The city was intended to be thenational capital of the Philippines that would replace Manila, as the latter was suffering fromovercrowding, lack of housing, poor sanitation, andtraffic congestion. To create Quezon City, several barrios were carved out from the towns ofCaloocan,Marikina,San Juan andPasig, in addition to the eight vast estates thePhilippine government purchased for this purpose. It was officially proclaimed the national capital on October 12, 1949, and several government departments and institutions moved out of Manila and settled into the new capital city. This necessitated the expansion of the city northward, carving outNovaliches fromCaloocan which divided it into two non-contiguous parts. Several barrios were also taken fromSan Mateo and parts ofMontalban. However, on June 24, 1976, Presidential Decree No. 940 was enacted, which reverted national capital status to Manila while the whole ofMetro Manila was designated as theseat of government.[17][18] The city was also chosen as the regional center ofSouthern Tagalog, which was created in 1965, along with the provinces ofQuezon andAurora, the birthplace ofManuel L. Quezon; however, its status of regional center became ineffective when the region was divided intoCalabarzon andMimaropa, through the effect of Executive Order No. 103 in May 2002 under the presidency ofGloria Macapagal Arroyo, and Aurora was transferred to the authority ofCentral Luzon, with Southern Tagalog limited to being a cultural-geographic region.[19]
Quezon City is known for its culture, entertainment industry and media, and is aptly called the "City of Stars". Major broadcasting networks have their headquarters and studios in the city. It is also known for its commerce, education, research, technology, politics, tourism, art and sports. Several national government branches including theBatasang Pambansa Complex, the seat ofHouse of Representatives of the Philippines, call the city home.
Quezon City is aplanned city. It covers a total area of 161.11 square kilometers (62.20 sq mi),[5] making it the largest city in Metro Manila/NCR in terms of land area. It is politically subdivided intosix congressional districts, which represent the city in the Lower House of theCongress of the Philippines. The city has 142 barangays under the City Government. National government departments and agencies are mostly situated in the first National Government Center (NGC) in Diliman. and the second National Government Center inBatasan Hills, where the Lower House of the Philippine Congress is located. Most of the city's northern part lies at the foothills of theSierra Madremountain range, including theLa Mesa Watershed Reservation, the largest watershed in Metro Manila and a designatedprotected area.
According to its 2023 estimated census, Quezon City had 3.1 million people in its boundaries, and₱1.27 trillion (US$93.8 billion)[citation needed] in itsgross domestic product (GDP), and it is the only planned city in theNational Capital Region of the Philippines.
In the 1930s, Manila's urban problems were apparent and problematic.[20] It lacked public housing, where thousands of the city's residents lived in congested informal settler communities, especially in the central districts ofBinondo,Intramuros,Quiapo,San Nicolas andTondo.[20] There were also problems with sanitation and traffic congestion.[20] The rise of slums in Manila gave rise to the development of its suburbs outside the city limits in the municipalities ofPasay,San Felipe Neri (renamed as Mandaluyong),San Francisco del Monte,Makati, andSan Juan del Monte.[20] These towns became favorable to the upper and middle-class who wanted to escape the congested city but had economic links to it.[20]
PresidentManuel L. Quezon, aware of the problems besetting Manila, initiated housing projects calledBarrio Obrero (Worker's Community).[20] These communities were established in various places in Manila such asAvenida Rizal,Sta. Cruz and Barrio Vitas,Tondo.[20] However, the project failed miserably and these communities became slum areas.[20]
Alejandro Roces Sr., a prominent Filipino author, was said to be influential in Quezon's vision to establish a new city.[20] Quezon dreamed of a city where the common people could live and thrive.[20] Roces suggested that a sizeable tract of land be purchased for this purpose.[20] However, the government had no available fund except for₱3 million in the hands of the National Development Company (NDC).[20]
In order to make Quezon's dream a reality and to mobilize funds for the land purchase, the People's Homesite Corporation (PHC) was created on October 14, 1938, as a subsidiary of NDC, with an initial capital of₱2 million.[20] Roces was the chairman of the Board of PHC, and they immediately acquired the vast Diliman Estate of the Tuason family at a cost of 5 centavos per square meter.[20] PHC conducted topographical and subdivision surveys, and then subdivided the lots and sold them to the target buyers at an affordable price.[20] Its target users and beneficiaries were Manila's working class,[21] who were suffering from a shortage of affordable and decent housing in the capital.[20] The service of the Metropolitan Waterworks system was extended to site.[20] The Bureau of Public Works, then under Secretary Vicente Fragante, constructed the streets and highways within the property.[20] Quezon also tapped ArchitectJuan M. Arellano to draft a design of the city.[20]Eight vast estates were acquired in order to create Quezon City: Diliman Estate, 1,573.22 hectares (15.7322 km2), Santa Mesa Estate, 861.79 hectares (8.6179 km2), Mandaluyong Estate, 781.36 hectares (7.8136 km2), Magdalena Estate, 764.48 hectares (7.6448 km2), Piedad Estate, 743.84 hectares (7.4384 km2), Maysilo Estate, 266.73 hectares (2.6673 km2) and the San Francisco Del Monte Estate, 257.54 hectares (2.5754 km2).[20] Quezon's goal was to create a place for the working class, coinciding with the planned transfer of theUniversity of the Philippines campus in Manila to a more suitable location, which became another precedent for the creation of Quezon City.[20]
As early as 1928, the University of the Philippines (UP) had planned to expand by adding more academic units and constructing new buildings.[20] The university experienced increase in enrollment and its planned expansion was hampered by its small campus in Manila.[22] The revisedBurnham Plan of Manila envisioned the new campus to be located just outside Manila's city limits at 'the heights behind Manila'.[20] The UP Board of Regents informed Quezon of their desire to relocate the campus and he was supportive of the idea.[20] Furthermore, he wanted the facilities in the Manila campus to be used for government purposes.[20] In 1939, Quezon urged the National Assembly to enact UP's relocation and on June 8, 1939, Commonwealth Act No. 442 was passed, enacting the transfer of UP outside of Manila.[23] A portion of Mariquina Estate, which was adjacent to Magdalena Estate, was chosen as the new site with an approximate area of 600 hectares (1,500 acres).[20] Additional land from the Diliman Estate was also added as part of the new university campus.[20]
Quezon Memorial Circle is the focal point of the newly established capital city, site of the proposed National Capitol building.
