 | |
| |
|---|---|
| Broadcast area | France |
| Frequencies | 95.6 (Paris) 100.6 (Caen) 104.5 (Chartres) 87.8 (Cherbourg) 101.1 (Le Havre) 98.8 (Le Mans) |
| Programming | |
| Language | French |
| History | |
First air date | November1987 |
Call sign meaning | RadioCourtesy |
| Links | |
| Website | radiocourtoisie |
Radio Courtoisie (French pronunciation:[ʁadjokuʁtwazi]; English: Radio Courtesy) is a French radio station and cultural associative union created in 1987 byJean Ferré.
Radio Courtoisie defines itself as the "free radio of the real country referring to thepays réel concept ofCharles Maurras and thefrancophone world", declaring itself to be "open to all people of the political right, fromFrançois Bayrou toJean-Marie Le Pen".[1]
In September 1981, Bernadette d'Angevilliers andPhilippe Malaud, former minister underCharles De Gaulle andGeorges Pompidou, createdRadio Solidarité, with the support of Yannick Urrien. This free radio station had associations withRPR and with theUDF and was strongly opposed to the political left ofFrançois Mitterrand.
At the time, Ferré was a radio and television columnist forFigaro Magazine, of which he had been a founder withLouis Pauwels. His columns, frequently kind toRadio Solidarité, brought him to the notice of d'Angevilliers who proposed a radio collaboration with him.
In May and June 1982, Ferré created the broadcast formula of theLibre Journal: an hour and a half programme each evening based around a guest belonging to the political right. This formula would be taken up byRadio Courtoisie and extended to three hours.
Ferré proposed that the radio should be open to "all people of the right". Following this,Serge de Beketch, as many others, was invited to direct a regular Wednesday evening broadcast. However, following the1984 European elections, his invitation brought on the radio the accusation of having helped the political breakthrough of theFrench National Front. De Beketch was ordered to leave; Ferré defended de Beketch and was also dismissed.
Having been taken off the air, Ferré created the "Radio Solidarité listeners' defense committee" (CDARS). It was under this name, declared to the Paris police prefecture on 12 December 1985, that he foundedRadio Courtoisie (courtoisie meanscourtesy).Radio Courtoisie made its first broadcast on 7 November 1987.
From November 1987 until the end of his life, Ferré was the head of the radio station, with title "President of the editorial committee", and a full delegation of successive presidents, François Pitti-Ferrandi, Pierre Dehaye andChristian Langlois. Every Monday evening Ferré himself hosted aLibre Journal without interruption until 31 July 2006, the date of his last broadcast.
After Ferré's death on 10 October 2006, a lively dispute pittedHenry de Lesquen, Ferré's successor as head of the station, against a group of four broadcasting patrons including Claude Reichman, who demanded that de Lesquen resign. Claude Reichman was banned fromRadio Courtoisie after a broadcast on 14 November 2006, in which he attacked de Lesquen in terms that de Lesquen judged to be defamatory. He was replaced by Marie Le Méné and Benoîte Taffin.Jean-Gilles Malliarakis in turn announced he would leave the station during his broadcast of 23 February 2007, having been given notice the same morning. Malliarakis was replaced by David Mascré and Catherine Rouvier.
Two objectives were set out inRadio Courtoisie's file for candidacy submitted in 1986: Respecting the right of freedom of expression for all tribes within the French political right, and protecting and illustrating the French language. In practice, the editorial policy was organized relative to three axes, those of (right-wing) politics, religion (mainlytraditionalist Catholicism) and culture. While a single broadcast often touched on both political and religious themes, cultural broadcasts rarely strayed into the other areas. A novelty introduced in 2007 was the introduction of a daily information programme,le Bulletin de réinformation, which lasted 15 minutes.
Radio Courtoisie has preserved its editorial freedom by eschewing any form of advertising. It is an associative union-based radio station, and listeners are regularly asked to contribute through an annual membership fee and through donations.
In his political blueprint, Ferré had desired thatRadio Courtoisie would be anchored in the political right and at the same time "open to all tribes of the right", from the centre-right to the French National Front, thus linking the extreme-right with the mainstream right. Ferré often explained on air the attacks which were leveled at his radio station: for certain of its detractors,Radio Courtoisie was the radio station of Le Pen, for others, the station ofJacques Chirac. He always put to everyone his firm wish (according to him as a Poitiers native) that his radio station should be open to "all people of the right", that is, including the French National Front.
Ferré was himself aroyalist and personally veryanti-Gaullist. However, in a broadcast of 3 October 1991, he recalled that he had sacrificed his anti-Gaullism on the altar of reconciliation, that he had resolved for his own part never to argue in public againstde Gaulle, and that, in any case, he respected some of the greatGaullists such as Alain Griotteray. As he explained in his ownLibre journal of 16 April 2001, his project was to rally all patriots. On several occasions, Ferré asserted on air atRadio Courtoisie that he had wished, in accordance with his editorial line, to give full and complete freedom to his broadcasting patrons in their words and in their choice of invited guests.Christian democrats,liberals, Gaullists, nationalists and royalists were regularly heard onRadio Courtoisie.
