Quintana Roo is located on the eastern part of theYucatán Peninsula and is bordered by the states ofCampeche to the west andYucatán to the northwest, and by theOrange Walk andCorozal districts ofBelize, along with an offshore borderline withBelize District to the south. As Mexico's easternmost state, Quintana Roo has a coastline to the east with theCaribbean Sea and to the north with theGulf of Mexico. The state previously covered 44,705 square kilometers (17,261 sq mi) and shared a small border withGuatemala in the southwest of the state.[9][10] However, in 2013, Mexico'sSupreme Court of Justice of the Nation resolved the boundary dispute between Quintana Roo, Campeche, and Yucatán stemming from the creation of theCalakmul municipality by Campeche in 1997, siding with Campeche and thereby benefiting Yucatán.[11]
The area that makes up present-day Quintana Roo was long part of Yucatán, sharing its history. With theCaste War of Yucatán, which started in the 1840s, all non-natives were driven from the region. The independentMaya nation ofChan Santa Cruz was based on what is now the town ofFelipe Carrillo Puerto. For decades, it maintained considerable independence, having separate trade and treaty relationships with British Honduras, nowBelize.
TheTerritory of Quintana Roo was created by decree of PresidentPorfirio Díaz on November 24, 1902. It was named after an early patriot of the Mexican Republic,Andrés Quintana Roo. The MexicanFederal Army succeeded in subjugating most of the indigenous Maya population of the region during the 1910s. In 1913, the area was again declared to be legally part of the state of Yucatán, but was again declared a separate territory in 1915. The territory of Quintana Roo was granted statehood within the United Mexican States on October 8, 1974.[12]
In the last quarter of the 20th century and continuing into the 21st, Quintana Roo developed rapidly, with tourism being a driving force, notably with the development ofCancún. As result of this development, the northern part of Quintana Roo has been increasinglytouristified.[13] By contrast the south has continued with a traditional economy offorestry and wood extraction.[13]
Ancient human remains have been discovered in a system of submerged caves and sinkholes in theTulum area of Quintana Roo. To date, a total of nine skeletons have been found in these caves, including one of the oldest human skeletons found on the American continent. In 2016, underwater archaeological exploration of a cave known asChan Hol found a skeleton of a female who lived in the region at least 9,900 years ago, during thePaleo-Indian period. Dating revealed that the skeleton was probably about 30 years old at the time of death. Three different scars on the skull of the woman showed that she was hit with something hard and her skull bones were broken. Her skull also had crater-like deformations and tissue deformities that appeared to be caused by a bacterial relative ofsyphilis.[14]
According to study lead researcher Wolfgang Stinnesbeck, "It really looks as if this woman had a very hard time and an extremely unhappy end of her life. Obviously, this is speculative, but given the traumas and the pathological deformations on her skull, it appears a likely scenario that she may have been expelled from her group and was killed in the cave, or was left in the cave to die there".[15]
The skeleton found by the 2016 exploration was 140 m (150 yd) away from a site where a previous expedition found human remains known as Chan Hol 2. Although archaeologists assumed the 2016 expedition had rediscovered Chan Hol 2, Stinnesbeck concluded that the two skeletons represent different individuals.[16]
Due to their distinctive features, study co-researcher Samuel Rennie suggested the existence of at least two morphologically diverse groups of people living separately inMexico during the transition fromPleistocene toHolocene.[15]
The city ofCancún is a major tourist resort in Quintana Roo, especially theHotel Zone.
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According to theKöppen climate classification, much of the state has atropical wet and dry climate (Aw) while the island ofCozumel has atropical monsoon climate (Am).[17] The mean annual temperature is 26 °C (78.8 °F).[18] The hottest months are April and August, in which the average high is 33 °C (91.4 °F), while January is the coldest month with an average low of 17 °C (62.6 °F).[18] Extreme temperatures can range from a low of 10 °C (50.0 °F) in the coldest months to 36 °C (96.8 °F) in the hottest months.[17] Quintana Roo averages 1,300 mm (51 in) of precipitation per year, which falls throughout the year, though June to October are the wetter months.[18] Hurricanes can occasionally hit the coastal areas during thehurricane season, particularly from September to November.[17] 2020 was a historic year for hurricanes in Quintana Roo, with a record-breaking 31 tropical systems formed, of which four affected the state.[19]
The Yucatán Peninsula is one of the most forested areas of the world in terms of biotic mass per hectare. However, anthropological, biological and governmental experts have determined that Quintana Roo is 'facing a faunal crisis'.[20] Many medium to large game animals are disappearing due tohunting andhabitat loss. While its population is relatively small, Quintana Roo is experiencing both a population influx and an increase in tourism.[20][21] This only increases the pressure on the plants and animals native to the area.