With the development of the People's Homesite Corporation housing in the Diliman Estate and the creation of the new UP Campus, the creation of Quezon City was justified.[20] On October 12, 1939, Commonwealth Act No. 502, also known as the Charter of Quezon City, was passed by the National Assembly, which created Quezon City.[24] Surprisingly, Quezon allowed the bill to lapse into law because he did not sign it.[20] The city was originally to be known as Balintawak City according to the first bill filed by Assemblyman Ramon P. Mitra Sr. fromMountain Province, but AssemblymenNarciso Ramos andEugenio Perez, both fromPangasinan, amended and successfully lobbied the assembly to name the city after the President in honor of his role in the creation of this new city.[25][26][20] The creation of Quezon City halted the full implementation of the Burnham Plan of Manila and funds were diverted for the establishment of the new capital.
Several barangays from different towns were carved out to correspond to the estates that PHC bought for the creation of Quezon City.[20] The new city had an area of 7,355 hectares (73.55 km2), and the barrios and sitios that were taken for its creation were the following: Bagubantay (Bago Bantay),Balingasa, Balintauac (Balintawak), Kaingin, Kangkong, Loma (La Loma), Malamig, Matalahib, Masambong, San Isidro, San Jose, Santol andTatalon, were taken fromCaloocan;[27] Cubao, Diliman, Kamuning, New Manila, andSan Francisco del Monte were taken fromSan Juan; Balara,Barranca (Barangka), Jesus de la Peña,Krus na Ligas, Tañong and the site of the newUP Campus were taken fromMarikina; and, the barrios and sitios of Libis, and Ogong (Ugong Norte) fromPasig.[20] Commonwealth Act No. 659, enacted on June 21, 1941, changed the city's boundaries.[28] Under this law, the area ofWack Wack Golf and Country Club were to be reverted toMandaluyong, and the barrios of lower Barranca and Jesus de la Peña were reverted toMarikina. However,Camp Crame was taken out ofSan Juan and was given to Quezon City.[20][28]
1939, the year the city was established, recorded a population of 39,103 people. The city in its early days was predominantly rural, but Quezon asked American Architect William Parsons to craft a master plan for the newly created city.[20] Parsons was the one who advised Quezon to locate the National Government Center in Diliman instead of Wallace Field (nowRizal Park), due to the possibility of naval bombardment fromManila Bay.[20] He died in December 1939 and his partner Harry T. Frost took over and become the lead planner.[20] Frost arrived in the Philippines on May 1, 1940, and became the architectural adviser of the Philippine Commonwealth government.[20] Together withJuan M. Arellano, Alpheus D. Williams, and Welton Becket, they created theMaster Plan for Quezon City which was approved by the Philippine government in 1941.[20] TheFrost Plan featured wide avenues, large open spaces, androundabouts at major intersections.[20] The plan for major thoroughfares made by Louis Croft for the Greater Manila Area served as the backbone for the Plan of Quezon City.[20] The center of the city was a 400-hectare (990-acre) quadrangle formed by four avenues —North,West,South andEast — which was designed to be the location of the National Government of the Philippines.[29] At the northeast corner of the Quadrangle was a large roundabout, a 25-hectare (62-acre) elliptical site, were the proposed Capitol Building is envisioned to rise.[20]
To make the city accessible, Quezon ordered Luzon Bus Lines to ply from Kamuning towardsTutuban inDivisoria, Manila to provide transport for the city's residents. However, the fare was not affordable to minimum wage earners. Because of the city's unaffordable housing prices and lack of transportation for low-income earners, the goal of creating mass housing for the working class was not met. Instead, those who opted to live in Quezon City consisted of middle-class households such as those in Kamuning, whose residents petitioned to rename it fromBarrio Obrero (Worker's Community) to Kamuning (a type of tree that grows abundantly in the area) because its residents were notObreros (Workers).[20]
Map of theCity of Greater Manila in 1942, showing Quezon City divided into two districts—Balintawak and Diliman—during its incorporation.
The Philippine Exposition in 1941 was held on the newly established Quezon City, but participants were limited to locals because of the increasing turbulence at the beginning of the Second World War.[20] Eventually, parts of Manila were bombed by the Japanese Imperial Forces in December 1941, bringing the war to the Philippines. On January 1, 1942, President Quezon issued Executive Order No. 400 as an emergency measure to form theCity of Greater Manila, withJorge B. Vargas as its designated mayor. It merged the city with Manila and the towns ofCaloocan,Makati,Mandaluyong,Parañaque,Pasay, andSan Juan. The mayors of these towns and cities served as the assistant mayor of their respective localities and were under the mayor of Greater Manila.[30][31] The City of Greater Manila was the basis for the formation of Metro Manila in 1975.
AfterImperial Japanese forces conquered the Philippines during thePacific War, the City of Greater Manila was reorganized in 1942 into twelve districts, two of which were formed by dividing Quezon City: Balintawak which consisted of San Francisco del Monte, Galas, La Loma, New Manila, Santa Mesa Estate, theWack Wack Golf and Country Club, and the present-dayGreenhills, San Juan; and Diliman which was composed of Diliman proper, Cubao, the University District, and the present-day eastern portion of Marikina.[32] In the same year, the patients ofQuezon Institute were relocated to the San Juan de Dios Hospital in Intramuros and the Japanese military used the facility for its own sick and wounded, and they also usedSaint Joseph's College as a hospital. TheImperial Japanese Army Air Service's Twenty-ninth Squadron equipped withKi-44 andKi-84 fighter planes was assigned to Zablan Field of Camp Murphy. This colonial airfield was modernized by the Japanese with the construction of longer concrete runways, which now form the southernmost part of Katipunan Avenue and White Plains Avenue. The Japanese also renamed some streets, most notably South Avenue which became Timog Avenue. On the morning of 21 September 1944, Zablan Field and three other Japanese airfields in Greater Manila were attacked by American carrier aircraft, which caused President Laurel to issue declarations of martial law and of war. In January 1945, when the Americans returned to mainland Luzon, they gave numerical designations to some roads such as Route 54, which is nowEpifanio de los Santos Avenue. In February, theAmerican cavalry andFilipino guerrilla units, advanced into Quezon City, defeating Imperial Japanese forces. Heavy fighting occurred inNovaliches, which at that time was within Caloocan, and New Manila which had been fortified. Smaller actions were fought at Barrio Talipapa and the University District, and the destruction of the bridge on the Tullahan River delayed the advance of the Americans along Route 52, now known as Quirino Highway. After theBattle of Manila, the City of Greater Manila was dissolved by PresidentSergio Osmeña, thus separating the cities and towns that were consolidated and regaining their pre-war status.[33] The area which formed the city was then governed by thePhilippine Executive Commission.
