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Exercise RIMPAC | |
|---|---|
| Headquarters | Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, U.S |
| Type | Military exercises |
| Members | 26 participants (RIMPAC 2022) |
| Establishment | 1971 |
TheRim of the Pacific Exercise (RIMPAC) is the world's largest international maritimewarfare exercise. RIMPAC is heldbiennially during June and July of even-numbered years fromHonolulu, Hawaii, with the exception of 2020, when it was held in August. It is hosted and administered by theIndo-Pacific Command, headquartered atPearl Harbor, in conjunction with theMarine Corps, theCoast Guard, andHawaii National Guard forces under the control of thegovernor of Hawaii.
The first RIMPAC, held in 1971, involved forces fromAustralia,Canada,New Zealand, theUnited Kingdom (UK), and theUnited States (US).[1] Australia, Canada, and the US have participated in every RIMPAC since then. Other regular participants areChile,Colombia,France,India,Indonesia,Japan,Malaysia,the Netherlands,Peru,Singapore,South Korea, andThailand. TheRoyal New Zealand Navy was frequently involved until the 1985ANZUSnuclear ships dispute and was subsequently absent, until returning to take part in more recent RIMPACs since 2012.
While not contributing any ships, observer nations are involved in RIMPAC at the strategic level and use the opportunity to prepare for possible full participation in the future. The United States contingent has included anaircraft carrier strike group,submarines up to a hundred aircraft, and 20,000 Sailors,Marines, Coast Guardsmen, and their respective officers. The size of the exercises varies from year to year. In theNational Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, both houses of the US Congress have called for aTaiwanese participation of RIMPAC 2022 in the face of "increasingly coercive and aggressive behavior" byChina.[2]
As discussed previously, the first RIMPAC was in 1971.
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RIMPAC '88 took place in June 1988 and involved the navies of Japan, Australia, Canada, and the United States, as well as United States Air Force B-52s. Two US battle groups staged out of Pearl Harbor for the exercise: The USS Nimitz carrier battle group and the USS Missouri battleship battle group. Following routine training exercises to enhance the multinational forces' abilities to operate together, the two battle groups were split into opposing forces, and a pre-set war game scenario was put into action. The Missouri battle group, with USS Long Beach, HMAS Darwin, HMAS Hobart, and other escort and supply ships, assumed the role of "aggressor" and conducted an imaginary takeover of the friendly island of "Wombat", a fictitious name given to the island of Lanai, as part of the war game exercise. The USS Nimitz carrier battle group, accompanied by at least one submarine and Japanese and Canadian Navy frigates and destroyers, sortied from Pearl Harbor to "rescue" Wombat from the aggressor force.
Soviet intelligence "trawlers" constantly sailed the waters near the entrance of Pearl Harbor during the exercise, "fishing" for radio transmissions and trying to follow warships as they left the harbor. Thus, the US Navy would often sortie many more ships than those needed to participate in the exercise, enticing the trawlers to follow them to sea. After the participating ships left harbor, the decoy fleet would then lead the Soviet trawlers back to Pearl Harbor, leaving the Soviet captains wondering where the carriers and battleships had gone. The much larger carrier battle group eventually "won" the exercise, as was expected, and peace-loving "Wombat" was liberated. Testing and perfecting the joint interoperability of the various nations' navies was the ultimate goal. To this end, neither side "lost".
