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Rákóczi's War of Independence (1703–1711) was one of the most significant attempts to topple the rule of theHabsburgs overHungary. The war was conducted by a group of noblemen and wealthy and high-ranking progressives and was led byFrancis II Rákóczi; resigned soldiers and peasants also fought alongside the noblemen. The insurrection was unsuccessful, ending with theTreaty of Szatmár, but the Hungarian nobility managed to satisfy some of the Hungarian interests.
At theTreaty of Karlowitz in 1699, theOttoman Empire renounced almost all of its claims to some ofits Hungarian territories, which had been conquered from the medieval Kingdom of Hungary after 1526. The nobility was against Habsburg rule because the lands that had been taken away from them by the Ottomans were returned only to those who could both prove their right to own the properties and pay 10% of their worth to the Habsburgs. If they failed to do so, the property went to the empire's creditors. The peasants turned against the empire because of the hardships that the long wars had brought upon them. In 1697, an anti-Habsburg uprising inTokaj was suppressed. However, relations between the court and the nobility were deteriorating, and the new Habsburg rulers treated the peasants so poorly that eventually, some people wished for a return to Ottoman rule.[1]
International relations provided the Hungarians with an opportunity to liberate themselves from the Habsburgs. With the help of KingLouis XIV of France, anti-Habsburg rebels, led by the young noblemanImre Thököly, rose against the empire in 1678. Thököly occupied most of northern Hungary. In 1681, the Ottomans joined to help him, and he was recognised as King ofUpper Hungary by SultanMehmed IV. However, after the Ottomans lost the Battle of Vienna in 1683, Thököly lost Ottoman support and was eventually defeated in 1685. His alliance with the Ottomans changed the positive perception that Western Europe had about Hungary, and instead of being thought of as the bastion of Christianity, the country was now being thought of as an enemy.[2] Partly as a consequence, Hungary was occupied and organised as "newly-acquired territory" instead of "territory liberated from the Ottomans".
Francis II Rákóczi (Hungarian:II. Rákóczi Ferenc) was the son of an old noble family and one of the richest landlords in the Kingdom of Hungary.[3] He was the count (comes perpetuus) of theComitatus Sarossiensis (in HungarianSáros) from 1694 onward. He was born toFrancis I Rákóczi, who was elected ruling prince of Transylvania, andIlona Zrínyi, in 1676. His father died when Rákóczi was a mere baby, and his mother marriedImre Thököly in 1682. After Thököly's defeat, Zrínyi held the castle ofMunkács (today Mukacheve,Ukraine) for three years but was eventually forced to surrender. After the Treaty of Karlowitz, his stepfather and mother were sent into exile, and Rákóczi had stay in Vienna under Habsburg supervision.
Remnants of Thököly's peasant army started a new uprising in the Hegyalja region of northeastern present-day Hungary, which was part of the property of the Rákóczi family. They captured the castles ofTokaj,Sárospatak andSátoraljaújhely and asked Rákóczi to become their leader, but he was not eager to head what appeared to be a minor peasant rebellion. He quickly returned to Vienna, where he tried his best to clear his name. Rákóczi then befriended CountMiklós Bercsényi, who was married toKrisztina Csáky and had property atUngvár (today Ужгород (Uzhhorod), in Ukraine), lay next to Rákóczi's own. Bercsényi was a highly-educated man and the third-richest man in the kingdom (after Rákóczi and Simon Forgách) and was related to most of the Hungarian aristocracy.
As theHouse of Habsburg was on the verge of dying out, France was looking for allies in its fight against Austrian hegemony. Consequently, France established contact with Rákóczi and promised support if he took up the cause of Hungarian independence. An Austrian spy seized that correspondence and brought it to the attention of the emperor. As a direct result of this, Rákóczi was arrested on 18 April 1700 and imprisoned in the fortress ofWiener Neustadt, south of Vienna. It became obvious during the preliminary hearings that just as in the case of his grandfatherPéter Zrínyi, the only possible sentence for Rákóczi was death. With the aid of his pregnant wife, Amelia, and the prison commander, Rákóczi managed to escape and flee to Poland. Here he met with Bercsényi again, and together they resumed contact with the French court.
Three years later, theWar of the Spanish Succession caused a large part of the Austrian forces in the Kingdom of Hungary to leave the country temporarily. Taking advantage of the situation,kuruc forces began a new uprising in Munkács, and Rákóczi was asked to head it. He decided to invest his energies in a war of national liberation and accepted the request. On 15 June 1703, another group of about 3,000 armed men, led by Tamás Esze, joined him near the Polish city of Lawoczne (todayLavochne, a village inUkraine). Bercsényi also arrived, with French funds and 600 Polish mercenaries.
Most of the Hungarian nobles did not support Rákóczi's uprising because they considered it to be no more than ajacquerie, a peasant rebellion. Rákóczi's famous call to the nobility ofSzabolcs County seemed to be in vain. He, however, managed to convince theHajdús (emancipated peasant warriors) to join his forces and so his forces controlled most of Kingdom of Hungary east and north of theDanube by late September 1703. He continued by soon conqueringTransdanubia.
Since the Austrians had to fight Rákóczi on several fronts, they felt obliged to enter negotiations with him. However, the victory of Austrian and English forces against a combined French-Bavarian army at theBattle of Blenheim on 13 August 1704 not only provided an advantage during the War of the Spanish Succession but also prevented the union of Rákóczi's forces with their French-Bavarian allies.
That placed Rákóczi in a difficult military and financial situation. French support gradually diminished, and a larger army was needed to occupy the already-won land. Meanwhile, supplying the current army with arms and food was beyond his means. He tried to solve the problem by creating a new copper-based coinage, which was not easily accepted in Hungary, whose people were used to silver coins. Nevertheless, Rákóczi managed to maintain his military advantage for a while, but after 1706, his army was forced into retreat.
