Rafael Vicente Correa Delgado (Spanish pronunciation:[rafaˈelβiˈsentekoˈre.aðelˈɣaðo]; born 6 April 1963) is an Ecuadorian politician and economist who served as the 45thpresident of Ecuador from 2007 to 2017. The leader of thePAIS Alliance political movement from its foundation until 2017, Correa is ademocratic socialist and his administration focused on the implementation ofleft-wing policies. Internationally, he served as presidentpro tempore of theUNASUR. Since 2017, he has been living with his family inBelgium.
Correa's presidency was part of the Latin Americanpink tide, a turn toward leftist governments in the region, allying himself withHugo Chávez's Venezuela and bringing Ecuador into theBolivarian Alliance for the Americas in June 2009.[1] Using its own form of21st century socialism, Correa's administration increased government spending, reducing poverty, raising the minimum wage and increasing Ecuador's standard of living. From 2006 to 2016, poverty decreased from 36.7% to 22.5% and annual per capita GDP growth was 1.5% (as compared to 0.6% over the previous two decades). At the same time,economic inequality, as measured by theGini coefficient, decreased from 0.55 to 0.47.[1][2][3] By the end of Correa's tenure, the 50% drop in theprice of oil since 2014 had caused Ecuador's economy to enter arecession, resulting in government spending being slashed.[1][2][3][4] Correa oversawdemocratic backsliding in Ecuador.[5][6]
After leaving office, Correa feuded with his successor,Lenín Moreno.[7] Since leaving office in 2017, he has lived in self-imposed exile inBelgium, which granted himasylum.[8] Correa continues to exercise political influence in Ecuador through social media and as a leading figure in his political party.[9] Ecuadorean politics remains polarized between pro- and anti-Correa forces.[9]
In 2018, a judge in Ecuador ordered a warrant for Correa's arrest after he failed to appear in court during a trial surrounding the kidnapping of his political opponentFernando Balda in 2012.[10]Interpol rejected requests by the Ecuadorian government to issue anred notice requesting Correa's arrest in connection with the kidnapping case,[7] calling it "obviously a political matter."[11] In 2020, Correa wastried in abstentia by an Ecuadorian criminal court, convicted of acceptingbribes in exchange for public contracts from 2012 and 2016, sentenced to eight years in prison, and banned from seeking office for 25 years.[12][13] Correa has denied all wrongdoing, and has called the charges against him politically motivated attempts to discredit his movement.[12]
Correa's father was Rafael Correa Icaza, born inLos Ríos Province, Ecuador, while his mother is Norma Delgado Rendón (born 1 September 1939).[14] He had three siblings; Fabricio Correa, Pierina Correa and Bernardita Correa. Having grown up in the coastal city ofGuayaquil, he has described his family background as being that of the "lower middle class".[citation needed]
When Correa was five, his father was arrested and imprisoned for three years after attempting to smuggle illegal narcotics into the United States.[15][16] Publicly acknowledging this incident while president, Correa stated that "I do not condone what he did [but] drug smugglers are not criminals. They are single mothers or unemployed people who are desperate to feed their families".[15] Correa was 18 when he was told about his father's actions.[16]
While living inGuayaquil, Correa was highly involved in theBoy Scout program.[17] When he was 17, despite his family facing financial hardship, a family friend paid for him to be educated at an elite local school, where he excelled.[16] During his secondary studies he was president of the Lasallian Student Cultural Association ("ACEL" in Spanish).[citation needed] Correa then obtained a scholarship to study at theUniversidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil (UCSG), a private higher education institution in Guayaquil, Ecuador, where he obtained an undergraduate degree in economics in 1987.[16][18]
When attending UCSG, he was elected President of the Association of Students of Economy, Audit and Administration (AEAA) and, later on, President of the Federation of Students (FEUC) of the same education center, a position which in 1986 allowed him to preside over the Private Universities Students Federation of Ecuador (FEUPE).[18]
Following the conclusion of his studies at UCSG, Correa worked for a year in a mission at a kindergarten run by theSalesian order inZumbahua, Cotopaxi Province, where he taught Catholicism and mathematics. It was here that he furthered his faith in Catholicism,[16] and developed a working understanding of theQuechua language spoken by most of Ecuador's indigenous people.[16] He then secured a scholarship to study economics further atUCLouvain in Belgium, where he metAnne Malherbe Gosselin, whom he married and has three children with.[16][19] He later received aMaster of Arts in Economics from UCLouvain in June 1991.[20]
Returning to Ecuador, Correa secured a position at theUniversity of San Francisco inQuito, where he taught economics.[16] At the same time, he worked as an economic adviser to state and international agencies.[16] During this period, Ecuador experienced a banking crisis and the government of PresidentJamil Mahuad replaced the Ecuadoreansucre currency with the U.S. dollar.[16] Correa was highly critical of this dollarisation policy, arguing against it in various academic publications that he produced at the time.[16]
Between 1992 and 1993, during the presidency ofSixto Durán Ballén, Correa was a director at the Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC) in Ecuador, tasked with administrative oversight and supervision of improvement programs for the national educational system. The improvement programs were funded by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).[22]
During his four months in charge of the portfolio, Correa was skeptical of signing afree trade agreement with the United States and declining advice from theInternational Monetary Fund, instead working to increase Ecuador's cooperation with other Latin American countries. Arguably his most notable decision within the Ministry of Finance was to reverse the fact that surpluses from oil sales go directly to prepay Ecuador's foreign debt and instead go to investment in health and education. After theWorld Bank stopped a loan, citing changes in the oil revenue stabilization fund, Correa resigned from Palacio's government. He had also proposed the issuance ofgovernment bonds at a lower interest rate than the 8.5% prevailing one at that time.Venezuela's government was buying half of the new bond issue. Correa claimed in his resignation letter that the sale was done with full presidential authorization, but cited lack of support from the president as a factor in his decision to resign.[25] When Correa resigned as minister, polls showed he had the highest credibility of any official in the administration at the time, with 57% of Ecuadorians saying that they trusted him.[26]
Prior to becoming President, Correa denounced the "sophistry ofFree Trade", in an introduction he wrote for a book titledThe Hidden Face of Free Trade Agreements. One of the authors of that book is his ex-Minister and congressman Alberto Acosta. Citing as his source the book,Kicking Away the Ladder,[27] written by Korean economist based at Cambridge University andCenter for Economic and Policy Research analystHa-Joon Chang, Correa identified the difference between an "American system" opposed to "a British System" of free trade. The latter, he says, was explicitly viewed by the Americans as "part of the British imperialist system". Correa wrote that Chang showed that it was Treasury SecretaryAlexander Hamilton, and notFriedrich List who was the first to present a systematic argument defending industrial protectionism. (Correa includes List'sNational System of Political Economy in his bibliographic references.)