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RIMPAC 1992 took place between 19 June and 2 August 1992.[3] Among the vessels' taking part was the aircraft carrierUSS Kitty Hawk, which was assigned to Battle Force X-Ray, which included tenJapan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) vessels, including the submarineJDS Mochishio.[4]
During the exercise, a minor incident occurred when on 13 July 1992, aQantasBoeing 747-400 flying fromLos Angeles toSydney inadvertently entered into the exercise's area near Hawaii.[5] The aircraft's crew soon overheard a radio warning from the cruiserUSS Cowpens that 'hostile action' would be taken against anyUnited States Air Force (USAF) aircraft (playing the role of the pretend aggressor) attempting to enter theCowpens' defensive area.[6] The message was accidentally broadcast on theInternational Air Distress Frequency instead of the internal military radio network, leading to the 747 obeying the warning and leaving the area, despite the airliner not being in any danger. This led to the US apologizing to the Australian Government.[6] A Qantas spokesperson stated that the flight was only delayed by 19 minutes.[3]
RIMPAC 1994 involved 57 vessels, and more than 200 aircraft from the United States, Japan, South Korea, Australia, and Canada.[7] These includedUSS Independence and hercarrier battle group,USS Constellation battlegroup, theUSS Essexamphibious ready group[8] and theKitty Hawk's battlegroup.[9] RIMPAC's boundaries that year reached as far west asMidway Island.[8] During the exercise, theIndependence's air wing (CVW-5) conducted war-at-sea strikes against theKitty Hawk, with the support of Japanese and US vessels.[9]
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RIMPAC 1996 involved more than 48 ships and 200 aircraft.[10] Among these vessels were the US carriersIndependence,Kitty Hawk and their respective carrier battle groups. Like in RIMPAC '94, theIndependence conducted air operations against theKitty Hawk battle group.[11][unreliable source?]
This exercise was notable for the accidental shooting down of a US Navy aircraft by a JMSDF vessel. On 3 June 1996, anA-6E SWIP Intruder fromVA-115 (NF-500, BuNo 155704) based on board theIndependence was shot down around 1,600 miles (2,600 km) west of Hawaii byCWIS fire fromJDS Yūgiri.[12]
At the time of the incident (4:15 PM) in clear skies, the Intruder was at 700 ft (210 m), towing a target forYūgiri to shoot down. The radar aboard the destroyer instead locked onto the radar signature of the Intruder and fired on it. The engines caught fire, with the hydraulics seizing up before the crew safely ejected. Initially thought to be mechanical, it was later determined to be human error.[12] RIMPAC 1996 was the first time that theChilean Navy was involved in the exercise.[10]
From July 6 until August 6, 1998, RIMPAC 98 took place in the waters off Hawaii and included participants from six Pacific nations.[13] The exercise brought together maritime forces from Australia, Canada, Chile, Japan, the Republic of Korea and the United States.[14] Notably this was HMAS Perth's (D38) last RIMPAC before being decommissioned.[15][circular reference]
From 30 May until 6 July 2000, RIMPAC 2000 took place near Hawaii under the command of Vice Adm.Dennis McGinn. It included the naval forces of Australia, Canada, Chile, Japan, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. Over 50 ships, 200 aircraft, and 22,000 personnel participated in the exercise. RIMPAC 2000 encompassed a large combined-arms operation involving a number of land, sea, and air assets. The scale of the exercise was used to test the new Coalition-Wide Area Network (C-WAN), which connected all of the ships involved with the designated command ship of the exercise,USS Coronado.[16]
Training operations during RIMPAC 2000 includedsurface warfare,amphibious landing operations, asinking exercise (SINKEX), air operations, and the first humanitarian exercise in the history of RIMPAC.[16]
_transits_the_Pacific_Ocean_with_ships_assigned_to_Rim_of_the_Pacific_(RIMPAC)_2010_combined_task_force_as_part_of_a_photo_exercise_north_of_Hawaii.jpg)
On 23 June 2010,U.S. Pacific Fleet commander AdmiralPatrick M. Walsh and Combined Task Force commander Vice AdmiralRichard W. Hunt announced the official start of the month-long 2010 Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) exercise during a press conference held in Lockwood Hall atJoint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam. RIMPAC 2010 was the 22nd exercise in the series that originated in 1971.[17] The exercise was designed to increase the operational and tactical proficiency of participating units in a wide array of maritime operations by enhancing military-to-military relations and interoperability.[18] 32 ships, 5 submarines, over 170 aircraft, and 20,000 personnel participated in RIMPAC 2010, the world's largest multi-national maritime exercise.[19]
