Rade (Rhade; Rade:klei Êđê;Vietnamese:tiếng Ê-đê ortiếng Ê Đê) is anAustronesian language of southernVietnam. There may be some speakers in Cambodia. It is a member of theChamic subgroup, and is closely related to the Cham language of central Vietnam.[2]
Bih, which has about 1,000 speakers, may be a separate language.[4] Tam Nguyen (2015) reported that there are only 10 speakers of Bih out of an ethnic population of about 400 people.[5]
A patrilineal Rade subgroup known as theHmok orHmok Pai is found in theBuôn Ma Thuột area (Phạm 2005:212).[6]
Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23)[3] provides the following classification for the Rade dialects. Đoàn (1998) also provides a 1,000-word vocabulary list for all of the nine Rade dialects.
Area 1
Area 1.1: Krung, Kpă, Adham
Area 1.2: Drao. Êpan, Ktul
Blô (mixture of areas 1.1 and 1.2, as well as Mdhur)
Area 2
Mdhur
Bih
Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23)[3] assigns the following cognacy percentages for comparisons between Kpă and the other eight dialects of Rade, with Bih as the most divergent dialect.
There is an optionalschwa between the bilabial plosives/p,b,ɓ/ and/l,r,h/. Thuspra "scaffold" is pronounced[pᵊrä].[11]
/m/ is weakened before most consonants, except before theliquids/l,r/ where there may be a schwa. Comparemčah "broken"[ᵐcäh] andmla "tusk"[mᵊlä].[12]
When other consonants is followed by/l,r,h/, there may be a schwa orcoarticulation. Comparetrah "to fish"[tᵊräh],tlao "to laugh"[tläu̯~t͜läu̯],dlao "to scold"[dläu̯~d͜läu̯],dhan "branch"[dhän~dʱän],jhat "bad"[ˀɟhät̚~ˀɟʱät̚],ghang "to roast"[ɡhäŋ~ɡʱäŋ].[13]
/w/ can also be heard as a more bilabial[β̞].
Glottalized final consonant sounds/wʔ,jʔ,jh/ are heard only in final position.[14]
^The author used the term "tiền thanh hầu hóa," which literally translates to "preglottalization." However, he also used "tiền tắc họng hóa," with the IPA glottalization symbol[ˀ] in reference to the allophonic realizations of the plain stops/b,d,ɟ/. The phonetic description of/ɓ,d,ʄ/ includes a lowering of the glottis ("hạ thấp thanh hầu") prior to a stop closure, which is consistent with implosives. The author also listed a velar implosive transcribed with the letter g with a crossbar.
^The author acknowledged the phonetic realization as an affricate ("tắc-xát"), but still treated it as a single phonological stop ("tắc").
^abcĐoàn, Văn Phúc (1998).Từ vựng các phương ngữ Êđê / Lexique des dialectes Êđê [Vocabulary of Rade Dialects] (in Vietnamese). Hanoi: Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội and École française d'Extrême-Orient.
^Nguyen, Tam (2013).A Grammar of Bih (PhD thesis). University of Oregon.hdl:1794/12996.
^Nguyen, Tam (2015).Language Endangerment Factors: A Case Study with Bih. Paper presented at SoLE-4, Payap University.
^Phâm, Côn Sơn (2005).Non nước Việt Nam: sắc nét trung bộ (in Vietnamese). Hanoi: Phương Đông Publishers.
Đoàn, Văn Phúc (1993).Ngữ âm tiếng Êđê [Rade Phonetics] (Thesis) (in Vietnamese). Hanoi.
Sở giáo dục và đào tạo tỉnh Đắk Lắk – Viện ngôn ngữ học Việt Nam (2012).Ngữ pháp tiếng Êđê [Ede Grammar] (in Vietnamese). Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản giáo dục Việt Nam.
Ủy ban nhân dân tỉnh Đăk Lăk – Sở giáo dục – Đào tạo – Viện ngôn ngữ học Việt Nam (1993).Từ điển Việt – Êđê [Vietnamese – Rade Dictionary] (in Vietnamese). Đăk Lăk: Nhà xuất bản giáo dục.
Linh, Nga Niê Kdam (2013).Nghệ thuật diễn xướng dân gian Ê Đê, Bih ở Dăk Lăk [Rade and Bih Folk Performing Arts in Dak Lak] (in Vietnamese). Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Thời Đại.ISBN978-604-930-599-3.
Tharp, James A.; Buon-ya, Y.-Bham (1980).A Rhade–English Dictionary with English-Rhade Finderlist. Pacific Linguistics Series C – No. 58. Canberra: The Australian National University.doi:10.15144/PL-C58.hdl:1885/144435.ISBN978-0-85883-217-6.
