protectorate of theMamluk Sultanate (1352-c.1397) De facto independent (c. 1397–1517) Protectorate of theOttoman Empire (1517-1608) | ||||||||
| Capital | Adana | ||||||||
| Common languages | Turkish,Armenian,Arabic,Syriac | ||||||||
| Religion | Bektashi, Christianity (Armenian Apostolic Church,Syriac Christianity),Islam | ||||||||
| Demonym | Ramazanian | ||||||||
| Government | Emirate | ||||||||
| Bey | |||||||||
• 1352 | Ramazan Bey | ||||||||
• 1608 | Pir Mansur Bey | ||||||||
| Historical era | Early Modern | ||||||||
• Established | 1352 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1608 | ||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
• Total | 15.000 km2 (5.792 sq mi) (156th) | ||||||||
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| Today part of | |||||||||
TheRamadanid Emirate (Modern Turkish:Ramazanoğulları Beyliği) was aTurkish autonomous administration and ade facto independent emirate that existed from 1352 to 1608 inCilicia, taking over the rule of the region from theArmenian Kingdom of Cilicia. The emirate was aprotectorate of theMamluk Sultanate until the end of the 14th century, then it was de facto independent for more than a century, and then, from 1517, a protectorate of theOttoman Empire.[1] The capital wasAdana.
The Ramadanid Emirate was the only emirate inAnatolia that was not a successor of theAnatolian Seljuk Sultanate. It is often misclassified as anAnatolian beylik, though it was an entity under the Mamluks. Cilicia was part of the Seljuks for a short time around the turn of the 11th century and thus was not affected by theSunni tariqa expansionism of the 13th century. In the late 14th century, the Yüreğir Turks moved to Cilicia and had a distinct culture with influence fromBektashi traditions ofshamanic rituals along withIslam.
TheMongol invasion of Asia forcedOghuz Turks to migrate intoAnatolia andLevant in great numbers. A Turkish tribe from Yüreğir inTransoxiana settled in the northern regions ofMamluk Sultanate, fromAntioch toGaza with the approval of the Sultan. They were known in the Middle East asTürkmens orYüreğirli (en:from Yüreğir)
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TheIlkhanate fell into disarray after the death ofAbu Sa'id, thus could not support Armenian Kingdom in guarding Cilicia. In addition, internal conflicts within the Armenian Kingdom made Türkmens turn their eyes to unstable Cilicia, and in 1352, Ramazan Beg led Turkmens to settle south of Çaldağı and founded their first settlement,Camili. Later that year, Ramazan Beg visitedCairo and was assented by the Sultan to establish the new frontierTurkmen Emirate in Cilicia.[2] Yüreğir Türkmens lived as a small community for 7 years in southeast of Adana, and named their new land,Yüreğir. In 1359, Mamluk Sultanate Army marched into Cilicia and took over Adana andTarsus, two major cities of the plain, leaving few castles to the Armenians. In 1375, the Mamluks gained control of the remaining areas of Cilicia, thus ending three centuries of Armenian rule. The Mamluk Sultanate authorized Ramazan Beg's Türkmen Emirate to administer Cilicia, but took direct control of the towns of: Tarsus,Ayas,Sarvandikar,Sis at the four corners of Cilicia plain and appointed anAmir and a Garrison for each. Tarsus, the former capital ofCilicia, were settled by themoors that arrived from Egypt. The Türkmen Emirate which began to be known as the Ramadanids set the city of Adana as their center of power, and many Türkmen families of Yüreğir origin moved to the city.
After the death of Ramazan Bey, his son Ibrahim Bey made an alliance with theKaraman Emirate. Alaeddin Bey and Ibrahim Bey together tried to remove the Mameluks' control in the province. After thisalliance a great Mameluk army moved in and began to plunder but Ibrahim Bey's army achieved a great victory against the Mameluks in Belen. Also in this battle Temur Bey, the general of the Mameluks, had been captured. Yilboga, the amir of Aleppo moved on to the Turkmens after this defeat and he conquered Misis Castle.
The Ramadanids played an important role in 15th centuryOttoman-Mamluk relations, being abuffer state located in the Mamlukal-'Awasim frontier zone.
In 1516,Selim I incorporated the beylik into the Ottoman Empire after hisconquest of the Mamluk state. Thebeys of Ramadanids held the administration of the Ottomansanjak ofAdana in a hereditary manner until 1608, with the last 92 years as a vassal of the Ottomans.
Ramazanoğlu Hall, which is used currently as a cultural center, was the state residence of the Principality. The administration hall of the Principality does not exist today.
Fifteenth-centuryBurgundian travelerBertrandon de la Broquière stated that the Ramadanid prince wasbaptized in order to "remove the bad odor" at the behest of his Christian mother.[3]