Correa decided to campaign for the presidency in the 2006 presidential election, although at the time he was a largely unknown figure among the Ecuadorean public.[28] EmployingVinicio Alvarado as his campaign manager, Correa's campaign emphasised his personality as a macho family man of modest origins who was angry with the country's political elites.[29] During his campaign, he described himself as the head of "a citizen's revolution" against the established political parties and corrupt elites,[30] and depicted himself as the leader of a second independence movement devoted to freeing Ecuador fromAmerican imperialism.[30] Touring the country aboard a motorized caravan attending political rallies, he emphasized this opposition using campaign songs such asTwisted Sister's "We're Not Gonna Take It", as well as through the slogan "Se viene el correazo" ("Here comes a whipping"), a pun on the fact that "Correa" can be translated as whip.[29]
Correa established a political vehicle, thePAIS Alliance (Alianza PAIS—Patria Altiva y Soberana, "Proud and Sovereign Fatherland Alliance"), which united a disparate group of leftist organizations.[24] However, in an unusual move he announced that the PAIS Alliance would not put forward any congressional candidates during the election, thus reflecting his opposition to the established political system.[29] During the campaign, Correa stated that if elected he would use anexecutive decree to introduce a national referendum on the establishment of aconstituent assembly which had the potential to rewrite Ecuador's constitution.[31][32] He presented this as a process necessary to overthrow the established political elites, whom he termed thepartidocracia ("partyarchy") and redistribute political power.[24]
During his campaign, Correa traveled toBarinas, Venezuela to spend time at Hugo Chávez's family home, describing the Venezuelan President as a personal friend.[citation needed]
On economic policy, Correa called for reform of the petroleum industry, including an increase in the percentage of petroleum revenues spent on social programs for the Ecuadorian poor, following the reforms of the Hydrocarbons Law promoted by former Economy and Finance MinisterDiego Borja. He accused foreign petroleum companies operating in Ecuador of failing to meet existing environmental and investment regulations.
In an interview, Correa stated:
Many of the oil contracts are a true entrapment for the country. Of every five barrels of oil that the multinationals produce, they leave only one for the state and take four... That is absolutely unacceptable. We're going to revise and renegotiate the contracts.[39]
Correa also proposed strategies for reducing the burden of Ecuador's foreign debt service through compulsorydebt restructuring. He indicated that his top priority would be spending on social programs rather than servicing Ecuador's debt.[40] On foreign policy, Correa stressed Ecuador's aversion to becoming involved in Colombia's domestic conflict.[41] In October 2006, Correa added that he would "pursue and capture"FARC members if they entered Ecuador. He also condemned their kidnappings, violations of human rights and bombings.[42] In addition to his platform on economic and social policy, Correa's ability to communicate with a large majority ofEcuador's indigenous population in their own language also differentiated him from other candidates. He learnedQuichua in his youth during a year he spent volunteering in a remotehighland town.[43]
In the October 2006general election, Correa obtained second place (23%) behind banana tycoonÁlvaro Noboa (27%).[44] The situation led to a run-off election, in which Correa portrayed Noboa as an exploitative oligarch and Noboa portrayed Correa as a dangerous leftist with strong links to Venezuela.[44] Correa won the subsequent November 2006runoff election with 57% of the vote.[44]
Rafael Correa during his inaugural speech as president of Ecuador
Rafael Correa was officially declared President on 4 December 2006 by the electoral court. He was sworn in on 15 January 2007 as the 45th president of Ecuador, the seventh to occupy the post since the legislature removed PresidentAbdalá Bucaram 10 years earlier in the midst of a debt crisis that had devastated the country. His inauguration was attended by most regional leaders, as well as theIranian president and theSpanish Crown Prince.[45] Declaring that "Ecuador had voted for itself",[46] Correa proclaimed that his election meant an end to neoliberalism in the country.[47] Invoking the name of African-American civil rights activistMartin Luther King Jr., Correa also spoke out against racial discrimination against indigenous andAfro-Ecuadorians in his speech.[48] During the ceremony he wore a shirt decorated with motifs from the prehistoric Jama Coaque culture.[49]
During his first months in office, Correa's government doubled the monthly poverty assistance payments to $30,[46] doubled the credits for housing loans and reduced the electricity rates for individuals on low incomes.[46]
Correa ordered aplebiscite on the issue of whether or not Ecuador should establish a new constitution in April 2007; the proposal passed with over 80% of the vote.[50] Elections to establish a Constituent Assembly were held in 2007 and were won by Correa's government with over 60% of the vote.[50] The new constitution also increased the powers of the presidency by increasing the number of presidential decrees permitted.[50]
Socialism will continue. The Ecuadorian people voted for that. We are going to emphasize this fight for social justice, for regional justice. We are going to continue the fight to eliminate all forms of workplace exploitation within our socialist conviction: the supremacy of human work over capital. Nobody is in any doubt that our preferential option is for the poorest people, we are here because of them.Hasta la victoria siempre! (Until victory, for ever!)
Correa adopted a confrontational approach to both theInternational Monetary Fund and theWorld Bank.[46]Correa's administration stated that the new government would not sign an agreement which allowed theInternational Monetary Fund to monitor its economic plan. In February 2007, Correa's economy minister Ricardo Patiño stated: "I have no intention … of accepting what some governments in the past have accepted: that (the IMF) tell us what to do on economic policy ... That seems unacceptable to us". However, as a member of the IMF, the annual report known as the "Article IV" report will be submitted.[52] In April 2007, Ecuador paid off its debt to the IMF. Correa said Ecuador wanted no further relationship with the fund.[53] During his first year in office, Correa spoke of building an alternative to capitalist development, stating "we are building a conception of development that is different from that of the capitalist system, where we seek not to live better, to have competition, to have more every day, but to live well, to satisfy basic needs, where harmony with nature is sought, where we seek the indescribable life of cultures."[54] This was reflected in an ideological manifesto of Correa'sPAIS Alliance[55] and various development plans, which promoted as an alternative to capitalismBuen Vivir (Good Living).[56][57] He declared Ecuador'snational debt illegitimate and announced that the country would default on over $3 billion worth of bonds; he pledged to fight creditors ininternational courts and succeeded in reducing the price of outstanding bonds by more than 60%.[58]
In May 2007, evidence surfaced that some of the Ecuadorian government rhetoric might have been part of an allegedmarket manipulation to benefit Ecuador from movements in the price of financial instruments linked to Ecuadorian bonds.[59] A fall in Ecuador bond prices, ignited by aggressive default rhetoric, would trigger a buyback by Ecuador, financed by Venezuelan banks. This strategy collapsed due to operations by Venezuelan financial institutions who profited from the market swings. Correa referred to the allegations as a conspiracy from a powerful banker.[60][61][62] On 26 July 2007, Rafael Correa replaced finance minister Patiño, due to Patiño's appearance in a video recording, apparently discussing the market manipulation. Patiño then assumed a newly created position responsible for the Pacific coast region and later assumed the Political Affairs Ministry.[63] In a radio address on 13 December, Correa said that he wanted to force a "big discount" on creditors, whom a day earlier he called "true monsters who won't hesitate to crush the country".[64] "I have lost sleep over this … this will cost us tears and sweat but I think we are doing the right thing."[65] Correa, who endorses anti-debt NGOJubilee 2000's slogan "life before debt", is popular among Ecuadorians for his stance against foreign investors.[65]
Correa has criticized theneoliberal policies of previous presidents, particularly former president Mahuad's adoption of theU.S. dollar as Ecuador's domestic currency in 2000 to combat the country's inflation. Correa has characterized American dollarisation as a "technical error" which has effectively eliminated Ecuador's ability to set its own currency and exchange policy. However, Correa has also acknowledged that it would be politically and economically impossible to abandon that policy now. After his election victory of 15 April 2007, he pledged to maintain dollarisation during the entire four years of his administration, though he also indicated his support for the idea of replacing the US dollar with a regional South American currency at some point in the future.[66]
On 16 April 2009, Finance MinisterMaría Elsa Viteri embarked on a trip to Europe in a mission to present Ecuador's offer to buy back global bonds 2012 and 2030 at 30% of their current value. In May 2009, Ecuador announced that it had successfully bought 91% of the bonds at a cost of 35 cents on the dollar.[67]
In May 2008, the Ecuadorian government renegotiated radio spectrum franchises for mobile phone operatorsPorta andMovistar for a total price of 700 million dollars, far more than that recommended by studies conducted under previous governments, which had proposed granting the same franchises for only 70 million dollars.[68]
Presidents of South American countries meet in Rio de Janeiro. From left to right: Rafael Correa (Ecuador), Evo Morales (Bolivia), Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (Brazil), Michelle Bachelet (Chile), Hugo Chávez (Venezuela) and Nicanor Duarte (Paraguay)Correa and Russian PresidentDmitry Medvedev in Moscow, 29 October 2009
During Rafael Correa's tenure as president, he took some radical alternative steps to change the course of Ecuador's relations with the rest of the world. Amongst these were economic moves to correct Ecuador's debt imbalance, distancing from the United States, a rift with its northern neighbor Colombia, and a strengthening of ties with ALBA (including Venezuela and Bolivia), as well as Iran.
