 Great Synagogue in Radomsk | |
| Founder | |
|---|---|
| RabbiShlomo Hakohen Rabinowicz | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Israel, United States, Poland | |
| Religions | |
| Hasidic Judaism | |
| Languages | |
| Yiddish, Hebrew | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Sochatchov,Warka |
Radomsk (Hebrew:רדומסק) is ahasidicdynasty named after the town ofRadomsko inŁódź province, south-central Poland.[1] The dynasty was founded in 1843 byShlomo Hakohen Rabinowicz (known as theTiferes Shlomo).[2] His son, grandson and great-grandson also led the dynasty, which had thousands of followers. On the eve of World War II, Radomsk was the third largest Hasidic dynasty in Poland, afterGer andAlexander.[3]
The town of Radomsko was destroyed and most of its Jews deported and killed during the German occupation of Poland in World War II. The fourth Radomsker rebbe,Shlomo Chanoch Hakohen Rabinowicz, was murdered by the Nazis in theWarsaw Ghetto in 1942, bringing the father-to-son dynasty to an end.
In 1965, at the request of Radomsker Hasidim who had survived theHolocaust and were living inIsrael, the fifthrebbe of theSochatchover Hasidim (and a descendant of the first Radomsker rebbe)Menachem Shlomo Bornsztain,[4] became their rebbe as well. Bornsztain's son Avrohom Nosson Bornsztain leads the Radomsker synagogue in Bnei Brak.[5]
The founder of the dynasty was Shlomo Hakohen Rabinowicz (known as theTiferes Shlomo) (1801–1866), who had begun serving as rabbi of Radomsko (Radomsk) in 1834.[6][7][8] WhenMoshe Biderman of Lelov moved to theLand of Israel he told his hasidim to follow Rabinowicz[8][9] and Radomsk became a major hasidic center.[7] Rabinowicz's discourses on theChumash andJewish holidays were published posthumously inWarsaw in 1867–1869 as the two-volumeTiferes Shlomo.[10][11] This work, considered a textbook of hasidic thought,[12] and has been continuously reprinted.[13][14]
He died in 1866 and was succeeded by his youngest son,Avraham Yissachar Dov Rabinowicz (1843–1892), who was musical.[15] After he became rebbe, he attracted many hasidim from Poland andGalicia.[9][11] He haddiabetes[16] and died in Radomsk at the age of 49.[17] His Torah teachings were compiled under the titleChesed L'Avraham, published inPiotrkow in 1893.[18]
He was succeeded as rebbe by his second son,Yechezkel Rabinowicz (1864–1910), who had earlier been rabbi ofNovipola. He had diabetes like his father[16] and also died before the age of 50.[19] An estimated 25,000 people attended his funeral from all over Poland and Galicia.[16] His Torah teachings were compiled under the titleKenesses Yechezkel, published in 1913.[16]
His eldest son,Shlomo Chanoch Rabinowitz (1882–1942), succeeded him.[16] He was wealthy.[20][21] and owned a glass factory and homes inBerlin,Warsaw, andSosnowiec; he re-established his court in Sosnowiec after World War I.[3][22] He also amassed a large personal collection of old manuscripts and prints that was said to be the second-largest private library in Poland after that of theGerrer Rebbe.[20]
The fourth Radomsker Rebbe innovated a new trend in Hasidic education in Poland. Until World War I, Hasidic youth traditionally studied Torah and learned the customs and lore of their dynasties inshtiebelach (small houses of prayer and study) across Poland. As the war uprooted hundreds of thousands of Jews and decimated established communities, theshtiebelach lost their central place in Hasidic life.[23] In 1926, the Rebbe announced his plan to create a network of yeshivas calledKeser Torah (Crown of Torah). By 1930, nine yeshivas were functioning in major Polish cities, together with a "Kibbutz Govoha" (high-level study group) for advanced students andavreichim (married students) in Sosnowiec.[3] The Rebbe appointed his new son-in-law, Rabbi Dovid Moshe Hakohen Rabinowicz (1906–1942), to serve asrosh yeshiva for the entire network.[23] By 1939, there were 36 Keser Torah yeshivas enrolling over 4,000 students in Poland and Galicia. The Rebbe paid for the entire operation, including staff salaries, food, and student lodging, out of his own pocket.[3][23]
On the eve of World War II, Radomsk was the third largest Hasidic dynasty in Poland, after Ger and Alexander.[3] InKraków, there were more Radomskershtiebelach than Gerrershtiebelach.[20]
Following the Germaninvasion of Poland, the Keser Torah yeshivas disbanded[23] and the Rebbe escaped to the town of Alexander, but from there was most likely sent by theNazis into theWarsaw Ghetto.[20] His son-in-law, Rabbi Dovid Moshe Rabinowicz, was also incarcerated in the Warsaw Ghetto, where he continued to delivershiurim to Keser Torah students.[24] The Rebbe and all the members of his family, including his only daughter, son-in-law, and their infant son, were shot to death during theAktion of 1 August 1942.[3][20][24] They were buried in amass grave in Warsaw's main cemetery.[3][23] With the Rebbe's death, the father-to-son lineage of Radomsker rebbes came to an end. (The Rebbe's brother, Rabbi Elimelech Aryeh Hakohen Rabinowicz, died inMauthausen.[25])
After World War II, Radomsker Hasidim and Keser Torah yeshiva students who had survived the Holocaust establishedKollel Keser Torah inBnei Brak, Israel. In 1965 they approached RabbiMenachem Shlomo Bornsztain, son of theSochatchover Rebbe and a nephew of Rabbi David Moshe Rabinowicz, to lead the kollel (Bornsztain was also a direct descendant of the first Radomsker Rebbe, as his grandfather, the second Sochatchover Rebbe, married the daughter of the first Radomsker Rebbe.)[4] Bornsztain accepted the offer and commuted from his home inTel Aviv to Bnei Brak.[26] When Bornsztain acceded to the leadership of the Sochatchov dynasty in 1965, the Radomsker Hasidim asked him to become their Rebbe as well, and he officially became known as the Sochatchover-Radomsker Rebbe.[26] Following Bornsztain's untimely death in 1969, his eldest son, RabbiShmuel Bornsztain, became the Sochatchover Rebbe and another son, Avrohom Nosson Bornsztain, was appointed as the rav of the Radomsker shul in Bnei Brak.[27]
Today Radomsker communities exist inJerusalem and Bnei Brak, Israel;Brooklyn, New York;Lakewood, New Jersey; andMontreal, Canada.[23] The Radomsker Rav ofBoro Park, Rabbi Leibish Frand, heads a Radomskerbeis medrash in Brooklyn.[28][29]
The first Radomsker rebbe, Shlomo Hakohen Rabinowicz, was ahazzan (cantor) and composer of hasidic music. He composed and sang newnigunim (melodies) each year for theHigh Holy Days and other Jewish holidays.[30] The second Radomsker Rebbe was also musical, and theniggunim of the first two Radomsker rebbes were sung in all Radomsker courts.Chaskel Besser, a Radomsker rabbi in New York after World War II, produced an album titledNiggunei Radomsk (Melodies of Radomsk) to preserve the music of the dynasty.[15]