Territories ceded byCaloocan to form Quezon City: Existing territorial boundaries Detached by Commonwealth Act No. 502 (1939) Novaliches area; detached by Republic Act No. 392 (1949)
On July 17, 1948, PresidentElpidio Quirino signed Republic Act No. 333 into law, making Quezon City thecapital of the Philippines.[34] The Act created the Capital City Planning Commission, which was tasked to develop and implement a masterplan for the city.[5] As the capital, the city was expanded northwards, and the barrios of Baesa, Bagbag, Banlat, Kabuyao,Novaliches Proper (Bayan/Poblacion), Pasong Putik, Pasong Tamo, Pugad Lawin, San Bartolome, and Talipapa inNovaliches were ceded fromCaloocan. This territorial change caused the division of Caloocan into two non-contiguous parts.[5] Quezon City was formally inaugurated as the capital on October 12, 1949. President Quirino laid the cornerstone on the proposed Capitol Building atConstitution Hills.[5]
On June 16, 1950, the Quezon City Charter was revised by Republic Act No. 537, changing the city's boundaries to an area of 153.59 km2 (59 sq mi).[35] Exactly six years later, on June 16, 1956, more revisions to the city's territory were made by Republic Act No. 1575, which defined its area as 151.06 km2 (58 sq mi).[36] However, according to the 1995 GIS graphical plot, the city's total area is 161.11 km2 (62.20 sq mi), making it the largest Local Government Unit inMetro Manila in terms of land area.[37][5]
The turn of the decade from the 1960s to the 1970s brought an era of change and tumult throughout the Philippines, with many of the historically significant events of the era taking place in or involving people and groups from Quezon City.
TheBantayog ng mga Bayani was dedicated in honor of all the people that struggled during the Marcos regime.
WhenFerdinand Marcos' economic policy of using foreign loans to fund government projects during his second term resulted in the1969 balance of payments crisis,[38][39][40] students from Quezon City-based universities, notably the University of the Philippines Diliman and Ateneo de Manila University were among the first to call for change, ranging from moderate policy reforms to radical changes in form of government.[41][42]
Students from these Quezon City schools, representing a spectrum of positions, were thus at the front lines of the major protests of the first three months of 1970 – what would later be called the "First Quarter Storm." A year later in 1971, this was followed up by theDiliman Commune, in which the students, faculty, and residents ofUP Diliman initially planned to protest an impending oil price hike, but because of violent attempts to disperse them, also later demanded that Marcos' military pledge not to assault the campus in the future.[42]
Marcos' declaration ofmartial law in September 1972 saw the immediate shutdown of all media not approved by Marcos, including Quezon City media outlets such asGMA Channel 7 andABS-CBN Channel 2. At the same time, it saw the arrest of many students, journalists, academics, and politicians who were considered political threats to Marcos, many of them residents of Quezon City. By the morning after Marcos' televised announcement of the proclamation, about 400 of these arrestees were gathered inCamp Crame on the southwestern reaches of Quezon City, destined to be among the first of thousands ofpolitical detainees under the Marcos dictatorship.[42]
Camp Crame would be the site of many of thehuman rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship, with one of the first being the murder of student journalistLiliosa Hilao in Camp Crame.[43] Among the prominent cases of abuse suffered specifically by Quezon City residents were the cases ofPrimitivo Mijares and his sixteen-year-old son Boyet Mijares, who lived in Project 6 at the time of their deaths;[44]Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao social workerPurificacion Pedro who was murdered by a soldier at her hospital room in Bataan;[45] 23-year old Kamias resident and student activist Roland Jan Quimpo who became a desaparecido;[46] and Cubao-based tailor Rolando "Lando" Federis who was abducted by armed men in Lucena City while accompanying a group of activists to Bicol, tortured, and then killed.[47] In addition, a large number of student activists who were caught, detained, tortured, sexually abused, killed, and disappeared by the regime had been studying in the various universities and colleges in Quezon City.[42]
One of the key moments that led to the eventual demise of the Marcos dictatorship was the1974 Sacred Heart Novitiate raid, in which a Catholic seminary inNovaliches was raided on the suspicion that communist leaders were hiding there. The arrest of Fr. Benigno Mayo who was the head of the Jesuit order in the Philippines at the time, and Fr. Jose Blanco alongside 21 members of the youth group called Student Catholic Action (SCA), helped convince "the formerly neutral Philippine middle class" that Marcos' powers had grown too great.[48][49]
As international pressure forced Marcos to start restoring civil rights, other key moments in Philippine history took place in Quezon City. JournalistJoe Burgos established the Quezon City-basedWE Forum newspaper in 1977 and in it published a story by ColonelBonifacio Gillego in November 1982 which discredited many of theMarcos medals.[50] Media coverage of theSeptember 1984 Welcome Rotonda protest dispersal showed how opposition figures including 80-year-old former SenatorLorenzo Tañada and 71-year old Manila Times founderChino Roces were waterhosed despite their frailty and how student leaderFidel Nemenzo (later Chancellor of the University of the Philippines Diliman) was shot nearly to death.
Most significantly, the August 1983 funeral ofassassinated opposition leader ofNinoy Aquino began at the Aquino family household in Times Street, West Triangle, Quezon City, and continued to the funeral mass atSanto Domingo Church in Santa Mesa Heights before the final interment at theManila Memorial Park – Sucat. The procession took from 9:00 AM until 9:00 PM to finish as two million people joined the crowd. The experience galvanized many of the Philippines into resisting the dictatorship, with protests against Marcos snowballing until they happened nearly every week, and until Marcos was ousted by thePeople Power revolution.[51]
Physical and administrative changes during the Marcos administration
In terms of administrative changes during this period, the region of Metro Manila was created as an integrated unit with the enactment of Presidential Decree No. 824 on November 7, 1975. The region encompassed fourcities and thirteen adjoiningtowns, as a separate regional unit of government.[52] A year later, on June 24, 1976, Manila was reinstated by President Marcos as the capital of the Philippines for its historical significance as the seat of government since the Spanish Period. Presidential Decree No. 940 states that Manila has always been to the Filipino people and in the eyes of the world, the premier city of the Philippines being the center of trade, commerce, education and culture.[18] Concurrent with the reinstatement of Manila as the capital, Ferdinand Marcos designated his wife,Imelda Marcos, as the first governor of Metro Manila, who started the construction of massive government edifices with architectural significance as she re-branded Manila as the "City of Man".[53]
On March 31, 1978, President Marcos ordered the transfer of the remains of President Quezon fromManila North Cemetery to the newly completedQuezon Memorial Shrine.[54][55] It now houses the mausoleum where President Quezon and his wife Aurora Aragon Quezon are interred. It also contains a museum dedicated to President Quezon and his life.
