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Rajbanshi language (Nepal)

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Indo-Aryan language spoken Nepal

For the closely related language spoken in Bengal and Assam that is sometimes also called Rajbanshi, seeRangpuri language.

Rajbanshi
राजबंशी‎, ताजपुरीया
Native to	Nepal
Region	Jhapa District,Morang District
Ethnicity	Rajbanshi
Native speakers	170,000 (2011)^[1]
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Eastern Odia–Bengali–Assamese^[2] Bengali–Assamese Kamrupa^[2] Kamta Western Kamta Rajbanshi
Writing system	Devanagari andBengali–Assamese Script
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either: `rjs` – Rajbanshi `kyv` – Kayort
Glottolog	`rajb1243` Rajbanshi `kayo1247` Kayort

Rajbanshi (also calledTajpuria^[3]) is aBengali-Assamese language spoken inNepal. It is related to, but distinct fromRangpuri/Kamta in Bangladesh and India, which is also known by the alternative name "Rajbanshi", with which it forms theKRNB cluster.^[4]

Phonology

[edit]

This section is based onWilde 2008.

Consonants

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		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	voiceless	p	t̪	ʈ		k
	aspirated	pʰ	t̪ʰ	ʈʰ		kʰ
	voiced	b	d̪	ɖ		ɡ
	breathy	bʱ	d̪ʱ	ɖʱ		ɡʱ
Affricate	voiceless		ts
	aspirated		tsʰ
	voiced		dz
	breathy		dzʱ
Fricative			s		(ʃ)		h
Nasal	plain	m	n̪			ŋ
Nasal	breathy	mʱ	n̪ʱ			ŋʱ
Trill	plain		r
Trill	breathy		rʱ
Approximant	lateral		l
	lateral br.		lʱ
	central	(w)			(j)

/ts,tsʰ,dz,dzʱ/ can often be heard as post-alveolar[tʃ,tʃʰ,dʒ,dʒʱ], when following back vowels.
/r/ and/rʱ/ can have allophones of[ɽɾ] and[ɽʱɾʱ].
/b/ can have allophones of[βw].
/pʰ/ can also be realised as[f].
/s/ can also have an allophone of [ʃ].
/h/ can be realised as voiceless or voiced[ɦ] in word-initial positions.
/n̪/ can be heard as alveolar[n] before an alveolar consonant, and as a retroflex[ɳ] when preceding a retroflex consonant.
A word-final/r/ may tend to be voiceless[r̥].
Central approximants[wj] occur, but are deemed allophones of/ui/.

Vowels

[edit]

	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
Mid	e		ʌ	o
Low	æ	(ɐ)

In addition to these vowels, Rangpuri has the following diphthongs:/ie,iæ,iu,iʌ,ui,uæ,uʌ,ei,eu,æi,æu,ʌi,ʌu/.

Vowels/i,e/ can have shortened allophones of[ɪ,ɛ].
/æ/ can also be articulated more central as[ɐ,ä].
/ʌ/ may also be heard as two sounds[ɜ,ə] in free variation.^[5]

Morphology

[edit]

One notable characteristic of Rājbanshi is the double agreement found regularly in verbs. Having this pattern also means that Rājbanshi, along with regionalIndo-Aryan languages of Southern Nepal-Bihar-Jharkhand where multiple agreement is attested such as inMaithili,Kurmali,Majhi, andDarai share a verbal system that is distinct from the rest of the mainstream Indo-Aryan languages.

kalʰi

tomorrow

di-m-(k)u-n

give-FUT-2SG.OBJ-1SG.SUBJ

kalʰi di-m-(k)u-n

tomorrow give-FUT-2SG.OBJ-1SG.SUBJ

'I will give (it) to you tomorrow.'

Notes

[edit]

^Rajbanshi atEthnologue (22nd ed., 2019)
Kayort atEthnologue (22nd ed., 2019)
^^a ^bToulmin, Mathew W S (2006).Reconstructing linguistic history in a dialect continuum: The Kamta, Rajbanshi, and Northern Deshi Bangla subgroup of Indo-Aryan (PhD). The Australian National University. p. 305.
^Toulmin 2009, p. 16.
^Toulmin 2009, p. 3.
^Wilde 2008, p. ^{[page needed]}.

References

[edit]

Toulmin, Mathew W. S. (2009).From linguistic to sociolinguistic reconstruction: the Kamta historical subgroup of Indo-Aryan(PDF). Pacific Linguistics 604. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University.doi:10.15144/PL-604 (inactive 12 July 2025).hdl:1885/146752.ISBN 978-0-85883-604-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
Wilde, Christopher P. (2008).A Sketch of the Phonology and Grammar of Rājbanshi (Ph.D. thesis). University of Helsinki.hdl:10138/19290.

