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 Logo used since 2008 | |
| Type | Radio broadcasting |
|---|---|
| Country | Spain |
| Availability |
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| Radio stations | |
| Headquarters | Prado del Rey,Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid) |
| Parent | Radiotelevisión Española (RTVE) |
Launch date | 19 January 1937; 88 years ago (1937-01-19) |
| Radio Exterior | |
Official website | rtve.es/radio |
Radio Nacional de España (acronymRNE, brandedrne,lit. transl. "National Radio of Spain") is the nationalstate-ownedpublic service radio broadcaster in Spain.
RNE is the radio division andTelevisión Española (TVE) is the television division ofRadiotelevisión Española (RTVE), the public corporation which has the overall responsibility for the national broadcasting public services under aParliament-appointedpresident who, in addition to being answerable to a board of directors, reports to an all-party committee of the national parliament, as provided for in the Public Radio and Television Law of 2006.
RNE launched itsfirst station on 19 January 1937. It is currently headquartered at Casa de la Radio atPrado del Rey inPozuelo de Alarcón.
RNE officially came into existence inSalamanca on 19 January 1937, at the height of theSpanish Civil War (1936–39), and was dependent upon the recently createdDelegación de Estado para Prensa y Propaganda (State Delegation for Press and Propaganda). The station's studios were in Palacio de Anaya, the headquarters of theOficina de Prensa y Propaganda (Office for Press and Propaganda), whose first directors were also those of RNE.
RNE's firsttransmitter, which had a broadcasting power of 20 kW and was constructed byTelefunken, was a gift from the government of theThird Reich toFrancoist Spain.
It was at this time that the immense propaganda potential of radio became apparent, and from 14 June 1937 RNE became the nationalists' leading radio station. That distinction had until then been held byRadio Castilla de Burgos, which produced the information and propaganda that all of the radio stations that had fallen into the hands of the nationalist forces were obliged to carry.
On 6 October 1939, at the conclusion of theSpanish Civil War, the leader of the victoriousNationalist forces, GeneralFrancisco Franco, issued an order subjecting private radio broadcasting to censorship by the official political party of the state,FET y de las JONS, and furthermore granting RNE the exclusive right to transmitnews bulletins.
In consequence, all broadcasters (private as well as public) were obliged to connect twice daily with RNE and re-transmit the government-approved news bulletins produced by the official radio channel. These bulletins, normally broadcast in the early afternoon at 14.30 and in the late evening at 22.00, were officially entitledDiario Hablado, although – given their origin in the war dispatches (partes de guerra) of 1936–1939 and their continued militaristic tone – they were long popularly referred to asEl Parte.
The only other sources of information available to radio listeners in Spain at that time were the Spanish-language bulletins broadcast by theBBC and by French Radio fromToulouse, as well as the programmes of Radio España Independiente, which was a radio station established by the Communist Party of Spain in exile in Moscow (although known asLa Pirenaica since it was believed to broadcast from a location somewhere in the Pyrenees[1]).
Although from the time of the Civil War there had already beenforeign broadcasts in various languages, it was not until April 1945 that the installation of the centralshort wave transmitter at Arganda del Rey (Madrid) would provide 40 kW of broadcasting power, which was very strong for this period. Foreign broadcasting thus acquired a great importance, with transmissions (in Spanish as much as in English) directed especially atAmerica.
In 1940, RNE's headquarters were transferred toMadrid.[2] During this post-Spanish Civil War and earlySecond World War era – before theAllied arrival in Italy in 1943 and the German retreat fromStalingrad – RNE collaborated with theAxis powers in retransmitting in Spanish news from the official radio stations of Germany and Italy.
It was from this moment on that the slow journey of Spanish public radio began, motivated by the poor quality of the media on the one hand, and the international block on the other which impeded, until 1955, the entry of RNE into theEuropean Broadcasting Union.
The end of the 1950s and beginning of the 1960s saw the introduction of advanced technologies such asfrequency modulation (FM) and transmissions in stereo. A parallel commercial channel,Radio Peninsular, was also created.
1964 was the first year of a major restructuring exercise at RNE which was to see the establishment of a network of regional broadcasting centres equipped with powerful 250 to 500 kWmediumwave transmitters. These gave RNE full coverage of not just the national territory but a good part, too, of the rest of Europe (especially at night). The regional transmitters normally all broadcast the same signal, relayed from the main studios inMadrid, although provision was made for them toopt out at certain times of day and transmit regional news from their own local studios. This was the foundation of today's Radio 1 (nowRadio Nacional).
In November 1965 RNE opened a second network, usingFM transmitters and specializing in music – taking advantage of the superior sound quality offered by this method oftransmission. This network eventually became the RNE channel which is today known asRadio Clásica.
In 1971 a newshortwave transmitter was inaugurated atNoblejas in theprovince of Toledo. Intended for the broadcasting of RNE's external services (nowRadio Exterior), this transmitter was much more powerful than its predecessor sited atArganda del Rey. These services were to undergo a far-reaching reform in 1975 when broadcasts in Russian and otherSlavic languages, directed at audiences behind the "Iron Curtain", were withdrawn in favour of programmes intended forSpaniards and other Spanish-speaking people abroad.
The arrival ofdemocracy to Spain after the death ofFranco in 1975 produced several changes. One of these was the end, on 25 October 1977, of the private broadcasters' obligation to connect with RNE for the transmission of daily news bulletins. From then on, each broadcaster was free to determine the content of its own news programmes.
By the end of the 1970s, the broadcasts ofTercer Programa (nowRadio 3), which until then had only been transmitted in Madrid, were extended to the whole of Spain. RNE 3 offered educational and cultural programming, which was enlarged to include programmes on musical themes.
Throughout Francoist Spain a number of semi-official radio stations (autorizadas) had functioned in parallel with the private broadcasters and RNE, and belonged to organisations such asConfederación Nacional de Sindicatos (National Confederation of Trade Unions),Movimiento, andOrganización Juvenil Espanola (The Spanish Youth Organisation). These stations were merged in 1978 intoRadiocadena Española (Spanish Radio Network). However, some of the transmitters had to be closed down because theirfrequencies were not included in those assigned to Spain in the international agreements covering the distribution of the radio broadcasting spectrum.Radiocadena Española was merged in 1988 into Radio Nacional de España to formRàdio 4 (broadcasting inCatalan) andRadio 5 (All-news radio station broadcasting inSpanish).
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In 1989,Radiocadena Española andRadio Nacional were combined to produce the current format of six themed radio channels:
These stations are also availableonline and viapodcast (see External Links below).
Integrated into the state public broadcasting body RTVE (Radiotelevisión Española) in 1973, RNE today has been assigned the role of "state public radio service, which is an essential service for the community and for the cohesion of democratic societies".[3]
Like its television broadcasting sister organisation,TVE,Radio Nacional is wholly financed by public funds and does not air commercials in its programming.
In January 2012, RNE celebrated its 75th anniversary in the presence ofFelipe, Prince of Asturias andPrincess Letizia.[4]
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| Management |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Televisión Española | ||
| Radio Nacional de España | ||
| Interactives | ||
| Other | ||
| Defunct | ||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