For the most specifically political programmes, hosts such as Yannick Urrien,Paul-Marie Coûteaux, Michel de Rostolan, Benoîte Taffin,Henry de Lesquen,Martial Bild, Jacques Garello, Henri Fouquereau, Bernard Antony, Catherine Rouvier, Gérard Marin, Claude Giraud and Emmanuel Ratier were involved. Among former broadcasting patrons wereSerge de Beketch (until his death in 2007),Jean-Gilles Malliarakis, Alain Paucard, Reichman, Griotteray,CommandantPierre Guillaume and the historianPierre Chaunu.
Many of the older broadcasters identified asmaurrassiens. The incorporation of Maurras' concept of "pays réel (real country) into theRadio Courtoisie's slogan witnessed to this historical influence.
Radio Courtoisie was not sectarian, except on Sundays, when it became so.[2] It generally devoted much space to the Catholic religion, and specifically to traditional Catholics practicing the rite of Saint Pius V: TheSociety of St. Pius X, theGood Shepherd Institute, and thePriestly Fraternity of St. Peter. Father Guillaume de Tanoüarn, fatherPhilippe Laguérie, and father Grégoire Celier went on air. Jean Ferré also invited as a permanent adviser Father André Wartelle until his death in 2001. Certain guests were less frequent, but morepolitically correct such as Father Alain de La Morandais.
The host who presented the most openly religious broadcasts included Philippe Maxence and Daniel Hamiche.
Radio Courtoisie gave a lot of time to history, literature and issues relevant to French-speakers, and to a lesser extent, painting, sculpture, cinema, theatre and poetry. The most culture-oriented programmes were presented by hosts such as Jean-Paul Bled, Philippe de Saint Robert, Dominique Paoli, Philippe Lejeune, Jean Darnel, Aude de Kerros, Philippe d'Hugues,Bernard Lugan, Albert Salon, and Michel Mourlet. Among former hosts were Pierre Debray-Ritzen and the adventurers Alexandre Poussin and Sylvain Tesson at the end of the 1990s.
Radio Courtoisie's programmes last between one and three hours. The ethos of the radio favoured a guest being able to express himself at length, so that he could "get to the bottom of his ideas" and "to the bottom of things".
The prize was thus renamed the Jean Ferré Prize in 2007.[4]
Radio Courtoisie broadcasts on the followingFMband frequencies:
Radio Courtoisie was transmitted by theHOT BIRD satellite ofEutelsat. It could be received either by the satellite bouquet satellite TPS (radio no. 80), or directly via transponder 120, at 10911 MHz, vertical polarisation verticale, 27500|Msymb/s, FEC 3/4, SID 3305, audio 3335. This transmission was planned to stop in 2008 with the disappearance of TPS.
Radio Courtoisie has been clearly accessible since January 2008 on the satellite bouquet CanalSat (satellite Astra H1 19°.2) on channel 179.
On 16 May 1993,Radio Courtoisie and host Serge de Beketch were convicted ofdefaming Olivier Biffaud, journalist for the daily newspaperLe Monde, and sentenced to pay a single Franc symbolic of damages and interests, as well as 8,000 Francs court costs. De Beketch had declared, mentioning Biffaud's initials, that it would be a good name for asanitary towel. The court judged that this phrase "offended against the delicacy and dignity of the person in question".
A Radio Courtoisie interview of Alain Menargues in October 2004 caused controversy due to his claim that the Jews created the first ghettoes because they disliked being around "impure non-Jews.".[5]
From 1997 to 2006, the FrenchConseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel broadcasting authority examinedRadio Courtoisie, for statements considered potentially racist, injurious or revisionist which were broadcast on air and originated from a host or speaker, issuing three letters,[6][7][8] and two warnings.[9][10] As a sanction, the CSA ordered its communiqué to be inserted at the beginning of the programmeLe Libre Journal on 13 November 2006 at 6 pm.[11]
Some critics ofRadio Courtoisie assert that positions espoused by certain hosts on air are close to those of the extreme right, pointing to broadcasts with contributors from traditionalist Catholicism, theMouvement pour la France, theMouvement national républicain and theFront National. They also base this on the opposition described in certain programmes between the so-calleddroite molle (soft right, principally including theUnion pour un mouvement populaire), and the rest of the right wing, meaning to the right of theUMP. ThoseRadio Courtoisie hosts who are close to theFront national or who accept them, reject the "extreme right" moniker, with the exception of de Beketch. Le Pen himself recalled on air atRadio Courtoisie the same refusal to be ascribed to this category, preferring "national right".
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