Correa adopted a confrontational approach to the governments of both the United States and neighboring Colombia.[46] At the time of his election, Ecuador containedManta Air Base, the only U.S. military base in South America. Correa refused to renew the base's lease when it expired in 2009 and the constitution was changed to ban foreign military bases being established in Ecuador.[69][70]
On 1 March 2008 at 00:25 local time (05:25UTC), Colombia launched a military operation, 1.8 kilometers (1.1 mi) into Ecuador.[71][72][73] According to Colombian authorities, the guerrillas responded militarily to this initial bombardment from a position in the vicinity ofSanta Rosa de Yanamaru, on the Ecuadorian side of the border, killing a Colombian soldier, Carlos Hernández. A second bombardment was then carried out, resulting in the deaths of Raúl Reyes and at least 20 more FARC members.[74] Two bodies, several documents and three laptops found in the guerrilla camp were returned to Colombia.[71][73] This was the first time the Colombian military had killed a member ofFARC's leadership council in combat.[75] After this operation, Colombia increased its security measures nationwide, fearing FARC retaliation.[76]
According to the Ecuadorian government, the attack happened 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) inside its own territory, lacked its permission and was a planned strike, intended to be followed by the incursion of Colombian troops by helicopter. It pointed out that the attack had left a total of more than 20 people dead in Ecuadorian territory, many of whom were found to be wearing underwear or sleeping clothes.[77] The government of Ecuador concluded that the attack was a "massacre" and not the result of combat or "hot pursuit". Ecuadorian president Rafael Correa had reason to believe that the Colombian warplanes had penetrated 10 km into Ecuador's territory and struck the guerrilla camp while flying north, followed by troops in helicopters who had completed the killings. He claimed that some of the bodies had been found to be shot from behind.[78]
The Ecuadorian authorities found three wounded women in the camp, including a Mexican student who was identified asLucía Andrea Morett Álvarez.[79][80] Lucía Morett claimed that she was visiting the guerrilla group as part of an academic investigation, refusing to answer other questions about the circumstances surrounding her presence there.[81] Regarding the attack on the camp, she has stated: "I was asleep when we received a first aerial attack. Two or three hours later we were attacked again".[81] Ecuador said that it was cooperating with Mexico to investigate whether any Mexicans had been killed during the raid.[82] According to the director of the Ecuadorian military hospital which treated the three women, they had received some sort of medical attention from both the attacking Colombian forces and the Ecuadorian soldiers who later found them.[83]
President Uribe of Colombia spoke by telephone with his Ecuadorian counterpart, Rafael Correa, early on the morning of the raid, to inform him of the incident.[84] In a press conference that evening, Correa denounced the attack as "aggression" against Ecuador, calling it a "massacre", and claiming that the rebels had been killed in their sleep using "advanced technology". He announced that he was summoning his ambassador in Colombia for consultations.[84] On Sunday, 2 March, Correa said that a diplomatic note would be sent in protest at the incursion,[85] claiming that the action had been a violation of Ecuador's airspace.[86] Ecuador formally recalled its ambassador from Colombia and expelled the Colombian ambassador from Quito.[84]
Correa withdrew his government's ambassador inBogotá, Colombia, and ordered troops to the country's border following the2008 Andean diplomatic crisis in early March 2008.[87] On 3 March 2008, Colombia's police said that documents found in a camp in Ecuador where Colombian troops killedRaul Reyes, a top guerrilla boss, showed ties between the FARC rebels and Correa, including contacts about political proposals and local military commanders.[88] Correa denied the accusations, calling them lies.[89] Correa also said that a deal to release political prisoners – including former Colombian Sen.Ingrid Betancourt – was nearly complete before the 1 March 2008 Colombian raid into his country.[90] On 5 March 2008, Correa and Venezuelan presidentHugo Chávez met to discuss Colombia's attack and made a series of accusations against Colombia's government.[91][specify] During the meeting, Correa dismissed Colombia's presidentÁlvaro Uribe as just a "puppet" while others are the "puppet masters".[92] On 18 May 2011, Colombia's Supreme Court ruled documents found on computers of slain FARC commander "Raul Reyes" are inadmissible as evidence in court as the material is illegally obtained and provides no evidence.[93]
Presidents Fernando Lugo of Paraguay, Evo Morales of Bolívia, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brasil, Rafael Correa of Ecuador, and Hugo Chávez of Venezuela, in Fórum Social Mundial for Latin America
In February 2007, Correa's plan to have areferendum on the convening of a constituent assembly was approved by Congress. The referendum took place on 15 April 2007. However, after this date was set, the "statutes" for the referendum were modified by Correa to allow more powers to theconstituent assembly.[94][95] One of these powers was the ability to dismiss Congress, a power which Congress never approved. The newer version of the referendum was approved by the majority of the seven-seatElectoral Tribunal. In early March, Congress, which was controlled by Correa's opposition, reacted by trying toimpeach the President of the electoral tribunal.[96] The electoral tribunal then removed from office the 57 members of Congress who tried to impeach the President of the Electoral Tribunal, on the grounds of attempting to intervene an electoral process. Correa backed the electoral tribunal (which approved his version of the referendum) while stating that the removal of the 57 congressmen was constitutional. The situation escalated to a feud between the opposition in Congress and the Executive and marches in the street against Congress and police intervention to prevent the Congressmen from entering the legislative building.[97][98]
On 22 March 21 alternate deputies were sworn in, allowing the Congress to regainquorum, and on 23 and 24 March a further 20 deputies were sworn in. The new majority (formed by 28 alternate deputies and 31 deputies from parties that support the referendum and Assembly) pledged to support the referendum on the Constitutional Assembly.[99]
On 23 April, theConstitutional Court decided to try to reinstate 51 of the 57 Congressmen who had been fired by the Electoral Tribunal. The Constitutional Court claimed that it was illegal to remove them in the first place and approved a petition by the 51 requesting their reinstatement.[100] But before the congressmen had the chance to reenter Congress, Congress voted to fire all nine judges of the Constitutional Court for their "unconstitutional actions".[101]
On 15 April 2007, Ecuadorians voted overwhelmingly (81.72% in favor) to support the election of a constituent assembly.[102] On 30 September 2007, due to the extraordinarily large number of candidates and lists (26 national lists, 428 provincial lists, 44 emigrant lists) the2007 Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly election was the most complex in Ecuador's history.[citation needed] As a result, in thenational election, President Correa won backing for his plans to rewrite Ecuador's constitution and expand state control of the nation's economy. Correa's faction won approximately 61% of the seats in the National Assembly (80 of 130 Assembly Members).[103]
TheEcuadorian Constituent Assembly first convened on 29 November 2007 in Montecristi and was given six months to write a new constitution, with a possible two-month extension.[citation needed] When Ecuador began the process of writing a new constitution, they received help from the Community Environmental Legal Defense Fund to draft environmental laws giving nature andecosystems rights.[104]
The President affirmed that his was a "green" Government for its defense of the environment."[107] In line with this, he had decided to return to the International Whaling Commission to impede the restart of the hunt of whales;[108] established a prohibition on the extraction of prized types of wood;[109] and announced that for an annual compensation of 350 million dollars from the international community it would give up the exploitation of an oil field of around 1 billion barrels, one of their biggest reserves of petroleum[110][111] located in a reservation of the Yasuní National Park biosphere[112] in the Amazon Basin. The proposal hoped to collect contributions starting from 2010.