RIMPAC 2010 brought together units and personnel from Australia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, France, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Netherlands, Peru, South Korea, Singapore, Thailand, and the United States. During the exercise, participating countries conducted gunnery, missile, anti-submarine, and air defense exercises, as well as maritime interdiction and vessel boarding, explosive ordnance disposal, diving and salvage operations, mine clearance operations, and an amphibious landing. RIMPAC 2010 also emphasizedlittoral operations with ships like the U.S.littoral combat shipFreedom, the French frigatePrairial, and the SingaporeanFormidable-class frigate RSSSupreme.[17]
On 28 June 2010, the aircraft carrierRonald Reagan arrived in Pearl Harbor to participate in RIMPAC 2010.Ronald Reagan was the only aircraft carrier to participate in this exercise. During the in-port phase of RIMPAC, officers and crew of the 14 participating navies interact in receptions, meetings, and athletic events.[20]Ronald Reagan completed its Tailored Ships Training Availability (TSTA) exercises before RIMPAC 2010.[20]
During 6–7 July 2010, 32 naval vessels and five submarines from seven nations departed Pearl Harbor to participate in Phase II of RIMPAC 2010. This phase included live fire gunnery and missile exercises; maritime interdiction and vessel boardings; and anti-surface warfare, undersea warfare, naval maneuvers, and air defense exercises. Participants also collaborated in explosive ordnance disposal, diving and salvage operations, mine clearance operations, and amphibious operations.[21] Phase III involved scenario-driven exercises designed to further strengthen maritime skills and capabilities.[21]
During RIMPAC 2010, over 40 naval personnel from Singapore, Japan, Australia, Chile, Peru, and Colombia managed combat exercises while serving aboardRonald Reagan. This involved managing anti-submarine warfare and surface warfare for Carrier Strike Group Seven and the entire RIMPAC force, including the use of radar, charts, and high-tech devices to monitor, chart, and communicate with other ships and submarines. Tactical action officers from the different countries coordinated the overall operational picture and provided direction and administration to the enlisted personnel involved in the Sea Combat Control (SCC) activities.[22] Also,Ronald Reagan conducted a liveRolling Airframe Missile (RAM) launch, firing at a simulated target, the first since 2007.[19][20]
On 30 July 2010, RIMPAC 2010 concluded with a press conference held at Merry Point Landing on Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam.[18] A reception for over 1,500 participants, distinguished visitors, and special guests was held in the hangar bays of the carrierRonald Reagan.[19]
During RIMPAC 2010, participating countries conducted three sinking exercises (SINKEX), involving 140 discrete live-fire events, that included 30 surface-to-air engagements, 40 air-to-air missile engagements, 12 surface-to-surface engagements, 76laser-guided bombs, and more than 1,000 rounds of naval gunfire from 20 surface combatant warships.[18] Units flew more than 3,100 air sorties, completed numerous maritime interdiction and vessel boardings, explosive ordnance disposal, diving and salvage operations, and mine clearance operations, and 10 major experiments, with the major one being the U.S. Marine Corps Enhanced Company Operations experiment.[18]
Ground forces from five countries completed five amphibious landings, including nine helicopter-borne amphibious landings, and 560 troops took part in a ship-to-shore mission. In all, 960 different training events were scheduled. 96 percent were completed in all areas of the Hawaiian operations area, encompassingKāneʻohe Bay,Bellows Air Force Station, thePacific Missile Range Facility, and thePohakuloa Training Area.[18]
RIMPAC 2012 is the 23rd exercise in the series and started on 29 June 2012. 42 ships, including the aircraft carrierUSS Nimitz and other elements ofCarrier Strike Group 11, six submarines,[23] 200 aircraft and 25,000 personnel from 22 nations took part in Hawaii. The exercise involved surface combatants from the U.S., Canada, Japan, Australia, South Korea, and Chile.[24]
The US Navy demonstrated its 'Great Green Fleet' of biofuel-driven vessels for which it purchased 450,000 gallons of biofuel, the largest single purchase of biofuel in history, for $12m.[25] On 17 July,USNS Henry J. Kaiser delivered 900,000 gallons of biofuel and traditional petroleum-based fuel toNimitz's Carrier Strike Group 11.[26]
The exercises included units or personnel from Australia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, France, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, the Republic of Korea, the Republic of the Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Thailand, Tonga, the United Kingdom and the United States.[27][28] Russia participated actively for the first time,[29] as did the Philippines, reportedly due to the escalating tensions with the People's Republic of China over ownership of Scarborough Shoal.[30]
RIMPAC 2012 marked the debut of the U.S. Navy's newP-8A Poseidon land-based anti-submarine patrol aircraft. Two P-8As participated in 24 RIMPAC exercise scenarios as part of Air Test and Evaluation Squadron One (VX-1) based atMarine Corps Base Hawaii inKaneohe Bay.[31]
The 2012 movieBattleship is about twoArleigh-Burke-classdestroyers (USSJohn Paul Jones andUSSSampson) and one JapaneseKongō-class destroyer (JSMyoko) discovering an alien armada during RIMPAC 2012.