All of the three major monuments commemorating the Martial Law era are located in Quezon City.[57] ThePeople Power Monument and theEDSA Shrine were built in the city to commemorate the event, with the latter being a symbol of the role that theCatholic Church played in the restoration of democracy in the Philippines. TheBantayog ng mga Bayani was constructed alongQuezon Avenue to honor the heroes and martyrs that struggled under the 20-year Marcos regime. The Wall of Remembrance at the Bantayog honors prominent figures during the martial law era.[58][59]
On February 23, 1998, Republic Act. No. 8535 was signed by PresidentFidel Ramos, which paved the way for the creation of the City of Novaliches by carving out the 15 northernmost barangays of Quezon City.[60][61][62] The voting process only includes the affected barangays, but then-city mayor of the townIsmael "Mel" Mathay Jr. lobbied to include the whole city. He also campaigned against the secession of Novaliches. In the succeeding plebiscite that was held on October 23, 1999, an overwhelming majority of Quezon City residents rejected the secession of Novaliches. Mathay was succeeded byFeliciano Belmonte Jr., who served as the city mayor from 2001 to 2010.
In the2010 local elections, actorHerbert Bautista, who served as Vice mayor during Mathay's and Belmonte's terms, was elected as the city mayor. During his term, theQuezon City Pride Council was established. It was the firstLGBT council in the Philippines.[64] He also initiated numerous socialized housing projects called "Bistekville". Bautista was succeeded byMaria Josefina "Joy" Belmonte in 2019, who has served as the Vice Mayor under his term and the daughter of former Quezon City mayorFeliciano Belmonte Jr. She was then reelected as City Mayor in 2022, after which the Quezon City People's Council was established. Under the Participation, Accountability and Transparency Ordinance, the council would serve as an umbrella for about 2,232 civil society organizations accredited by the city government as a means for more civic participation and as for the council to be the “eyes, ears and voice” of the city residents in the city government.[65]
In the afternoon of June 15, 2025, 61-year-old civil servant Mauricio "Morie" Pulhin, the Technical Staff director of theHouse Ways and Means Committee, was attending his daughter's birthday party in a gated subdivision inBarangay Commonwealth when two motorcycle-riding assailants entered the venue and fatally shot him at close range.[67] Police officials noted that based on evidence, the shooting was carefully planned out by the assailants.[68]
Elevation map of Quezon City. The drop in elevation along the eastern border of the city follows the length of the West Valley Fault.
The geography of Quezon City is characterized by undulating terrain. The city is within the catchment area of five river systems –Marikina,Pasig,San Juan,Tullahan and Meycauayan – along with their creeks and tributaries with a total length of almost 200 km (120 mi).[70] The city has an area of 161.11 km2 (62.20 sq mi), according to the 1995 GIS graphical plot, making it the largest Local Government Unit (LGU) in Metro Manila in terms of land area.[37] Since its creation in 1939, the city's boundary were revised four times; the final revision was made thru Republic Act No. 1575, which placed the city's territory at 151.06 square kilometers (58.32 sq mi).[5] Meanwhile, thePhilippine Statistics Authority placed the city's land area at 171.71 square kilometers (66.30 sq mi), based on data provided by the Land Management Bureau. According to thePhilippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology andGeoscience Australia on their study earthquake impact and risk assessment on the Greater Metropolitan Manila Area, the total area of Quezon City is at 165.33 km2 (64 sq mi).[71][72]
Quezon City is bounded byRodriguez andSan Jose del Monte to the north,Marikina andSan Mateo to the east,Pasig to the southeast,Mandaluyong andSan Juan to the south, Manila to the southwest, andCaloocan andValenzuela to the west and northwest. The city lies on the Guadalupe Plateau, a relatively high plateau at the northeast of the metropolis situated between the lowlands of Manila to the southwest and theMarikina River Valley to the east. The highest elevation in Quezon City is the northern tip of theLa Mesa Watershed Reservation at 250 meters (820 ft) above sea level.[73] TheWest Valley Fault traverses the eastern border of the city.
Quezon City is politically subdivided into 142barangays. These barangays are grouped intosix congressional districts, with each district being represented by a congressman in theHouse of Representatives. Each congressional district has six City Councilors. The number of barangays per district is: District I, 37; District II, 5; District III, 37; District IV, 38; District V, 14; and District VI, 11; Although District II has the fewest barangays, it is the biggest in land area, including the Novaliches Reservoir.
District I (2015 population: 409,962)[74] covers barangays Alicia,Bagong Pag-asa, Bahay Toro,Balingasa,Bungad, Damar, Damayan, Del Monte, Katipunan, Mariblo, Masambong, N.S. Amoranto (Gintong Silahis), Nayong Kanluran, Paang Bundok, Pag-ibig sa Nayon, Paltok, Paraiso, Phil-Am, Ramon Magsaysay, Salvacion,San Antonio, San Isidro Labrador, San Jose, Santa Cruz, Santa Teresita, Santo Cristo, Talayan,Veterans Village and West Triangle. It has an area of 19.59 km2 (7.56 sq mi).[75]
District II (2015 population: 688,773)[74] covers barangaysBagong Silangan,Batasan Hills, Commonwealth, Holy Spirit andPayatas. It is the most populous district in the country from 1987 to 2013, before it was partitioned and its northern part became the5th District and its western part became the6th District.
