Aradiometer is an instrument for measuringradiometric quantities such asradiant flux (power),irradiance, orradiance.[1] Definitions typically limit radiometry tooptical radiation, but some definitions include other kinds ofelectromagnetic radiation. Radiometers typically measureinfrared radiation, visible radiation (light),ultraviolet radiation, or some combination of these.[2][3][4]
Microwave radiometers operate in themicrowave wavelengths. Aroentgenometer is a radiometer for measuring the intensity of X-rays or gamma radiation.
While the termradiometer can refer to any device that measures electromagnetic radiation (e.g. light), the term is often used to refer specifically to aCrookes radiometer ("light-mill"), a device invented in 1873 in which a rotor (having vanes which are dark on one side, and light on the other) in a partial vacuum spins when exposed to light. A common misbelief (one originally held even by Crookes) is that the momentum of the absorbed light on the black faces makes the radiometer operate. If this were true, however, the radiometer would spin away from the non-black faces, since the photons bouncing off those faces impart more momentum than the photons absorbed on the black faces. Photons do exert radiation pressure on the faces, but those forces are dwarfed by other effects.The currently accepted explanation depends on having just the right degree of vacuum, and relates to the transfer of heat rather than the direct effect of photons.[5][6]
ANichols radiometer demonstrates photon pressure. It is much more sensitive than the Crookes radiometer and it operates in a complete vacuum, whereas operation of the Crookes radiometer requires an imperfect vacuum.
TheMEMS radiometer can operate on the principles of Nichols or Crookes and can operate over a wide spectrum of wavelength and particle energy levels.[7]
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