In 2013 Ecuador announced that it would auction more than three million hectares of Amazonian rainforest in the Yasuni Nature Reserve to Chinese oil companies. The indigenous people inhabiting the land protested the deal. They claim that the oil projects would threaten their traditional way of life and devastate the area's environment. Ecuador's Shuar people's women's leader, Narcisa Mashienta, said that the government lied when claiming that the people would have given their consent.[113]
The NGO Amazon Watch claims that the reason for the projects is the government's 7-billion-dollar debt to China and the desire to get Chinese funding to build a 12.5 billion dollar oil refinery.[113]
An 11,000-barrel oil spill in the Amazon was considered problematic to Correa's desire to win a third term, because he had tried to assure his critics of him being environment-friendly.[114]
The Yasuní-ITT Initiative is aimed at ceasingcrude oil extraction in theIshpingo-Tiputini-Tambococha (ITT) oil fields, which are located in the highly vulnerable area ofYasuní National Park. The proposal would contribute to preserving biodiversity, reducing carbon dioxide emissions, and respecting the rights of indigenous peoples and their way of life.[citation needed]
President Correa has stated that Ecuador's first option is to maintain the crude oil in the subsoil. The national and international communities would be called on to help the government implement this costly decision for the country. The government hopes to recover 50% of the revenues it would obtain by extracting the oil. The procedure involves the issuing of government bonds for the crude oil that will remain "in situ", with the double commitment of never extracting this oil and of protecting Yasuní National Park. The hoped for-amount is estimated at 350 million dollars annually.[115]
A more promising alternative[original research?] would be a strategy to provide the government with the 50% of resources in such a way as to provide a consistent income for an indefinite period of time. This resource would be channeled towards activities that help to free the country from its dependency on exports and imports and to consolidatefood sovereignty.[116]
In August 2013, Correa abandoned the initiative and approved oil drilling, blaming lack of support from the international community for the decision.[117]
Correa overturned a ban on the sale ofsharkfins, which are popular in Asia, but stipulated that the fins can only be sold if the sharks are caught accidentally and by artisan fishermen. He did not say how authorities would determine whether the shark had been caught accidentally or deliberately.[118]
On 3 August 2007, Correa ordered the deportation of Sean O'Hearn-Gimenez, director of theSea Shepherd Conservation Society, saying that he would not allow "gringuitos" (literally, "littlegringos") to tell Ecuadorians what to do or to pursue local fishermen. However, a local newspaper noted that O'Hearn-Gimenez had signed a 5-year agreement with Ecuador's own Environmental Police rather than acting unilaterally (as a foreigner with no authority of his own), and was married to an Ecuadorian.[119] The deportation was ordered because Sea Shepherd, in partnership with the Ecuadorian National Environmental Police, exposed and stopped the biggest shark-fin shipment in the port city of Manta.[120] Correa later rescinded the extradition order because O'Hearn-Gimenez was married to an Ecuadorian woman. All the arrested fishermen were released, too, and the confiscated shark fins returned to them.[121]
In June and July 2007 in several communities of the Amazonía and domestic South, protests were carried out against oil and mining concessions to transnational companies (PetroChina, PetroBras and Canadian mining). According to some media, the Government repressed abusing from the force to these mobilizations.[122]
Rafael Correa was re-elected for a second term in theApril 2009 general election, where he gained 52% of the vote.[50] He was the first Ecuadorian President to serve a second consecutive term since the 19th century.[123] It was the first time in thirty years that the country had re-elected a president and the first elected president from Guayaquil (The coast) who had finished his term after Leon Febres Cordero (1984–1986).[124] He won by a large margin over the other seven candidates, taking 52 per cent of the vote to the 28 per cent ofLucio Gutiérrez, his nearest rival. His party also won the largest legislative block in the National Assembly, although not a majority.[58]
Correa and U.S. Secretary of StateHillary Clinton in Quito, 8 June 2010
Correa was sworn into the Presidency on 10 August 2009, the same day as Ecuador's bicentennial.[125][126] His speech took place in front of several Latin American dignitaries, such as the president of ArgentinaCristina Fernández de Kirchner, Bolivian PresidentEvo Morales, Cuban PresidentRaúl Castro, and Venezuelan PresidentHugo Chávez.[125] Correa used the opportunity to promise a continuation of his "socialist revolution", his plans to end poverty and to go on "stamping out the structural causes of poverty".[125] He also said the actions of the media were opposing his government.[126] He claims that the continuation of his "The Citizens' Revolution" policy is intended to ensure all citizens are equal.[124]
The health budget was $561 million in 2006 and was increased to $1.774 billion in 2012, which is 6.8% of the national budget.[127] The Ecuadorian government signed an agreement with the Cuban government to allow public company Enfarma to massively produce medicine at low cost. Working hours for doctors were increased to 40 hours/week and their salaries were also increased. Mobile hospitals have been implemented. Another program has been implemented to increase the rate of return of medics amongst Ecuadorian emigrants.[128]
Infant mortality, from 24.4 per 1000 in 2005, declined to 18.3 in 2015. Between 2008 and 2016, new public hospitals have been built, the number of civil servants has increased significantly, and salaries have been increased. In 2008, the government introduced universal and compulsory social security coverage. In 2015, corruption remains a problem. Overbilling is recorded in 20% of public establishments and in 80% of private establishments.[129]
In June 2009, CONARTEL (a radio and television regulating body) imposed fines on a television station, Teleamazonas. A third fine could lead to a temporary or permanent ban on this private television channel. In December 2009, the station was taken off the air by the Superintendent of Telecommunications [es], under a provisional suspension of 72 hours for purportedly "spreading false information."[130]
Beginning 5 November, rolling blackouts took place across Ecuador for two to six hours per day.[131] Government officials also urged citizens to conserve energy.[132] Economic losses from the blackouts are estimated to be in the tens of millions of dollars; factory output slowed, and storage of perishables was disrupted.[132][133]
On 6 November, the government declared an emergency in the power sector, which was expected to "allow the Finance Ministry to seek to guarantee fuel imports forthermoelectric plants".[131] The government also agreed to purchase an additional "5,200 MW per hour [sic] of electricity fromPeru andColombia".[134] Government officials aimed to end power rationing before Christmas.[134]
The power crisis led to criticism of the Correa administration's management of the power sector as water levels of the reservoirs became depleted.[133]
In January, Ecuador experienced mass protests against large-scale mining. Indigenous people were demanding that they not be exploited at all and were blockading highways to make their point. Correa cited a constitutional article that prohibited the blocking of roads.[135] Police officers were also injured in attempting to clear blockades.[136] An opposition leader claimed to witness, "The response from the government was gunfire from the ground and the air," The leader said that police, backed by a helicopter, opened fire on the protesters unprovoked.[137] In an interview with the state-run media on Thursday, Correa said that the police were not armed and had only riot gear to protect them from demonstrators who were wielding shotguns. The Shuar man that died was killed by protesters' own weapons, and police were also injured by the same shotgun pellets that killed the brother Shuar, Correa said.[137]
Correa announced that on 26 July 2010 Ecuador would enact reforms to a hydrocarbons law that aims to expropriate foreign-company operations unless they sign service contracts increasing state control of the industry. Correa reminded oil companies that if they did not abide by the state's policies, they would have their fields nationalized and would be forced from the country.[138]
A debate to modify this and other reforms, especially the one which granted control of the Higher Education System by the government, was practically passed with consensus by the multi-partisan National Assembly on 4 August 2010 but vetoed by the president Rafael Correa,[139] who wanted to keep the law strictly as it was originally redacted by his political party and SENPLADES (National Secretary of Planning and Development). Due to this change, there are many highly educated professionals and academicians under the old structure but estimated that only 87% of the faculty in public universities have already obtained a master's degree and fewer than 5% have PhD (although many of them have already Ecuadorian granted Doctorate degrees).[140] To raise the number of Masters and PhDs the Government started a scholarship program to send Ecuadorians to study in the top ranking Universities around the world (around 8,500 scholarships until 2013)[141] and around 820 more have been approved for 2014.