District III (2015 population: 324,669)[74] covers barangays Amihan, Bagumbuhay, Bagumbayan, Bayanihan, Blue Ridge A, Blue Ridge B,Camp Aguinaldo, Claro, Dioquino Zobel, Duyan-Duyan, E. Rodriguez, East Kamias, Escopa I, Escopa II, Escopa III, Escopa IV, Libis,Loyola Heights, Mangga, Marilag, Masagana, Matandang Balara, Milagrosa,Pansol, Quirino 2-A, Quirino 2-B, Quirino 2-C, Quirino 3-A, Saint Ignatius, San Roque, Silangan,Socorro, Tagumpay, Ugong Norte, Villa Maria Clara, West Kamias and White Plains.
District IV (2015 population: 446,122)[74] covers barangaysBagong Lipunan ng Crame, Botocan,Central, Kristong Hari, Damayang Lagi, Doña Aurora, Doña Imelda, Doña Josefa, Don Manuel, East Triangle, Horseshoe, Immaculate Conception, Kalusugan, Kamuning, Kaunlaran, Krus na Ligas, Laging Handa, Malaya,Mariana, Obrero, Old Capitol Site, Paligsahan, Pinyahan, Pinagkaisahan, Roxas, Sacred Heart, San Isidro Galas, San Martin de Porres, San Vicente, Santo Niño, Santol, Sikatuna Village,South Triangle,Tatalon, Teachers Village East, Teachers Village West,U.P. Campus, U.P. Village and Valencia.
District V (2015 population: 535,798)[74] covers barangays Bagbag, Capri, Fairview, Greater Lagro, Gulod, Kaligayahan, Nagkaisang Nayon, North Fairview,Novaliches Proper, Pasong Putik Proper, San Agustin, San Bartolome, Santa Lucia and Santa Monica. It is more commonly known asNovaliches.
District VI (2015 population: 531,592)[74] covers barangays Apolonio Samson, Baesa, Balon-Bato, Culiat, New Era, Pasong Tamo, Sangandaan, Sauyo, Talipapa, Tandang Sora and Unang Sigaw.
The primary weather station of the city is located at thePAGASA Science Garden. It has been observed that extreme temperatures ranged from a record high of 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) to a record low of 14.9 °C (58.8 °F).[77] The hot season was observed for 1.5 months, from April to May, with an average daily high temperature of 32.8 °C (91.0 °F). Meanwhile, the cool season lasts for 2.6 months, from November to February, with an average temperature of below 30.5 °C (86.9 °F).[78]
About 20 typhoons enter the Philippines every year, affecting Quezon City and the rest ofMetro Manila. In recent years, heavy rainfalls fromHabagat (south west monsoon) became as destructive as typhoons, triggering floods and landslides which endangers the city's residents living near the riverbanks.[70]
Climate data for Science Garden, Quezon City (1991–2020, extremes 1961–2024)
2013 panorama of North EDSA, featuringSM North EDSA.
Quezon City is politically subdivided intosix legislative districts. However, the city is also divided into non-legislative or informal districts based on its historical origins. For instance, the district of San Francisco del Monte, which is not listed as a legislative district, was originally a pueblo owned byFranciscan missionaryFray Pedro Bautista.[80] Additionally, the Diliman Quadrangle was planned to be the city center of Quezon City.[81]
Bago Bantay: Located at the west central part of the city, this place is known as a residential area at the back ofSM North EDSA. It is composed of barangays Alicia, Ramon Magsaysay,Santo Cristo, and the northern part ofBagong Pag-asa. Bago-Bantay started as a small visita in the early 1930s under the jurisdiction of San Pedro de Bautista parish in San Francisco del Monte.[83][unreliable source] This area mark as part of NorthEDSA portion fromNorth Avenue andWest Avenue stretches all the way toCongressional Avenue andFernando Poe Jr. Avenue withProject 7.
Diliman: Diliman is located at the center of Quezon City, the place where the city was originally established. The area is named for theTagalog word for the medicinal fern speciesStenochlaena palustris,[84][85] Numerous national government offices are located in Diliman, as well as prominent colleges and universities such as theUniversity of the Philippines Diliman,FEU–FERN College, andNew Era University. The Diliman Quadrangle, which is bounded by theNorth,West,South (Timog) andEast Avenues, is known for its hospitals, government edifices, and nightlife bars.[citation needed] Several streets inSouth Triangle and Barangay Laging Handa were named in honor of the 22Boy Scouts who died ina plane crashen route to joining the11th World Scout Jamboree. A memorial stands in the center of the roundabout at the intersection of Timog Avenue and Tomas Morato Avenue. The place was thus known as theScout Area. Major commercial broadcasting media and television networks such asABS-CBN andGMA have their headquarters within the Diliman Quadrangle.PTV,RPN,IBC, andPBS also hold headquarters in Diliman.
Galas: The Galas-Santol District of Quezon City is located in its southwest border with the City of Manila. The barangays of Dona Imelda, Dona Josefa, Dona Aurora and Don Manuel, named after public figures who significantly contributed to the city's early development, are located in this area. Barangays of Santo Nino, Santol and San Isidro serve as the border ofSampaloc andSanta Mesa inManila. SM City Sta. Mesa lies at the end of the Araneta avenue set as the crossing border within the three cities ofSan Juan, Quezon City and Manila.
La Loma: La Loma is located the southwestern portion of the city. It has five barangays along the vicinity of its main streets: N.S. Amoranto Avenue (Retiro) and A. Bonifacio Avenue. The district is famed as the birthplace of many popular Filipino culinary figures and establishments especially devoted to thelechon. The nearbyLa Loma Cemetery is named after this place.
New Manila: New Manila is named after the City of Manila, since most of its residents are affluent families from the city who wished to escape the stress of living in the capital. It was formerly a part ofSan Juan before being carved out from its mother town to form Quezon City. Among its notable residents are the Hemady-Ysmael Family, the original landowner of New Manila, and DonaNarcisa de Leon, the matriarch of LVN Studios. It is also the birthplace ofEraño Manalo, theSecond Executive Minister of Iglesia ni Cristo.[86] New Manila is also known forBalete Drive, which a haunted place according to Filipino folklore where the spirit of awhite lady haunts the road seeking help from passing drivers.[87][88]
Novaliches: Novaliches is the largest district in Quezon City, which made up almost all the northern portion of the city afterBatasan Hills. It contains theLa Mesa Watershed Reservation and itsDam and Reservoir where most of Metro Manila's water supply came from. It was originally a part of Caloocan before being incorporated to Quezon City in 1948, when the latter was declared as the capital. Before the place was incorporated to Quezon City in 1948, Novaliches was already in the maps as early as 1864, having been organized by the Spanish as early as 1855, from the haciendas of Tala, Malinta, Piedad, and Maysilo. By 1856, it was its own municipality before being absorbed by Caloocan in 1901. Novaliches is still known by its historical boundaries. The whole of North Caloocan up to the banks of the Marilao River bordering Bulacan to the north, parts of the historic Polo section ofValenzuela to the west, and parts ofSan Jose del Monte,Bulacan to the upper reaches of Tungkung Mangga and the old Tala Leprosarium in the northeast and east, are still referred to as within the old enclave of Novaliches that many residents consider to this day.