Rajbanshi test ofWikipedia atWikimedia Incubator

Languages of Nepal

Official language

Nepali

Indigenous
languages

Sino-Tibetan

Kiranti	Bahing Bantawa Belhare Chamling Dumi Limbu Sampang Sunwar Thulung Vayu Waling Yakkha
Magaric	Bhujel Chepang Dura Kham Magar
Tamangic	Chantyal Gurung Manang Tamang
Tibetic	Jirel Kagate Kyirong Lepcha Mugomt Naapa Nubri Sherpa Sikkimese Bhutia Yolmo
Other	Baram Dhimal Kaike Lepcha Newar Raji Raute Thangmi

Other

Kashmiri	Kashmiri Kishtwari
Shina	Shina Brokskat Kundal Shahi Kalkoti Ushoji Palula Sawi
Pashayi	Pashayi
Kunar	Dameli Gawar-Bati Nangalami Shumashti Wotapuri-Katarqalai
Chitral	Kalasha Khowar
Hazara Division	Indus Kohistani Bateri Chilisso Gowro Kalami Tirahi Mankiyali

Northern

Eastern	Doteli Jumli Nepali
Central	Garhwali Kumaoni
Western	Dogri Kangri Bhadarwahi Churahi Bhateali Bilaspuri Chambeali Gaddi Pangwali Mandeali Mahasu Pahari Jaunsari Kullui Pahari Kinnauri Hinduri Sirmauri Sarazi

Northwestern

Punjabi

Eastern	Punjabi dialects Sansi
Lahnda	Hindko Inku Khetrani Pahari-Pothwari Saraiki

Sindhi

Western

Gujarati	Aer Gujarati Lisan ud-Dawat Jandavra Koli Kachi Parkari Wadiyara Saurashtra Vaghri
Rajasthani	Bagri Goaria Loarki Gujari Dhundari Harauti Malvi Marwari Mewati Mewari Shekhawati Dhatki Od Nimadi
Bhil	Bhili Bhilali Chodri Dhodia–Kukna Dhanki Dubli Bauria Bhilori Mawchi Magari Palya Bareli Pauri Bareli Rathwi Bareli Pardhi Gamit Kalto Vasavi Wagdi Vaagri Booli
Others	Khandeshi Lambadi Dawoodi Domari Romani list of languages

Central

Western	Braj Bhasha Bundeli Haryanvi Hindustani Kauravi Hindi Hinglish/Urdish Urdu Deccani Judeo-Urdu Hyderabadi Urdu Rekhta Kannauji Sansi Sadhukkadi
Eastern	Awadhi Bagheli Chhattisgarhi Fiji Hindi
Others	Parya

Eastern

Bihari

Bhojpuric	Bhojpuri Caribbean Hindustani
Magahi	Magahi Khortha
Maithili	Maithili Angika Bajjika
Sadanic	Sadri Kurmali
Tharuic	Tharu Kochila Buksa Majhi Musasa
Others	Kumhali Kuswaric Bote-Darai Danwar

Gauda–
Kamarupa

Bengali	Bengali dialects Bishnupriya Manipuri Hajong Kharia Thar Kurmukar Mal Paharia Noakhali Sylheti Tanchangya Chittagonian Chakma Rohingya
Kamarupic	Assamese Kamrupi Dehan Goalpariya Rajbanshi (Nepal) Rangpuri Surjapuri

Odia

Halbic

Southern

Marathi–
Konkani

Marathic	Marathi Varhadi Andh Berar Deccan Varli Phudagi Katkari Kadodi
Konkanic	Konkani Maharashtrian Konkani Nawayathi

Insular

Old

Middle

Early	Ashokan Prakrit Pāli Early Ardhamagadhi
Middle (Prakrit)	Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dramatic Prakrits Ardhamagadhi Magadhi Maharashtri Shauraseni Gāndhārī Gaudi Paishachi
Late (Apabhraṃśa)	Abahattha Apabhraṃśa Elu Kamarupi Khasa Prakrit

Proto-
languages

Unclassified

Badeshi (unknown further classification)
Bazigar
Chinali–Lahul
- Chinali
- Lahul Lohar
Sheikhgal

Pidgins
and creoles

See also: Indo-Iranian languages; Nuristani languages; Iranian languages

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