TheQuebec diaspora consists ofQuebec immigrants and their descendants dispersed over theNorth American continent and historically concentrated in theNew England region of theUnited States,Ontario, and theCanadian Prairies. The mass emigration out of Quebec occurred in the period between 1840 and theGreat Depression of the 1930s.[1]
Approximately 900,000 Quebec residents[1][2] (French Canadian for the great majority) left for the United States between 1840 and 1930. They were pushed to emigrate byoverpopulation in rural areas that could not sustain them under theseigneurial system ofland tenure, but also because the expansion of this system was in effect blocked by the "Château Clique" that ruled Quebec under the British administration, who reserved new land developments for the English and the English system of colonization (seeEastern Townships). New England was the preferred destination due to its growingindustrialization. About half of the emigrants are reported to have eventually returned to Canada.[3] Often those who stayed organized themselves in communities sometimes known asLittle Canadas. A great proportion ofAmericans of French ancestry trace it through Quebec. Others, particularly in the South, were fromAcadia—theCajuns—and fromFrance directly. Until 1849, the Catholic Church was not allowed to purchase any land or establish any parishes in the Eastern Townships due to English Protestant laws and control.[4] At the initiative of Father Bernard O'Reilley, anAssociation des Townships was set up in 1848 to promote settlement in the area. In the 1850s, the association purchased lands which it gave to young families of farmers to prevent them from leaving for the United States where it was believed they would ultimately be assimilated.
Certain early American centres oftextile manufacturing and other industries attracted significant French-Canadian populations, likeLewiston and other bordering counties inMaine;Fall River,Holyoke,Fitchburg, andLowell in Massachusetts;Woonsocket inRhode Island;Manchester inNew Hampshire and the bordering counties inVermont. There was a significant number of French Canadians who moved to the Kankakee, Illinois area from the 1830s through the 1870s, including religious missionaries, establishing communities such as Bourbonnais, St. Anne, St. Georges, Papineau, and L'Erable.[5] There are also sizeable populations of French-Canadian descent inMichigan andMinnesota—who began migrating there when the region was still part ofNew France.[citation needed]
TheMuseum of Work and Culture inWoonsocket, Rhode Island, details New England's Quebec diaspora which developed in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Noteworthy among those whose parents settled in the United States are writerJack Kerouac, baseball playerNap Lajoie, politicianMike Gravel, singersRudy Vallée andRobert Goulet,Emil Beaulieau, historianWill Durant, andmany more.
The largest proportion ofFrench-Canadians outside Quebec trace their ancestry to Quebec (except in theCanadian Maritimes, which were settled by theAcadians). Ontario had been part of New France and settlements in the Detroit-Windsor area find their origins in that period.
The development of mining and forestry resources in thenortheastern andeastern regions of Ontario at the end of the 19th century and early 20th century attracted a large workforce from Quebec. A great part of today's half a millionFranco-Ontarians are the descendants of these Quebec emigrants. The Francophone population of Ontario is today still concentrated mainly in the northeastern and eastern parts of Ontario, close to the border with Quebec, although smaller pockets of Francophone settlement exist throughout the province in areas like Windsor, Welland and Penetanguishene.[citation needed]
While a good number of emigrants were from Quebec or Ontario, it is often Franco-Americans who formed the nucleus of the population in several francophone communities ofWestern Canada. These populations today self-identify with their province of residence (Franco-Manitobans,Fransaskois,Franco-Albertans orFranco-Columbians).
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