Project 1: Also known as Barangay Roxas or Roxas District. Barangay Roxas was the first housing project undertaken by the Philippine Homesite Housing Corporation in compliance with an Executive Order by PresidentManuel Roxas in 1948.[89]
Project 2: Made up of barangays Quirino 2-A, Quirino 2-B and Quirino 2-C. Specifically known as Anonas.
Project 3: Made up of barangays Quirino 3-A, Amihan, Claro and Duyan-Duyan. Specifically known as Anonas.
Project 4: Located within the eastern area beside Cubao.
Project 8: Project 8 is made up of barangays Bahay Toro, Baesa and Sangandaan.[91]
San Francisco del Monte: San Francisco del Monte was founded as a pueblo bySaint Pedro Bautista in 1590, is considered as Quezon City's oldest district. The original land area of the old town was approximately 2.5 square kilometers (1.0 sq mi), including parts of Project7 and 8 and Timog Avenue. It is bounded by West Avenue on the east,Epifanio De Los Santos Avenue on the north,Quezon Avenue on the south, andAraneta Avenue on the west. It was originally a part ofSan Juan, before it was carved out of its mother town to form Quezon City. The district is made up of barangaysSan Antonio, Paraiso, Paltok, Mariblo, Masambong, Manresa, Damayan and Del Monte. SFDM featured a hilly topography with lush vegetation and mineral springs, in the midst of which the oldSantuario de San Pedro Bautista was built as a retreat and monastery forFranciscan friars. The headquarters ofIBC is located here.
Santa Mesa Heights: Santa Mesa Heights is an affluent neighborhood where many middle-class and upper-middle-class families reside. It is mostly residential. It is the home to theNational Shrine of Our Lady of Lourdes and theNational Shrine of Our Lady of La Naval. Prominent Catholic educational institutions such as theAngelicum College,Lourdes School of Quezon City, andSt. Theresa's College of Quezon City are located here. During the Commonwealth Period, Santa Mesa Heights was considered as the ideal site for universities, located just outside the suburban city limits of Manila. It is also the location of Banawe Street, aChinatown-like place popular for its Asian restaurants and food hub haven.
Quezon City Chinatown is the world's largestChinatown with an area of 591.9 hectares (1,463 acres). It was created by City ordinance 3039 of 25 August 2005, and was declared as a Tourism District on 5 October 2015.[92]
The architecture in Quezon City features a wide variety of architectural styles, such asArt Deco,Brutalist,International Modern,Postmodern andContemporary styles.[citation needed] The city also has numerous monuments and museums. When the city was created in 1939,Art Deco was the prevailing architectural style, moving forward from the colonial designs ofBahay na bato by the Spanish, and theNeoclassical style by the Americans. The choice of designing buildings in contemporary international style was intentional to show that the Philippines was moving forward since it was anticipating independence in 1945.[93]
TheQuezon Memorial Shrine, which was built from 1952 to 1978, was designed in theArt Deco style. It became the city's symbol and at its base was a museum and mausoleum dedicated to the lateManuel L. Quezon and his wifeAurora. When the city became the capital in 1948, a lot of government buildings transferred from Manila to Quezon City. Numerous government buildings were built during the terms of PresidentElpidio Quirino,Ramon Magsaysay,Carlos P. Garcia,Diosdado Macapagal andFerdinand Marcos. However, it was only during the term of Marcos that began theFilipinization of architecture. Numerous government hospitals in the city such as theLung Center of the Philippines,Philippine Heart Center, and theKidney Center of the Philippines were built and regarded as "designer" hospitals.[94] Traditional Filipino design motifs were incorporated in government buildings such as theBatasang Pambansa, which drew inspiration from theBahay Kubo and theBahay na bato.[95] Most of the government buildings and structures built during the time of Marcos were associated with the "edifice complex" of the Marcoses.[96]
In 1938,PresidentManuel L. Quezon made a decision to push for a new capital city. Manila was getting crowded, and hismilitary advisors reportedly told him that Manila, being by the bay, was an easy target for bombing bynaval guns in case of attack.[60][61] The new city will be located at least 15 km (9 mi) away fromManila Bay, which is beyond the reach of naval guns. Quezon contactedWilliam E. Parsons, an American architect and planner, who had been the consulting architect for the islands early in the American colonial period. Parsons came over in the summer of 1939 and helped select the Diliman (Tuason) estate as the site for the new city. He died later that year, leaving his partner Harry Frost to take over. Frost collaborated withJuan Arellano, engineer A.D. Williams, and landscape architect and planner Louis Croft to craft a grand master plan for the new capital. The plan was approved by the Philippine authorities in 1941.[60][61]
The core of the new city was to be a 400-hectare (990-acre) Central Park, about the size ofNew York'sCentral Park, and defined by theNorth,South (Timog),East andWest Avenues. On one corner of the proposed Diliman Quadrangle was delineated a 25-hectare (62-acre) elliptical site, the focal point of the grand quadrangle. This was the planned location of a large Capitol Building to house thePhilippine Legislature and ancillary structures for the offices of representatives.[60][61] On either side of the giant ellipse were supposed to have been the newMalacañang Palace on North Avenue (site of the present-dayVeterans Memorial Hospital), and theSupreme Court Complex alongEast Avenue (now the site ofEast Avenue Medical Center). The three branches of government were to be finally and efficiently located in close proximity to each other.[60][61]
According to the 2020 Philippine census, Quezon City has a population of 2,960,048 people, making it themost populous city in the Philippines.[103] As of the 2015 census, the population of Quezon City comprises 22.80% or about1⁄4 ofMetro Manila's population.[103] From a population of 39,013 people when the city was established in 1939, the city tremendously grew and reached the one million mark in 1980 with a population of 1,165,865.[103] The city reached another milestone when its population reached the two million mark in 2000 with a population of 2,173,931.[103] The city's population density is at 18,222 people per km2, lower than Metro Manila's population density at 20,247 people per km2.[103] As of 2020, the city's most populous barangay is Commonwealth with 198,285 inhabitants, while the least populous is Quirino 3-A with 1,140 inhabitants.[103]
As of 2015, the average size of a household in Quezon City is 4.3 members.[103] It has a generally young population with an average of 28 years.[103] Females comprise 50.71% (1,488,765) while males comprise 49.29% (1,447,351). Children and youth alone (0–30 years old) constitute more than half (58.78% or 1,725,832) of the city's total population.[103]