On 30 September 2010, theNational Police went on strike over the passage of a bill that would end the practice of giving medals and bonuses with each promotion.[142] In what was called an attempted coup d'état, protests included road blockades, storming the National Assembly and state-run television station, and the military seizure of theOld Mariscal Sucre International Airport in Quito.[143][144][145][146] President Correa went to debate with the rebellious police, but he was unsuccessful and instead challenged them to kill him, saying, "I'm not taking one step back. Gentlemen, if you want to kill the president, here he is, kill him if you have the guts."[142] At this point none of the policemen dared to shoot him, so instead they decided to attack him and take him hostage. While held in the hospital inside the police headquarters, Correa declared a national state of emergency.[142][147] That night, an elite army unit rescued him from the hospital amid violent clashes between the police and the army.[148] The Army then took him to Carondelet Palace, where he announced he would not pardon those responsible.[149] Throughout Ecuador, eight people were killed and 274 wounded in the unrest.[150]
After the rescue, Correa immediately was presented in the Palacio of Carondelet in the night of 30 September.
On the same night, eight South American presidents attended an emergency summit ofUNASUR convened that night inBuenos Aires[151] to express their full support for Ecuadorean democratic institutions and Rafael Correa.[152] The summit also announced a "democratic clause" to theUNASUR Constitutive Treaty and an agreement to take immediate and concrete steps if further similar attempts should occur.[152]
The United States declared support for Correa through its ambassador to theOrganization of American States. U.S. Secretary of StateHillary Clinton expressed "full support for President Rafael Correa, and the institutions of democratic government in that country." On 5 October, Ecuadorian foreign ministerRicardo Patiño said "I firmly believe that Mr. Obama had nothing to do with this. I hope, and trust that neither his (immediate subordinates) did.[153]
Correa was a signatory to The UNASUR Constitutive Treaty of the Union of South American Nations on 15 July 2009.[154] Ecuador has ratified the treaty. According to treaty, the UNASUR headquarters will be located in Ecuador.[155]
On 10 August 2009 Correa hosted the Heads of Government of South America in Quito, as he took over the one-year Pro Tempore Presidency of UNASUR.[156][157] Correa announced on 3 April 2010 that he would propose to UNASUR the creation of a united front against transnationals like the AmericanChevron, which he accused of attempting to destroy his country.[citation needed]
Correa also asked that UNASUR create a commission to investigate the events that led to the 30 Sep police revolt in Ecuador in which about a dozen people died and 270 were wounded. The uprising was led by police upset over a new law that would deny them promotion bonuses.
During Friday's summit, leaders also approved a democratic charter that would serve as a guide for the 12-nation bloc if any of them faced an attempted coup. The charter would have been an effective tool during Ecuador's revolt, Correa said. On 29 November 2010, UNASUR's presidency passed from Ecuador to Guyana.[158]
Correa announced another lawsuit this time against an editorial writer and the directors of El Universo newspaper. The legal action included the opinion editor of the paper, Emilio Palacio, who was sued for defamation by a high-ranking public official last year. Correa alleged that several of Palacio's editorials were "accusations" and "slander", where Palacio stated "...ordered fire at will and without warning against a hospital full of civilians and innocent people..."[160] In an official Universo editorial it was said that Correa committedcrimes against humanity reasons, which Palacio was sued for. El Universo says the president's suit was announced several hours after the newspaper published an article about an information access request denial. While Palacio claimed, he was sued for calling Correa a "dictator".[161]
"We are not only suing the editorial writer, but also the newspaper El Universo's directors", said Correa, in a radio interview on Ecuadorinmediato, quoted by El Universo. "Ecuador's autocrat cracks down on media freedom," was the title of an editorial published byThe Washington Post on 27 July 2011:
Last week the president personally attended the trial while thuggish supporters threw eggs and bottles at the defendants outside the courthouse. To no one's surprise, the provisional judge hearing the case quickly ruled in the president's favor, sentencing Mr. Palacio and the three El Universo directors to three years in prison and awarding $40 million in damages to Mr. Correa – an amount that exceeds the total value of the newspaper.[162]
As of 16 February 2012, the National Court of Justice (Ecuador's highest court) confirmed the lower court's award of $40 million in damages, as well as the three-year prison sentences against a journalist and three executives of the newspaper.[163] The case related to unrest in September 2010, described by Correa as an attempted coup, which saw him trapped inside a hospital for several hours by police officers. In an opinion article from February 2011 which appeared inEl Universo, Emilio Palacio alleged that the president had ordered soldiers to fire on the hospital, which was full of civilians.[164]
Correa also filed a lawsuit against Juan Carlos Calderón and Christian Zurita, investigative journalists and authors of the bookGran Hermano (Big Brother). Rafael Correa insisted that if the authors of the book admitted wrongdoing and asked for forgiveness he would pardon them.[165] The lawsuit is based on the book's accusation that Correa knew of his brother Fabricio Correa's multimillion-dollar contracts with the government, a journalistic "investigation" into contracts signed between the president's brother, Fabricio Correa, and the State.[166][167] The authors claim was based on a testimony by Pablo Chambers, who based his accusation on a manipulated video of Correa during an interview with a radio station in Quito.[168]
Following wide condemnation of the sentences in the El Universo case,[citation needed] Correa announced on 27 February 2012 that he would pardon the four individuals involved, also reminding that from the very beginning he asked for a rectification by the newspaper or an apology,[169] both which the newspaper refused, instead claiming this was censorship,[170][171] including asking Correa what he wanted them to publish.[172] Despite the subsequent pardons, "the lawsuit had," according to Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt, "a powerful chilling effect on the press."[173]
Correa also said he would drop his case against the authors ofGran Hermano.[174]
Correa has been accused, in the words of the President of theInter-American Press Association, of mounting a "systematic and hostile campaign to do away with the independent press and establish, by law or through the courts, ownership of the truth that all the Ecuadoran people must swallow."[162] These complaints relate both to a series of lawsuits against journalists and to government takeovers of many media outlets.