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| RIMPAC 2014 observers |
|---|
 Bangladesh Navy |
 Brazilian Navy |
 Royal Danish Navy |
 German Navy |
 Italian Navy |
 Papua New Guinea Maritime Element |
| RIMPAC 2014 Southern California Operation Area | |
|---|---|
 Royal Australian Navy | Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon Mine Counter Measure Dive Platoons Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Detachment |
 Royal Canadian Navy | HMCS Nanaimo (Whitehorse was withdrawn by the Canadian Forces for misconduct)[37] Diving Element |
 Chilean Navy | Counter Mine Unit |
 Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force | Mine Counter Measure Dive Platoon |
 Royal Netherlands Navy | Diving Team |
 Royal New Zealand Navy | Mine Counter Measure Dive Platoon Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Detachment |
 Peruvian Navy | Diving Detachment |
 Royal Navy | Maritime Ordnance Disposal Unit |
 United States Navy | USS Anchorage USS Champion USS Coronado USNS Montford Point USS Scout Mobile Dive Salvage Units Explosive Ordnance Disposal Units Mine Counter Measure Dive Units Marine Mammal Systems |
RIMPAC 2014 was the 24th exercise in the series and took place from 26 June to 1 August, with an opening reception on 26 June and a closing reception on 1 August.[38]
For the first time, theRoyal Norwegian Navy actively participated in the exercise. Norway sent oneFridtjof Nansen-class frigate and possibly Norwegian marine special forces.[39] China was invited to send ships from itsPeople's Liberation Army Navy, the first time China participated in a RIMPAC exercise, and the first time China participated in a large-scale United States-led naval drill.[40] On 9 June 2014, China confirmed it would be sending four ships to the exercise: a destroyer, a frigate, a supply ship, and a hospital ship.[41][42]
The year's RIMPAC participants were Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, France, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Tonga, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[43] Thailand was uninvited from the exercise following a22 May military coup. Thailand's absence means that 22 nations participated in RIMPAC instead of the 23 that had been advertised.[44] The exercise involved 55 vessels, more than 200 aircraft, and some 25,000 personnel.[32][45]
China's 2014 participation in RIMPAC was its first.[46]: 164
| RIMPAC 2016 Southern California Operation Area[47] | |
|---|---|
| Royal Canadian Navy | HMCS Saskatoon HMCS Yellowknife |
 Mexican Navy | ARMUsumacinta |
| United States Navy | USS Champion USS Freedom USS Pearl Harbor |
India participated in RIMPAC 2016.[48]
In April 2016, the People's Republic of China was invited to RIMPAC 2016 despite the tension in the South China Sea.[49]
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In January 2018, China announced that it had been invited. On 23 May 2018,the Pentagon announced that it had "disinvited" China because of recentmilitarization of islands in the South China Sea.[50] The PRC had previously attended RIMPAC Exercises in 2014 and 2016.
On 30 May 2018, the US Navy announced that about 25,000 naval personnel and 52 ships and submarines from 26 countries would participate.[51]
In this edition of RIMPAC, theChilean Navy was responsible for leading the naval exercise, being the first non-English-speaking Navy to carry out this task. The election ofChile as leader of the Task Groups recognises the high performance achieved in prior RIMPAC exercises and the quality of Chilean personnel, which since Chile's first participation in 1996 have demonstrated high preparation and professionalism.[52]
Israel,Vietnam andSri Lanka made their debut in RIMPAC.Brazil was due to make its debut, but cancelled its participation for the second time.[53] The exercise included a live firing of theAGM-158C LRASM (Long Range Anti-Ship Missile) for the first time.