Other churches that have their main churches in the city includeBread of Life Ministries International, Jesus is our Shield Worldwide Ministries, The Church So Blessed, People of Grace Fellowship, Tabernacle of Faith International, Word of Hope Christian Family Church, Church of the Lord of Hosts, Jesus Christ Saves Global Outreach (JCSGO) and Jesus the Blessed Redeemer International Ministry (JBRIM).[107]
As of 2013, there are 196,818 informal settler families in Quezon City living in 151,890 structures. 48,927 of these families live along waterways, alongright of ways, or within other danger areas.[116]
The Quezon Task Force on Socialized Housing and Development of Blighted Areas (Task Force Housing) is the lead agency of the city government for addressing the needs of socialized housing within the city.[103] Its goal is to direct and coordinate various city departments to develop housing projects and conduct other community development related activities.[103] The goal of the city's socialized housing program is to provide a safe, decent and sustainable home for the city's informal settlers and slum dwellers. The program involves the collaboration between different national and local government agencies, including the private sector.[117] The flagship housing program of the city is the Bistekville communities, which were named by former MayorHerbert "Bistek" Bautista after himself while he was in office from 2010 to 2019.[118] The naming was controversial to an extent, for it was considered a form of politicalepal because his name was affixed on a public works project. As of 2018, Quezon City has 37 Bistekville projects with 7,184 beneficiaries.[119] Additionally, there are 960 housing units built by the National Housing Authority (NHA) in barangay Holy Spirit.[120]
Quezon City is a hub for business and commerce, as a center for banking and finance, retailing, transportation, tourism, real estate, entertainment,new media,traditional media, telecommunications, advertising,legal services,accountancy, healthcare, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the Philippines. The National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines which annually publishes the Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI), ranks the cities, municipalities and provinces of the country according to their economic dynamism, government efficiency and infrastructure. Quezon City was the Most Competitive City in the country from 2015 to 2019 assuring that the city is consistently one of the best place to live in and do business. It earned the Hall of Fame Award in 2020 for its consecutive top performance.[121] There are about 86,000 registered business in the city.[122] As of 2019, Quezon City is the second richest city in the Philippines afterMakati. The city's total asset stood at₱96.4 billion,[123][124] while it has the biggest liability at ₱21.624 billion.[124] Since 2020, Quezon City is the richest city in the Philippines. The city's total assets amounted to₱448.51 billion by the end of 2023.[125][126] As of 2024, Quezon City is thelargest economy in the Philippines, with a 6% share to the national gross domestic product totaling ₱1.33 trillion.[127]
Eastwood City in Bagumbayan is the home to country's first and largest cyberpark.
Quezon City bills itself as theICT capital of the Philippines.[128] Quezon City was the first Local Government Unit (LGU) in the Philippines with a computerized real estate assessment and payment system, which was developed in 2015 that contains around 400,000 property units with capability to record payments.[60][61] The city has 33 ICT parks according toPEZA, which includes the Eastwood City Cyberpark in Bagumbayan, the first and largest IT Park in the country.[129]
Quezon City is known as the "Entertainment Capital of the Philippines"[128] and the "City of Stars", since it is where major studios located and most Filipino actors and actresses reside.[129] To support the film industry, the city established the Quezon City Film Development Commission (QCFDC). The city also holds its own film festival, theQCinema International Film Festival, every October or November and showcases local and international films,documentaries, andshort films, and gives grants to their creators.[130][131][132]
Quezon City is home to the Philippines' major broadcasting networks. There are 11 local television networks, 6 cable TV, 7 AM radio stations, and 4 FM radio stations in the city.[5] Major commercialbroadcast network in the Philippines such asABS-CBN andGMA Network have their headquarters in the city. From 1992 to 2013,TV5 had its headquarters in the city. It moved toMandaluyong in 2013 although TV5's former Novaliches headquarters still serves as its alternate studios. Its transmitter in Novaliches is still being used and operated by the network.[133] State-owned media and television network such asIBC,PTV andRPN also have their headquarters in the city.
Quezon City is classified as a Special City (according to its income)[134][135] and ahighly urbanized city (HUC). Themayor is the chief executive, and is a member of the Metro Manila Council. The mayor is assisted by the vice mayor, who serves as the presiding officer of the 38-memberQuezon City Council. The members of the City Council are elected as representatives of the six councilor districts within the city, and the municipal presidents of theLiga ng mga Barangay andSangguniang Kabataan.
The current mayor isMaria Josefina "Joy" Belmonte, who previously served as the city's vice mayor and is the daughter of former mayor andHouse SpeakerFeliciano Belmonte Jr. The current vice mayor isGian Sotto, a former city councilor and the son of actorsTito Sotto (also a formerSenate President and city vice mayor) andHelen Gamboa. The mayor and the vice mayor are term-limited by up to 3 terms, with each term lasting for 3 years. The mayor serves as the executive head that leads all the city's department in executing city ordinances and improving public services. The vice mayor, who serves a concurrent position as the presiding officer of the City Council, oversees the formulation and enactment passed by the council.
From its creation in 1939 up until 1959, themayors of Quezon City were appointed by the President.Norberto S. Amoranto was the first elected mayor, and was the city's longest-serving mayor, having served that position for 22 years.[26]
The city observesregular and non-working holidays of the Philippines. The Quezon City Day, which was celebrated annually on August 19 by both Quezon City andQuezon Province to commemorate the birth of Manuel L. Quezon, is a special non-working holiday.[136]
Sports in Quezon City have a long and distinguished history. Quezon City is the home to notable sporting and recreational venues such as theAmoranto Sports Complex, Quezon City Sports Club and theSmart Araneta Coliseum. The prominent boxing fight betweenMuhammad Ali andJoe Frazier, which was known asThrilla in Manila" was held at theAraneta Coliseum. It was renamed as the "Philippine Coliseum" for the event and the match was watched by over 1 billion viewers worldwide. The city is also home to venues used during the1981,1991,2005, and2019 editions of theSoutheast Asian Games.