The Washington Post reported in July 2011 that, according to a report for theNational Endowment for Democracy, the government had controlled one radio station when Mr. Correa became president in 2007, but that by the time of the report it owned five television channels, four radio stations, two newspapers and four magazines.[162]
Correa announced aconstitutional referendum, which took place on 7 May 2011. The Ecuadorian people were asked to vote on ten questions, including a reform of the judiciary, although opposition members denounced what they called a "power grab" on behalf of Correa's government.[175] Although an exit poll conducted by the Santiago Perez pollster showed that the 10 questions won with the 62% of the votes,[176] as the count continued the "yes" lost presence even going as far as slightly losing to the "no" for a short period of time in questions 4 and 9. Correa pledged that the data had been manipulated by counting first the votes from the provinces where the "no" have won to create the "sensation offraud" and he predicted that the "yes" will win with at least 250.000 votes on all 10 questions.[177] At the end the "yes" won all 10 questions but only the first question got more than the 50% of the votes[178][179][180] This was the eighth election to pass during Correa's term in office.[181]
In 2010 and 2011, Ecuador received Chinese credits for around US$5 billion. One of this financing model's projects is the hydroelectric Coca Codo Sinclair that China builds and it finances with something more than US$2 billion.[182]
Correa pointed out that China gives credits to Ecuador at 7.0 percent, but the credits are to finance projects with 23 or 25 percent of profitability, that is extremely good business, when referring to two thousand million dollars which will be dedicated to public investment initiatives. The Chinese credits are a "good business" with interests of 7 percent to finance projects with a profitability that goes from 23 to 25 percent.[183] Correa discarded the idea that Ecuador is delivered to or have mortgaged its petroleum to China.
On this point he mentioned that in the year 2006 75% of the Ecuadorian petroleum went to United States, in exchange for nothing. "Now we have 50% of the committed petroleum with China, in exchange for thousands of millions of dollars to finance the development of this country.[184]
In 2012, China loaned Ecuador 240 million dollars for the purpose of overhauling the Ecuadorian security system. This system comprises 4,300 new surveillance cameras, drones, automated evidence processing systems, and increased manpower to manage each of these new technologies, which have been collectively dubbed the ECU 911 Integrated Security Service.[185] Much of this new hardware has been developed in Ecuador, but in laboratories designed and set up by China National Electronics Import and Export Corporation (CEIEC), which is a state-owned company and a subsidiary of national defence contractorChina Electronics Corporation (CEC). The CEC has also undertaken similar surveillance overhauls in Venezuela and Bolivia and has also introduced technology to monitor the Amazon Rainforest in Brazil.[186] The Ecuadorian government has highlighted the benefits of this extensive security system, which has been installed across the nation's 24 provinces. They argue that it has been able to decrease the response time for everyday emergencies such as life-threatening illness,[187] and have cited the system as a large factor in the dramatic drop in crime in Ecuador since its installation.[188] Some individuals have expressed concern about the nature and the pervasiveness of these technologies, however, and how they may be used to create an Ecuadorianpolice state.[185]
After the results of the popular consultation[189] was created the Council of the Transitory Judicature integrated by three members Tania Aryans (delegate of the Legislative), Paulo Rodríguez (delegate of the Executive) and Fernando Yávar (delegate of the Function of Transparency).[190] This advice has 18 months to restructure the Judicial Function Among its functions it was the one of creating the new National Court of Justice whose possession was given January 2012,[191] 21 whose members will be in the positions for nine years.[192] The court of justice was created through a competition of merits and opposition. Correa who participated of the act of possession of the new domestic magistrates,[193] said that the administration of justice is an imperium of the state and at the same time, it is a public service, also it expressed his total back to the new judges of the National Court of Justice (CNJ)[194]
In 2014, the law is amended to allow same-sex unions to benefit from legal recognition.[195]
Ecuador's largest advocacy group for Indians, theConfederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador, planned a two-week march to Quito beginning on Thursday to protest Correa's land and water policies that they say were hurting their way of life. Correa condemned the action and accused them of being hypocrites for having allied with the extreme right,[196] of seeking to exploit mining for themselves[197] and of trying to destabilize his government, urging his followers to mobilize against them. The Indians were supported by the Popular Democratic Movement, a leftist party, the National Union of Educators and CONAIE, which supported Correa at the start of his administration in 2007 but soon moved to the opposition.[198]
The support march on the Government concentrated on thousands of demonstrators coming from different zones that met in a park where they enjoyed artistic shows put on to celebrate the Woman's International Day.[199] The march began in an Amazon region to the southeast and it arrived in Quito on 22 March. It had the support of the teachers' organizations and students.
Correa declared that the protests were intended to destabilize his government and he encouraged his followers "to keep mobilized until March 22"... "to resist peacefully. Those in favor of the Government also announced countermarches in various localities,[200] such as in Cuenca where they had a concentration that gathered around fifteen thousand people.[201]
Correa established the National Interagency Strategy for Family Planning and the Prevention of Teen Pregnancies (ENIPLA) in 2011. It had an annual budget of $2 million and focused on preventive doctor visits and family planning, including access to the morning-after pill. In the four years since ENIPLA was established pregnancies amongst girls between the ages of 11 and 14 decreased by 18 percent.[202] At the end of 2014 Correa replaced ENIPLA with Plan Familia (a family-based abstinence only program). One study found that this shift led to an increase in teenage pregnancy in Ecuador.[203]
Correa alleged that the United States attempted to meddle in the country's affairs during his presidency, saying that a representative from the AmericanCentral Intelligence Agency requested a meeting with him at the start of his administration and that the accounts of senior state officials had been hacked.[204] Former British diplomatCraig Murray claimed that the CIA had tripled its budget to destabilise Rafael Correa's government during 2012.[205]
General elections were held in Ecuador on 17 February 2013 to elect the President, the National Assembly, Provincial Assemblies and members of the Andean Parliament. Correa was reelected president, winning by a large margin in the first round of the presidential election.[206] According to the quick count released by Participación Ciudadana, the Alianza PAIS movement (AP) reached two-thirds of the new National Assembly. The results gave the movement 100 of the 137 seats contested in the polls.[207] Correa's closest electoral rival,Guillermo Lasso (with 11 of the 137 seats in the new National Assembly), conceded shortly after the election concluded.
