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Quebec French profanities,[1] known assacres (singular:sacre; from the verbsacrer, "to consecrate"), are words and expressions related toCatholicism and itsliturgy that are used as strongprofanities inQuebec French (the main variety ofCanadian French),Acadian French (spoken inMaritime Provinces, east of Quebec, and parts ofAroostook County, Maine, in theUnited States), and traditionally French-speaking areas across Canada.Sacres are considered stronger in Québec than the sexual and scatological profanities common to other varieties ofFrench, (such asmerde, "shit").[2]
Thesacres originated in the early 19th century, when the social control exerted by the Catholic clergy was increasingly a source of frustration.[2] One of the oldestsacres issacrament, which can be thought of as the Franco-Canadian equivalent of the English "goddamn it". It is known to have been in use as early as the 1830s.[citation needed] The wordsacrer in its current meaning is believed to come from the expressionNe dites pas ça, c'est sacré ("Don't say that, it is sacred/holy"). Eventually,sacrer started to refer to the words Quebecers were not supposed to say. This is likely related to thecommandment "Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain" (Exodus 20:7). The influence and social importance of Catholicism at that time allowedsacres to become powerful forms of profanity.
As a result of theQuiet Revolution in the 1960s, the influence of theRoman Catholic Church in Quebec has declined but the profanity still remains in use today.[2]
Thesesacres are commonly given in a phonetic spelling to indicate the differences in pronunciation from the original word, several of which (notably, the deletion of final consonants and change of[ɛ] to[a] before/ʁ/) are typical of informalQuebec French. The nouns here can also be modified for use as verbs (see "Non-profane uses", below). Additionally, some forms, notablyostie andcriss, can become semi-adjectival when followed byde, as inVa t'en, ostie de chat! (Scram, you fucking cat!);tabarnak is often added at the end for extra emphasis.
Often, several of these words are strung together when used adjectivally, as inVa t'en, ostie d'câlice de chat à marde! (see "Intricate forms", below) and many combinations are possible. Since swear words are voluntarily blasphemous, the spellings are usually different from the words from which they originate. For example,câlice can be writtenkâliss,calice,caliss,cawliss, and so on. There is no general agreement on how to write these words, and theOffice québécois de la langue française does not regulate them.
Mostsacres have modified, mildereuphemistic forms (seeminced oath). Such forms are not usually considered nearly as rude as the original.[2] They are the equivalent of English words such as "gosh", "heck", or "darn". Many of the euphemistic forms are only similar-sounding to religious terms, so are considered not to denigrate the Church directly.[3]
The following are also considered milder profanity:
Sometimes older people unable to bring themselves to swear with church words or their derivatives would make up ostensibly innocuous phrases, such ascinq six boîtes de tomates vartes (literally, "five or six boxes of green tomatoes",varte being slang forverte, "green"). This phrase when pronounced quickly by a native speaker sounds likesaint-siboire de tabarnak ("holy ciborium of the tabernacle"). Another example of a benign word that is church sounding iscoltord, which was simply an anglicism for "coal-tar", but pronounced just so, sounds like a mergedcâlice andtort ("harm").
In Québec French, swear words can be combined into more powerful combinations to express extreme anger or disgust.[2] These intricate uses of French profanities can be difficult to master. The combinations are endless; some people in both Quebec and francophone communities in other provinces consider mixing and matching swear words to be a sort of skilled art.
A very strong way to express anger or frustration is to use the wordstabarnak,sacrament, andcâlice. Depending on the context and the tone of the phrases, it might make everybody quiet, but some people use these words to add rhythm or emphasis to sentences.
Usually, more than one of these words is used in Franco-Canadian profanity. The words are simply connected withde (of), without any restrictions. Long strings of invective can be connected in this way, and the resulting expression does not have to have any concrete meaning—for example,Mon ostie de saint-sacrament de câlice de crisse (literally, "My host of (the) holy sacrament of (the) chalice of Christ"). Non-religious terms may also be strung together in this way, as inMon crisse de char est brisé, câlisse de tabarnak (literally, "My Christ of (a) car is broken, chalice of (the) tabernacle").[2] In areas where English is also commonly spoken, English expletives are often inserted.Fuck ostie ("Fuck [the] host") is common in Quebec.
The adjectivefucké (with meanings varying from "crazy, disturbed" to "broken down") is much milder than "fucked" is inEnglish. It is routinely used in, for instance, TVsitcom dialogue.[2] The same goes for "shit" (which in Quebec French is used only as an interjection expressing dismay, never as the noun for excrement). When used as a verb,Va chier (literally, "Go shit"), means not to excrete but rather to "fuck off". When used in the past-tensechié, it is used exactly asfucké:Mes souliers sont chiés ("My shoes are fucked", literally: "My shoes are shitted").
Even English-language dialogue containing these words can appear on Quebec French-language television withoutbleeping. For example, in 2003, whenpunks rioted inMontreal because a concert by the bandThe Exploited had been cancelled, TV news reporters solemnly read out a few lyrics and song titles from their albumFuck the System. The same is not true of Quebec's English-language television stations, which follow the same guidelines as other stations inCanada. In November 2017 theCRTC ruled that "fuck" is not a swear word in French.[4]
A slang term with the prepositionen means "a lot of":d’la bouffe en tabarnak (oren crisse, etc.) means "a lot of food", similar to English constructs such as "fuck-ton" or "shitload".