Basketball is very prominent in the country. The city is home to theQuezon City Toda Aksyon, a men's professional basketball team that joined theMaharlika Pilipinas Basketball League in 2018. Most barangays around the city have a basketball court (or at least a makeshift basketball court), with court markings drawn on the streets. Larger barangays have covered courts where inter-barangay leagues are held every summer.
Quezon City is also notable for itsgolf courses, such as the Veterans Memorial Golf Club and Camp Aguinaldo Golf Club, which operates on golf-courses owned by the national government. The Capitol Hills Golf & Country Club in Matandang Balara is a privately owned exclusive 18-hole golf course situated at the hills overlooking Marikina Valley. In the early days after the creation of the city,Greenhills was considered as part of it along withWack Wack Golf and Country Club, but the golf course was reverted toMandaluyong.
The Quezon City Health Department is responsible for the public health of the city. Its headquarters is located at the Batasan Social Hygiene Clinic Building alongIBP Road,Batasan Hills. There are 60 government and privately owned hospitals in the city.[128] At present, there are three city-owned and controlled hospitals: the Quezon City General Hospital in Bahay Toro (Project 8), Novaliches District Hospital in San Bartolome, Novaliches and the Rosario Maclang Bautista General Hospital in Batasan Hills. Another city-owned hospital, the Visayas Avenue Medical Center is currently under-construction.[137]
The Schools Divisions Office of Quezon City (SDO QC) oversees the 97 public elementary schools and 46 public high schools within the city. The number of students enrolled in public schools across the city has increased over time, from an initial population of 20,593 elementary pupils and 310 high school students in 1950 to 258,201 elementary pupils and 143,462 high school students in the 2013–14 school year.[138] With its large student population, Quezon City has the greatest number of public schools in the Philippines.[139] As of 2015, five of the city's elementary schools and four of its high schools are among the 15 most populous public schools in the Philippines.[140] TheQuezon City Science High School (QueSci) was designated as theRegional Science High School for the National Capital Region since 1998. The city is the home of thePhilippine Science High School, the top science school in the Philippines operated by theDepartment of Science and Technology.
The Quezon City Science Interactive Center is regarded as the first of its kind science interactive center in the Philippines. TheQuezon City Public Library (QCPL) operates 20 branches throughout the city, with its Main Library located within theQuezon City Hall Complex.
Transportation in the city is purely land based. As of 2006, theMMDA Traffic Operation Center revealed that the most dominant type of transport in the city is private transportation, accounting for 82.49% of the total volume, while public transport such as buses, and jeepneys and taxis make up 13.72%, followed by industrial and commercial vehicles (such as trucks and vans) at 3.79%.[141] TheMetro Manila Skyway is the only elevatedexpressway passing through Quezon City, serving as a tolled connector between theNorth andSouth Luzon Expressways. The proposedSoutheast Metro Manila Expressway (C-6 Expressway) will connect parts of Quezon City and will have its northern terminus inBatasan Hills.
Famous modes of transportation in the city to get around are thejeepney, city buses and theUV Express, which follow fixed routes for a set price. All types of public road transport plying Quezon City are privately owned and operated under government-issued franchises. As of September 2020, the city has distributed 276e-trikes in selected barangays in hopes of promoting energy efficient and clean technologies in the transport sector.[142]
In 2021, the city government began operating eight city-wide bus routes under the Quezon City Bus Augmentation Program. The service is also referred to asCity Bus and theQCity Bus Service.[143][144] On April 28, 2023, the service was made permanent through Quezon City Ordinance No. SP-3184, series of 2023, or the "Q City Bus Ordinance", placing the program under the Quezon City Traffic and Transport Management Department.[145]
Water services are provided byMaynilad Water Services for the west and northern part of the city andManila Water for the southeastern part. The Novaliches-Balara Aqueduct 4 (NBAQ4), constructed by Manila Water, is the largest water supply infrastructure project inMetro Manila.[146] NBAQ4 measures 7.3 kilometers (4.5 mi) long and 3.1 meters (10 ft) in diameter, and the aqueduct has a capacity of 1,000 MLD (millions of liters per day) or 1,000 kL (35,000 cu ft) per day.[147] TheLa Mesa Dam and Reservoir is situated at the northernmost part of the city, covering an area of more than 27 square kilometers (10 sq mi). The reservoir contains theLa Mesa Watershed andEcopark.
Electric services are provided byMeralco, the sole electric power distributor in Metro Manila. As of December 2009, Meralco has a total of 512,255 customers within the city: 461,645 (90.1%) residential, 49,082 (9.6%) commercial, and 1,110 (0.2%) industrial. Street lights have 418 accounts.[5][148] As of October 2019, the city has 26,776LED streetlights.[142]
With the liberalization of the telecommunications industry, the city benefitted by having more firms that offer telephone and internet services. Notable telecommunication companies operating in the city includePLDT/Smart Communications,Globe Telecom,Dito Telecommunity, Multimedia and Eastern Telecommunications Services, Inc.[5]
ThePayatas dumpsite was the largestlandfill inMetro Manila. It was established in the 1970s on thebarangay of the same, located at the northeast part of Quezon City. The area where the landfill is situated used to be a ravine surrounded by farming villages and rice paddies.[149] When theSmokey Mountain inTondo, Manila, was closed in 1995, people who resided and worked as scavengers there migrated to the Payatas dumpsite, establishing a squatter colony around the dumpsite. On July 10, 2000, the deadlyPayatas landslide occurred, when large heaps of garbage dump collapsed on a nearby informal settlers' community and burned, killing between 218 and 700 people.[150] Following the tragic collapse, Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 was passed, which mandates the closure of open dumpsites in the Philippines by 2004 and controlled dumpsites by 2006.[151] In 2004, the Payatas dumpsite was reconfigured as a controlled disposal facility but it was closed down in December 2010.[152] A separate dumpsite was established near the old open dumpsite in January 2011.[153][152] The newer dumpsite closed in December 2017.[151]
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