The Ministry of Telecommunication and Information Society won the WSIS 2013 prize in category C5: Building confidence and security in the use of ICTs with the project Digital Training through Mobile Classrooms.[208] In 2013, a comprehensivecommunication law was adopted, called Ley Orgánica de Comunicación.[209]
Correa's government accepted a US$364 million loan from theIMF for earthquake reconstruction.[210]
At the same time, inequalities, as measured by the Gini index, decreased from 0.55 to 0.47.[211][212] Between 2006 and 2016, poverty decreased from 36.7% to 22.5%.[2] Annual per capita GDP growth was 1.5 percent (as compared to 0.6 percent over the prior two decades).[citation needed]
In April 2014, Correa's government ordered allUS Defence Department employees working in the US embassy out of the country. Correa had previously stated that the US had too many military officers in Ecuador and that they had "infiltrated ... all sectors" of the country.[213]
Since leaving office in 2017, Correa has lived in self-imposed exile inBelgium,[8] his wife's native country.[10] In April 2022, Belgium's Commissioner General for Refugees and Stateless Persons granted Correaasylum.[8] Correa described himself and his family as "persecuted people."[8]
After finishing his term, Correa has remained politically influential in Ecuadorian politics.[9] He frequently comments onsocial media;[9][214] as of 2024, he had approximately one million followers onTikTok and four million on X (formerlyTwitter).[9] More than a decade after Correa left office, Ecuadorian politics has remained largely polarized betweencorreísmo and anti-correísmo forces.[9] although in a 2023 interview withEl País, Correa said, "I have never liked the word Correismo."[215] At the time of the 2023muerte cruzada (the decision of Lasso to trigger early elections), the largest bloc of legislators in Ecuador's National Assembly were pro-Correa.[216]
Correa's successor as president wasLenín Moreno, his protégé and former vice president, but the two men fell out within weeks of Moreno taking office, and Correa emerged as a critic of Moreno.[12][217] Moreno moved closer to segments in Ecuador that had feuded with Correa, including business interests,[218][219] the political right,[219] and indigenous groups that had been marginalized under Correa.[218] Correa was also angered by Moreno's decision, in April 2019, towithdraw the asylum granted by the Ecuadorian government toJulian Assange under Correa; Moreno invitedScotland Yard into the Ecuadorian embassy in London to arrest Assange, leading Correa to call Moreno a "traitor" and "a corrupt man" and the withdrawal of asylum, "one of the greatest betrayals in Latin American history."[220][221]
In April 2019,Facebook blocked access to Correa's "fan" page, which had more than 1.5 million followers, citing the social network's rule against disclosing others' personal data.[222] Correa had been using his account since the previous month to publish details of the "INA Papers" case, involving an alleged offshore bank account linked to Moreno's brother; Lenin Moreno himself was not tied to the account.[223]
During the Correa-Moreno feud caused a deep split within the rulingPAIS Alliance.[219][224] Correa assailed the Moreno government's performance in the newspaperEl Telégrafo.[225] In theFebruary 2018 Ecuadorian referendums, Moreno supported a measure to restate presidentialterm limits in Ecuador, thus blocking Correa from returning to the presidency.[218] (Correa had suggested he might run in the2021 election.)[219] Correa led "No" campaign, returning to Ecuador from Belgium to campaign against the measure.[219] The referendum passed by a two-to-one margin, thus reinstating term limits that had been dropped from the Ecuadorian constitution under Correa in 2015.[218] Another referendum passed at the same time barred those convicted of corruption offenses from seeking office, a measure aimed at Correa's ally and former vice-presidentJorge Glas, who was recently been found guilty of corruption.[218]
In July 2018, a judge in Ecuador ordered the arrest of Correa (who by that point lived in Belgium) after he failed to appear in court during a trial surrounding the kidnapping of his political opponentFernando Balda.[11][10] Baldo, a lawmaker, was once a Correa ally who later became a critic of Correa; in 2012, he was briefly kidnapped inBogotá,Colombia, during the2010 Ecuadorian crisis, before being released by Colombian police, who blamed the Ecuadorean intelligence agency,Senain, for the incident.[11] Balda had at the time been accused of involvement in a coup attempt against Correa.[10] The court said that sufficient evidence existed to try Correa on the kidnapping charges, but suspended the trial because Ecuadoran law provided that Correa could not be tried in absentia.[11] Pablo Romero, the former director of Ecuadoran intelligence, and two police officers were also accused of involvement.[11] Correa denied any involvement in the alleged kidnapping.[10][227] In July 2018, Interpol rejected an Ecuadorian government's request for ared notice in connection with the case, and called it "obviously a political matter."[11]
Separately, Correa'strial in absentia on charges of bribery began in February 2020[228] in the National Court of Justice.[229] The Ecuadorian government accused him of accepting illegal bribes from businesses to finance his campaign in the 2023 election, and granting state contracts in return.[228] The case, called Caso Sobornos 2012-2016,[230] stemmed from an investigation initially calledArroz Verde (Green Rice), after the name of a file in an email sent to an ex-Correa aide.[12] The prosecution of the case was led by Attorney-GeneralDiana Salazar.[12] Correa and his former vice presidentJorge Glas were among the 20 political and business leaders charged in the case, which alleged $8 million of bribes accepted between 2012 and 2016.[12][229] Correa has denied wrongdoing and has framed the charges against him as politically motivated[12] and farcical.[229] In April 2020, the court found Correa and the other defendants guilty.[231] The court sentenced Correa and Glad to eight years in prison,[12][230] and banned all the defendants from having any political role for 25 years.[231]
Moreno's government made three requests toInterpol for anred notice to ask foreign governments to arrest Correa. Interpol rejected each request on human rights grounds.[232]
In October 2024, the U.S. State Department banned Correa and Glas from entering the United States over the corruption accusations.[233]
Correa was highly critical of the Ecuadorian press.[46] Accusing the press of lying and slandering him, he proposed a law that would ban those working in the financial sector from financing media outlets. ParaphrasingTony Blair, he stated that the Ecuadorian press acted as "a group of wild beasts". He has also regularly criticized it as "...mediocre, incompetent, inaccurate, lying and is a part of the structure of corruption and accomplice of the national disaster."[234] TheUS State Department noted "There is more than a grain of truth in Correa's observation that the Ecuadorian media play a political role, in this case the role of the opposition", further adding that the news outlets are owned by wealthy elites who see his economic reforms as a threat to their own position.[235]
Correa has criticized several newspapers asEl Universo,El Comercio,Diario Hoy,Diario Expreso,La Hora, calling them "news mafias" for criticising the ruling of theElectoral Tribunal depriving 57 opposition legislators of their seats in Congress. Correa argued that the press had remained silent about the holdups that had occurred in state-owned enterprises like Pacifictel and the Ecuadorian Customs Administration (CAE).[236][237][238]
On 10 May 2007, Correa filed a lawsuit against Francisco Vivanco Riofrío of the board of directors of the Quito-basedLa Hora newspaper, over an editorial published in the paper on 9 March. The editorial, titled "Official Vandalism", said that Correa intended to rule Ecuador "with turmoil, rocks and sticks". It described the president's behavior as "shameful."[239] Correa's suit is based on Article 230 of the country'spenal code that sets prison penalties of up to two years for contempt, expressed in "threats or libel that would offend the president."[240]
TheInter American Press Association (IAPA) has declared that it is "a clumsy step on the part of the Ecuadorean president to file a criminal charge against a news outlet, accusing it of contempt, an archaic concept in a modern democracy and outmoded in Latin America and which should be eliminated from penal codes, as the IAPA has been insisting."[241] TheCommittee to Protect Journalists has also protested against the lawsuit: "Fear of criminal penalties will inhibit the Ecuadoran press in reporting and commenting on issues of public interest. We call on President Correa to drop the libel suit against Vivanco and repeal defamation laws that contradict international standards on freedom of expression".[242]
In August 2007 he signed Ecuador toTeleSUR. Correa decided to createEcuador TV, the first state-owned channel in the country, with the announced intention of producing television with better quality standards than the private channels. Also, newspaperEl Telegrafo was purchased and became state-owned. Radio Pública, El Ciudadano, ANDES and PP were also created under Correa's presidency and are administered by state agencies.[243][244]