Sacres are often used as verbs too. For example,crisser une volée means "to beat the fuck out of", "to kick one's ass" or, more literally, "to give a beating", wherecrisser is used as a stronger form of "to give" (donner in French). There are constructions likedétabarnaker ordécrisser, which means "to leave" or "to destroy", using thedé prefix, which is about separation. Others includes’en câlicer ors’en crisser ("to not give a damn"),sacrer son camp orcrisser son camp ("to run away"), anddécâlisser. Some are even found as adverbs, such assacrament, meaning "very" or "extremely", as inC’est sacrament bon ("This is really good").En tabarnak oren câlisse can mean "extremely angry".
In the movieBon Cop, Bad Cop, Quebec actor and stand-up comicPatrick Huard's character teachesColm Feore's how to swear properly.[5]
These expressions are found less commonly in literature, but rappers and other singers often usecriss andcâlice as a rhyme. More traditional singers also use these words, such as Quebec singerPlume Latraverse.
One fine example of the use ofsacres as different word classes is a dialogue byLes Cyniques calledLe cours de sacres. The phraseJules, étant irrité, a expulsé violemment Jacques qui était en colère ("Jules, who was irritated, violently ejected Jacques, who was angry.") becomesLe sacrament qui était en calvaire a calissé dehors l’ostie en tabarnak ("That fucker, who was pissed off, kicked out that dickhead, who was fucking furious.") with each content word (noun, verb, adjective or adverb) replaced with a profane synonym. This usage ofsacres is similar to the form of Russian swearing known asmat.
The expression of ideas linked to the Protestant (Huguenot) faith can be considered, looking at both the initial meaning expressed by the swear words and the geographic origin of the settlers of New-France.
Since the roughly twenty initial words have generated close to four-hundred euphemisms[6] and thousands of set constructions, all equally present in all regions of Quebec, it would make more sense to have them begin their development at an earlier time than the mid-nineteenth century.
The main Quebec swear words refer to aspects of Catholic worship and practice that Calvinists have historically rejected or objected to, including eucharistic adoration, transubstantiation, the Virgin Mary (viarge) and simony (simonaque). They are expressed in French rather than Latin.
«The reformers unanimously rejected transubstantiation, … understand that words alone are not strong enough to illustrate this philosophy.» and «You have to understand the hatred they feel in the face of what they perceive as a fraud.»[7]
About a third of the established settlers came from the Pays de Caux in the Northern part of Normandie «The Pays de Caux... formed a kind of triangle bounded by the port cities of Rouen, Dieppe and Le Havre. These three communities stand out as the only real points of concentration (settler provenance in Normandy)»[8] also «The Pays de Caux housed probably the largest concentration of rural Protestants north of the Loire»[9] and another third from the Poitou area (which includes Angoumois, Aunis, Saintonge), where lived France's greatest concentrations of Huguenots at that time.[9]
This fact has already been noted in a different context «The geographical areas where women were recruited coincide with the Protestant areas.»[10]
It appears that throughout the New-France period, settlement originated from French Protestant strongholds as the increasing pressure from the Counter-Reformation made it harder and harder for them to live in France. This would suggest that Quebec swear words were originally an expression of their religious principles.
The use of liturgical profanity is not unique to Canadian French or Quebec. InItalian, although to a lesser extent, some analogous words are in use: in particular,ostia (host) and (more so in the past)sacramento are relatively common expressions in the northeast, which are lighter (and a little less common) than the typical blasphemies in use in Italy, such asporco Dio (pig god) andporca Madonna (seeItalian profanity). Modifying the terms into euphemistic equivalents is used in Italy; for example,ostia is commonly modified toosteria (atype of restaurant). The wordsacramento has produced the verbsacramentare, which colloquially means "to use blasphemy".
Other dialects in the world feature this kind of profanity, such as the expressionsSakrament andKruzifix noch einmal inAustro-Bavarian andkrucifix in Czech.La hostia is an expletive expression in someSpanish dialects. InCatalan,hòstia is used and is frequently abbreviated toosti. Spanish also usesme cago en ... ("I shit on ...") followed by "God", "the blessed chalice", "the Virgin" and other terms, religious or not. It can be shortened to just¡La virgen! or¡Copón bendito! ("Blessed chalice!"). InRomanian, the profanityanafura mă-tii! ("Your mother's host!") is sometimes used with "Easter", "Christ", "Cross", "Commemoration" (parastas), "sacred oil lamp" (tu-i candela 'mă-sii), "God", "Church", etc.
Sheila Fischman's translation ofLa Guerre, yes Sir! (published under that title in French and English and meaning roughly "War, you bet!"), byRoch Carrier, leaves manysacres in the original Quebec French, since they have no real equivalent in English. She gives a brief explanation and history of these terms in her introduction, including a few not listed here. At a crucial point in the story, a boy swears in the presence of his father. For the first time, instead of beating or punishing his son, the father swears back. This represents the boy's passage into manhood.
Irish Catholics of old employed a similar practice, whereby "ejaculations" were used to express frustration without cursing or profaning (taking the Lord's name in vain). This typically involved the recitation of a rhyming couplet, where a shocked person might say, "Jesus who, for love of me / Died on the Cross at Calvary" instead of "Jesus!" This is often abbreviated simply to "Jesus-hoo-fer-luv-a-me", an expression still heard among elderly Irish people. "Jesus, Mary and Joseph!" is used in Quebec French:Jésus, Marie, Joseph!
Hungarians, primarily Catholics, follow the same suit: instead ofIsten (God) or as a curse,az Istenit! (the God of it!), they often use another word which also begins withis:iskoláját (the school of it!) oristállóját (the stable of it!).
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