There are four generalizedecosystems in Quintana Roo—tropical forests, orjungle;savanna,mangrove forests, andcoral reefs. One of the byproducts of traditional and large-scaleagriculture is the creation of additional habitats, such as second growthforests and fields/pastures.[22] Tourism has caused Quintana Roo to become famous around the world in the last thirty or so years for itsbeaches,coastline, andcenote sinkholes.[23][24] Biological experts consider the coastline of Quintana Roo one of the bestmanatee habitats worldwide.[25]Queen conchs are also noted for their inhabitation of coastal territory.[25] The wide variety of biotic organisms such as these has decreased drastically in the last fifteen years.[26][27]
Also affected by the loss of habitat due to both agriculture and development,birds are one of the region's most varied animal assets.[20] Hundreds of species reside in Quintana Roo permanently, with hundreds of others either wintering there or using it as a stopover on the long journey intoSouth America.[25] As a result, many birders come to the area annually in search of the rare and unexpected.[20]
Aerial view ofCancún'sHotel ZoneBeach of Contoy IslandBeach of Punta Sur at south at theCozumel Island
Quintana Roo's tourist boom began in the 1970s.[20]Tourism resulted in the development of coastal hotels and resorts, in addition toecotourism inland and in coastal regions, which have increased the development of the region as well as thegross domestic product.[26] Quintana Roo ranks sixth among Mexican states according to the United Nations Human Development index (HDI).[21]
Projections for the tourism economy of Quintana Roo have been optimistic, based on multiple attractions, from theMaya ruins to the lush forests and beautiful beaches. However, long-term problems include the effect on the local environment, economic stresses of development and population,[27] and "economicmarginalization" of the Maya natives.[26]
Newspapers of Quintana Roo include:Diario de Quintana Roo,Diario Respuesta,El Periódico de Quintana Roo,El Quintanarroense,Novedades de Quintana Roo, andPor Esto![31][32]
On February 1, 2015, Quintana Roo officially adopted a new time zone, Southeastern, which is five hours behindCoordinated Universal Time (UTC−05:00). Quintana Roo does not observedaylight saving time, so Southeastern Time is constant throughout the year. Southeastern Time (ST) is the same as Eastern Standard Time (EST) and Central Daylight Time (CDT). This means that in the winter, Quintana Roo has the same time as regions observing EST, such as the eastern U.S., eastern Canada, Cuba, and Jamaica; and in the summer, Quintana Roo has the same time as regions observing CDT, such as central Mexico.[38][39][40][41][42][43]
Quintana Roo changed to Southeastern Time for economic reasons, including:
Allowing tourists in areas such as Cancún, Cozumel, and Playa del Carmen to spend more time (and money) at beaches, restaurants, historic sites, and other venues.
Reducing electricity usage by hotels, restaurants, and other facilities.
Before Quintana Roo adopted the Southeastern time zone (officially referred to aszona sureste in Mexico), it had been part of the Central time zone (zona centro).
^abc"MEDIO FÍSICO".Enciclopedia de Los Municipios y Delegaciones de México (in Spanish). Instituto para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. Archived fromthe original on February 23, 2015. RetrievedFebruary 1, 2016.
^abc"Clima".Información por entidad (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Archived fromthe original on January 20, 2016. RetrievedFebruary 1, 2016.
^abcSchlesinger, Victoria. 2001.Animals and Plants of the Ancient Maya: A Guide. University of Texas Press. Austin, Texas.
^abcDaltabuit, Magali and Oriol Pi-Sunyer. 1990. Tourism Development in Quintana Roo, Mexico.Cultural Survival Quarterly 14.2, 9-13.
^abJuarez, Ana M. 2002. "Ecological Degradation, Global Tourism, and Inequality: Maya Interpretations of the Changing Environment in Quintana Roo, Mexico.Human Organization 61.2, 113-124.
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Villa Rojas, Alfonso. 1945The Maya of East Central Quintana Roo: The Pagan-Christian Religious Complex. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution.
Anderson, E. N. and Felix Medina Tzuc.Animals and the Maya in Southeast Mexico. University of Arizona Press. Tucson, Arizona. 2005.
Brannon, Jeffery T. and Gilbert M. Joseph. Eds. 1991Land, labor & capital in modern Yucatán: essays in regional history and political economy. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
Barton Bray, David, Marcelo Carreon, Leticia Merino, and Victoria Santos. "On the Road to Sustainable Forestry: The Maya of Quintana Roo are Striving to Combine Economic Efficiency, Ecological Sustainability, and a Democratic Society."Cultural Survival Quarterly 17.1, 38–41. 1993.
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