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On 29 April 2020, the US Navy announced RIMPAC would be held from 17 to 30 August. It would be an at-sea-only event because of the ongoingCOVID-19 pandemic.[54] Twenty-five (25) nations have been invited to participate.[55] Israel was among the original 25 invited nations, but declined to attend due tothe pandemic.[56] There had been some opposition to New Zealand's participation, and there have been calls from peace activists for New Zealand not to attend.[57] The Philippines sent its firstmissile-capable frigate on its maiden voyage, which was commissioned into service in July 2020, as its "shakedown cruise" where its performance would be tested by the crew in the two-week exercises.[58]
On 17 August 2020, the US Navy announced that participation has scaled down to 10 nations, 22 ships, one submarine, and approximately 5,300 personnel, all at sea.[59] These are the following navies that would take part in the exercise:
On 29 August 2020, forces began firing on formerUSS Durham, aCharleston-class amphibious cargo vessel that was decommissioned in 1994. The US Navy and partner nations wrapped up the biennial RIMPAC 2020 exercise over the weekend with the sinking of the decommissioned amphibious cargo vessel.[60]
RIMPAC 2022 was held in the summer of that year, between 29 June and 4 August. It was expected to be a more traditional RIMPAC with the loosening of COVID-19 restrictions.[61]
On 23 February 2022, it was announced that 27 countries are expected to take part.[62] On 14 April 2022, it was announced that Canada would send four warships to participate.[63] The same day, Peru announced that the corvetteBAPGuise would take part.[64]
On 1 June 2022, a total of 26 countries have confirmed to take part at Exercise RIMPAC 2022, with the list as follows:Australia,Brunei,Canada,Chile,Colombia,Denmark,Ecuador,France,Germany,India,Indonesia,Israel,Japan,South Korea,Malaysia,Mexico, theNetherlands,New Zealand,Peru, thePhilippines,Singapore,Sri Lanka,Thailand,Tonga, theUnited Kingdom, and theUnited States, being 11 countries from Asia, 5 countries from Europe, 4 countries from South America, 3 countries from North America and 3 countries from Oceania.[65]
| RIMPAC 2022 Southern California Operation Area[47] | |
|---|---|
| United States Navy | USS Portland |
RIMPAC 2024 included ships and personnel from 29 countries.[66][67] It is reported that the decommissioned shipUSS Tarawa was used in asinking exercise as part of Exercise RIMPAC 2024.[68] The U.S. Navy officially unveiled the AIM-174Bair-to-air missile, an "Air-Launched Configuration"[69] of theRIM-174 Standard ERAM surface-to-air missile. The AIM-174 is the first dedicated long-range air-to-air missile fielded by the U.S. military since the Navy's retirement of theAIM-54 Phoenix.[70]
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RIMPAC experiments have included a range of sectors important to international militaries. In RIMPAC 2000, for example, the first of theStrong Angel international humanitarian response demonstrations were held on the Big Island of Hawai'i near Pu'u Pa'a[where?]. That series continued with events in the summer of 2004 and again in 2006.
Participants have also conducted exercises in ship sinking and torpedo usage. They have also tested new naval vessels and technology. For example, in 2004, the United States Navy tested the Australian-builtHSV-2 Swift, a 321-foot (98 m) experimental wave-piercing catamaran that draws only 12 feet (3.7 m) of water, has a top speed of almost 50 knots (93 km/h; 58 mph), and can transport 605 tons of cargo.
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The SM-6 Air Launched Configuration (ALC) was developed as part of the SM-6 family of missiles and is operationally deployed in the Navy today.
In essence, this new missile fills the gap left by the retirement of the AIM-54 Phoenix. The AIM-54 was a long-range air-to-air missile used by the U.S. Navy's F-14 Tomcat and retired in 2004 alongside the F-14. Known for its impressive range of over 100 nautical miles and multiple-target engagement capability, the AIM-54 left a significant void in long-range engagement capabilities.