A meeting of the HungarianDiet (consisting of 6 bishops, 36 aristocrats and about 1000 representatives of the lower nobility of 25 counties), held nearSzécsény (Nógrád County) in September 1705, elected Rákóczi to be the "fejedelem", the (ruling) prince, of the Confederated Estates of the Kingdom of Hungary, to be assisted by a 24-memberSenate. Rákóczi and the Senate were assigned joint responsibility for the conduct of foreign affairs, including peace talks.
Encouraged byEngland and theNetherlands, peace talks started again on 27 October 1705 between the kuruc leaders and the emperor. However, military operations continued, and both sides varied their strategy according to the military situation. On 13 December, kuruc forces, led byJános Bottyán, defeated the Austrians atSzentgotthárd. One stumbling block was sovereignty overTransylvania since neither side was prepared to give it up. Rákóczi's proposed treaty with the French was stalled and so he became convinced that only a declaration of independence would make it acceptable for various powers to negotiate with him. In 1706, his wife (whom he had not seen five years, along with their sons József and György) and his sister were sent as peace ambassadors, but Rákóczi rejected their efforts on behalf of the emperor.
On Rákóczi's recommendation and with Bercsényi's support, another meeting of the Diet held at Ónod (Borsod County) declared the deposition of theHouse of Habsburg from the Hungarian throne on 13 June 1707. However, neither that act nor the copper currency, which was issued to avoidmonetary inflation, was successful.Louis XIV refused to enter into treaties with Rákóczi, which left the Hungarians without allies. There remained the possibility of an alliance with theRussian Tsardom, but that did not materialise either.
At theBattle of Trenčín (HungarianTrencsén, GermanTrentschin, LatinTrentsinium,Comitatus Trentsiniensis, today inSlovakia), on 3 August 1708, Rákóczi's horse stumbled, and he fell to the ground, which knocked him unconscious. The kuruc forces thought him dead and fled. The defeat was fatal for the uprising. Numerous kuruc leaders transferred their allegiance to the emperor in the hope for clemency. Rákóczi's forces became restricted to the area aroundMunkács andSzabolcs County. The Hungarian-Polish-Swedish-French army was close to victory against the Austrians in theBattle of Romhány but after a draw, they did not trust the word ofJános Pálffy, the emperor's envoy, who was charged with negotiations with the rebels. Rákóczi left the Kingdom of Hungary toPoland on 21 February 1711.[4][5][6][7]
Denmark–Norway annuallyprovided cavalry and infantry regiments to the Habsburg army, which stationed the Danish regiments in Hungary. That resulted in Danish soldiers fighting alongside the Habsburg army against the Hungarians (kurucs) and their allies.[8][9][10] The Danish forces fought in eastern Hungary and Transylvania (Battle of Zsibó).
TheSerbs, who had settled in thesouthern borders of Hungary during theGreat Serb Migrations and protected by the Austrians, fought on the emperor's side from the beginning of the war. They were used as light cavalry in the Austrian army and as tax collectors. During the eight years of war, Hungarian villages and towns of theGreat Hungarian Plain andTransdanubia were burnt and robbed by the Serbs, and inBácska, Serb villages were burnt. However, there were some Serbs who fought on Rakóczi's side against the Habsburgs: the Frontiersmen of Semlak (Mezősomlyó). The leader of the Serb kuruc troops was Frontier Captain Obrad Lalić, who was fromZenta.
Croatia also supported the Habsburg Monarchy and thus the Croatian Army and the Habsburg contingents precluded the kuruc occupation of Croatia. Croatian and Serbian forces fought inTransdanubia and Upper Hungary. TheTransylvanian Saxons also distanced themselves from Rákóczi in 1703. Although Austrian General Rabutin lost in Transylvania, he retreated into the Saxonland, where Saxon towns and peasants gave shelter to the Habsburg army. Clashes between the Kuruc and Habsburg-Saxon army took place throughout Croatia.
During the conflict, the Slovaks fought for Rákóczi. In the kuruc army were Slovak commanders, and a few kuruc forces were completely Slovak. After the enfranchisement of Transylvania, the Romanian minority stood en masse with the kurucs, and supported the kuruc Romanian forces. Finally, a few hundred mercenaries fromWallachia andMoldavia fought in Rákóczi's army.
Scores of Polish volunteers and mercenaries came from Poland, and many soldiers wereUkrainians andLipka Tatars also supported the kurucs. Several times, Rákóczi asked for help fromPoland and endeavoured to recruit more Polish soldiers. In the Hungarian lands, theGermans Spiš Saxons and some German groups (including renegades from the Habsburg army) joined Rákóczi's war. They were supplemented by German mercenaries. The kuruc army also used commands and oaths in both the Slovak and German languages since there were so many Germans and Slovaks who served in it.
TheRusyn minority in 1703 immediately joined the uprising, but between 1690 and 1702, the Rusyns had supported the Hungarians against the Austrian soldiers. TheHungarian Slovenes from the regions ofMuraszombat,Lendva andSzentgotthárd joined the fight against the Habsburg soldiers since theStyrian forces several times foraged in the Slovene villages.
A few hundred Swedish soldiers broke away from theBattle of Poltava, Benderi and Poland in Hungary. In 1710 Rákóczi, admitted the Swedes into the demoralized kuruc army. The Hungarian-Polish-Swedish-French army was close to victory against the Austrians in theBattle of Romhány, but Rákóczi's forces were finally crushed in the course of the Austriancounterattack, which resulted in a draw.
Rákóczi's army also includedBulgarians,Litvins,Crimean Tatars andOttoman Turks.
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