Correa has alsorevealed the real identities of a number of hissocial media-based critics which has led to the individuals concerned being harassed.[245] On 1 May 2015, Correa stopped his motorcade in downtown Quito to berate 17-year-old teenager Luis Carrera, after he spotted Carrera gave the middle finger gesture at Correa. Carrera was later sentenced to 20 hours of community service.[246]
In June 2013, US SenatorRobert Menendez, chairman of the foreign relations panel, warned Ecuador that accepting PRISM leakerEdward Snowden "would severely jeopardize" preferential trade access the United States provides to Ecuador. "Our government will not reward countries for bad behavior."[247]
President Correa responded by offering a multimillion-dollar donation for human rights training in the United States. "Ecuador offers the United States economic aid of US$23 million annually, similar to what we received with the trade benefits, with the intention of providing education about human rights", said a government spokesman. "Ecuador does not accept pressure or threats from anyone, nor does it trade with principles or submit them to mercantile interests, however important those may be."[248][249]
Ecuador, which had originally issued Snowden a temporary travel document through its embassy in London, withdrew it because it did not meet the requirements of being in an Ecuadorian Embassy at that time.[250] Snowden said that having the document gave him "the confidence, the courage to get on that plane to begin the journey" and that "there are few world leaders who would risk standing for the human rights of an individual against the most powerful government on earth, and the bravery of Ecuador and its people is an example to the world".[251][252] President Correa said that, although he respected the decision of the London consul Fidel Narváez to issue it, the document was invalid.[251]
The Ecuadorean government continues to investigate the allegations of corruption in the country by Brazil's largest construction company. Ecuadorean officials announced that the Brazilian construction company Odebrecht will not be able to sign any future contracts with public institutions in Ecuador, as authorities continue to investigate alleged corruption in its operations. According to Geovanny Vicente Romero, a political analyst, "Ecuador is in the midst of presidential elections and its lame-duck president Rafael Correa wants to leave the house in order for his successor by taking a position in favor of investigating the Odebrecht case. Correa recently complained that though there were $33.5 million in bribes paid in Ecuador, the individuals involved in the case remain unknown". Some Ecuadorians had grown disenchanted with corruption, as well as Correa's confrontational and polarizing behavior towards media organizations.[1][4] However, according toTransparency International, corruption decreased under Correa's government.[253]
In 2014, the price for crude oil, which was Ecuador's main export, began moving downward, from $111 per barrel in June 2014, to $50 per barrel in March 2015.[254] To replace the lost revenue, Correa proposed raising taxes, including an increase of up to 75% in capital gain (Ley de Plusvalia),[255] and a tax on inheritances from 2.5% up to 77.5% (the highest for inheritances of over $849,600).[256]
A former cellmate of dead drug trafficker Leandro Norero claimed in 2024 that he had witnessed Correa speaking on a video call with Norero on two occasions while Correa was still the President of Ecuador.[257] According to the witness, the discussions involved the freeing ofJorge Glas.[258]
According to the Cedatos, Correa began his presidency with a 73% approval rating.[259] An opinion poll carried out by Profiles of Opinion in the cities of Quito and Guayaquil, in March 2012 indicates that 80.5% of those interviewed categorize President Correa's administration as positive.[260] According to the Mitofsky of April 2012, as regards the "approval of leaders in America and the world", President Correa possesses an excellent evaluation.[261] His popularity even increased from 75% to 81% from August 2011 to January 2012.[262]According to the Mitofsky of April 2013, as regards the "approval of leaders in America and the world", President Correa possessed a positive evaluation of 90%.[263] However, his public image in Ecuador was heavily deteriorated after several controversial regulations[264] during his later years as president. Approval ratings for Rafael Correa slipped from 60% in January 2015 to 45% in July 2015.[265] Correa leaves office with a rate of 46%, according to a latest survey by the firm Cedatos.[266]
Presidential aircraftEmbraer Legacy 600 arriving atCamilo Ponce Enríquez Airport inLoja, Ecuador in September 2013.President of Ecuador, Rafael Correa signs the guestbook at the Tomb of Monsignor Óscar A. Romero. During Beatification of Archbishop Romero San Salvador El Salvador
Correa is Catholic, and while President, kept a photograph of thePope on his desk.[16]
Correa describes himself as an advocate of "socialism of the 21st century".The Economist described Correa as "a left-wing populist",[267] whileThe Washington Post has characterized Correa's ideological approach as being "economically populist, socially conservative, [and] quasi-authoritarian".[268] The scholars of political science George Philip and Francisco Panizza claimed that like his allies Morales and Chávez, Correa should be categorized as a populist,[269] because he appealed "directly to the people against their countries' political and economic order, divided the social field into antagonistic camps and promised redistribution and recognition in a newly founded political order."[270]
Correa's actions vis-a-vis indigenous communities, however, were described as not populist. To protect Chinese mining interests, "Shuar lands are now under occupation by 8,000 military personnel — marine, air and land troops — equipped with four war-tanks, surveillance drones, aerostatic balloons, mobile satellites and helicopter gunships."[271]
On 23 May 2013, Correa reiterated his opposition to same-sex marriage.[272]
Conquering Insignia of Tarqui, Grand Cross of the Armed forces of Ecuador – in gratitude for the administration carried out for the benefit of the soldiers of the Homeland.[278]
Order Great Marshal of Ayacucho of Venezuela – for theBolivarian character of his administration in Ecuador, February 2009.[279]
Medal of Honor in the Grade of Grand Cross –highest honour of the Congress of Peru, 12 June 2010.[280]
Great Necklace of the Ecuadorian Federation of Soccer – in November 2010 in gratitude for the expedition of the Law of the Sport.[281]
Medal of "Distinguished Visitor" – awarded by theUCSG in the inauguration of the III International University Congress, Development and Cooperation.[282]
Highest honour of the Association of retired Generals of the National Police – for having brought about the approval of pensions to almost 20,000 former uniformed officers.[283]
Also, in April 2010 he received the Prize for Exceptional Academic Achievement 2009 of the University of Illinois.[298] On 3 December 2010, the UBA Cultural Center of Buenos Aires gave him the Faces and Masks Democracy Prize.[299]
Ecuador: From Banana Republic to Non Republic, Random House, Quito, 2009.[300][301]
"The Vulnerability of the Ecuadorian Economy: Toward better Economic Politics for Employment Generation, Reduction of poverty and Inequality," Program of the United Nations for Development (UNDP), Quito, 2004.[302]
"The Challenge of Development: Are We Prepared for the Future?," Publications of the San Francisco de Quito University, Quito, 1996.[303]
"The Washington Consensus in Latin America: to a Quantitative Evaluation", working paper, San Francisco de Quito University, Quito, April 2002.
"Structural Reform and Growth in Latin America: a sensitivity analysis", CEPAL Magazine, number 76, April 2002, Santiago de Chile.
"One Market, One Currency: the Economic Desirability of Monetary Union for the CAN", working paper, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, May 2001.
"Destabilizing Speculation in the Exchange Market: the Ecuadorian Marries", working paper. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, January 2000.
"Endogenous Institutional Change? To a Critical View of the Political Economy of the Reforms: the Ecuadorian Marries", working paper. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, August 1999.
"The Ecuadorian ISI Revisited", working paper, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, May 1999.
^Fesyuk, Mariana; Kocherova, Darya (25 November 2013)."За единство государств и народов"(PDF).Druzhba (in Russian) (18 (1456)). Retrieved5 November 2024.
Becker, Marc (2013). "The Stormy Relations between Rafael Correa and Social Movements in Ecuador".Latin American Perspectives.40 (3):43–62.doi:10.1177/0094582X13479305.S2CID143904063.
Colloredo-Mansfeld, Rudi; Mantilla, Paola; Antrosio, Jason (2012). "Rafael Correa's Multicolored Dream Shirt: Commerce, Creativity, and National Identity in Post-Neoliberal Ecuador".Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies.7 (3):275–294.doi:10.1080/17442222.2012.723907.S2CID144834979.
Conaghan, Catherine; De La Torre, Carlos (2008). "The Permanent Campaign of Rafael Correa: Making Ecuador's Plebiscitary Presidency".Press/Politics.13 (3):267–284.doi:10.1177/1940161208319464.S2CID145252379.
Philip, George; Panizza, Francisco (2011).The Triumph of Politics: The Return of the Left in Venezuela, Bolivia and Ecuador. Cambridge: Polity Press.ISBN978-0-7456-4749-4.
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