CommonEnglish-language usage distinguishes the city from the province by referring to the former as Quebec City.[18]
According to the Government of Canada, the Government of Quebec, and the Geographical Names Board of Canada, the names of Canadian cities and towns have only one official form. Thus, Québec is officially spelled with an accented é in bothFrench andCanadian English.[19][20][21] However, province names can have different forms in English and French. As a result, in English, the federal government style distinguishes the city and province by spelling the city with an acute accent (Québec) and the province without one (Quebec). The government of Quebec spells both names "Québec", including when writing in English.[22]
In French, the two are distinguished in that province names including Quebec generally takedefinite articles, while city names do not. As a result, the city isQuébec and the province isle Québec; "in Quebec City" isà Québec and "in the province of Quebec" isau[c] Québec; and so forth.[23]
It is home to the earliest known French settlement in North America,Fort Charlesbourg-Royal, established in 1541 by explorerJacques Cartier with some 400 persons but abandoned less than a year later due to the harsh winter and resistance of indigenous inhabitants to colonial incursion on their land.[25] The fort was at the mouth of theRivière du Cap Rouge, in the suburban formertown of Cap-Rouge (which merged into Quebec City in 2002).
Quebec was founded bySamuel de Champlain, a French explorer and diplomat, on 3 July 1608,[26][27] and at the site of a long abandonedSt. Lawrence Iroquoian settlement calledStadacona. Champlain, who came to be called "The Father ofNew France", served as its administrator for the rest of his life.
Thename "Canada" was given to the colony that developed around the settlement at Quebec. Although theAcadian settlement atPort-Royal was established three years earlier, Quebec came to be known as the cradle of North America'sFrancophone population. The location seemed favourable to the establishment of a permanent colony.
The population of the settlement remained small for decades. In 1629 it wascaptured by English privateers, led byDavid Kirke, during theAnglo-French War.[28] Samuel de Champlain argued that the English seizing of French lands was illegal as the war had already ended, and worked to have them returned to France. As part of the ongoing negotiations following the end of the Anglo-French War, in 1632 the English kingCharles I agreed to return captured lands in exchange forLouis XIII paying his wife'sdowry.[28] These terms were signed into law with theTreaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. The colonies ofCanada andAcadia were returned to the FrenchCompany of One Hundred Associates.[28]
In 1665, there were 550 people in 70 houses living in the city. One-quarter of the people were members of religious orders: secular priests, Jesuits, Ursulines nuns and the order running the local hospital, Hôtel-Dieu.[29]
At the end of French rule, Quebec was a town of 8,000 inhabitants, surrounded by forests, villages, fields and pastures. The town was distinguished by its monumental architecture, fortifications, and affluent homes of masonry and shacks in the suburbs of Saint-Jean and Saint-Roch. Despite its urbanity and its status as capital, Quebec remained a small city with close ties to its rural surroundings. Nearby inhabitants traded their farm surpluses and firewood for imported goods from France at the two city markets.
During theAmerican Revolution, revolutionary troops from the southern coloniesassaulted the British garrison in the city in the hope that the peoples of Quebec would rise and join theAmerican Revolution so that Canada would join theContinental Congress, along with the other British colonies of continental North America. The American invasion failed, however, and the war resulted in a permanent split of British North America into two entitles: the newly independentUnited States of America, and those colonies (including Quebec) that remained under British control, which would later become the country ofCanada.
The city itself was not attacked during theWar of 1812, when the United States again attempted to annex Canadian lands. Amid fears of another American attack on Quebec City, construction of theCitadelle of Quebec began in 1820. The Americans did not attack Canada after the War of 1812, but the Citadelle continued to house a large British garrison until 1871. It is still in use by the military and is also a tourist attraction.
Until the late 18th century Québec was the most populous city in present-day Canada. As of the census of 1790, Montreal surpassed it with 18,000 inhabitants, but Quebec, which had about 14,000 of population at that time, remained the administrative capital of the former New France.[31] It was then made the capital ofLower Canada by theConstitutional Act of 1791.[32] From 1841 to 1867, the capital of theProvince of Canada rotated betweenKingston,Montreal,Toronto,Ottawa and Quebec City (from 1851 to 1855 and from 1859 to 1865).[33]
Square timber being loaded on a sail ship at the port of Québec in 1872
The city experienced an economic golden age in the 1800s, due to its favorable location on the Saint Lawrence River which gave rise to industries of woodensailing ships manufacture, export of squaredtimber logs. to Europe, as well as associated enterprises such assawmills. However, by the 1870s, Québec City entered a period of economic decline. Contributing factors included the rise of steel-hulledsteamships, the expansion of railroads at the expense of waterways for continental commerce; the depletion of forest resources near major rivers upstream of Québec City and in the west of the province, which were transported toQuébec's port bylog driving; the construction oflocks on the Saint Lawrence Seaway, opening up trade routes to the U.S. from Montreal; and the city's inability to retain immigrant populations.[34] This unfavourable context, coupled with the departure of the British army from the city's Citadel in 1871, contributed to the exodus of English speaking populations, such as local bourgeoisie of Scottish origin or workers of Irish background, to Montreal in the second half of the 19th century. Anglophones made up approximately 40% of the city's population in 1861, but 16% in 1901.[35]
Before theRoyal Military College of Canada was established in 1876, the only French-speaking officer training school was the Quebec City School of Military Instruction, founded in 1864.[36] The school was retained at Confederation, in 1867. In 1868, The School of Artillery was formed in Montreal.[37]
TheQuebec Conference onCanadian Confederation was held in the city in 1864. In 1867,Queen Victoria chose Ottawa as the definite capital of the Dominion of Canada, while Quebec City was confirmed as the capital of the newly created province of Quebec.
Until 2002, Quebec was a mostly urbanized city and its territory coterminous with today's borough ofLa Cité-Limoilou. The Government of Quebec then mandated amunicipal reorganization in the province, and manysuburbs of the north shore of the Saint-Lawrence were merged into Quebec City, taking the form ofboroughs, thus constituting the boundary of present-day Québec City. In 2008 the city celebrated its400th anniversary and was gifted funds for festivities and construction projects by provincial and federal governments, as well aspublic artwork by various entities, including foreign countries.
Theadministrative region in which it is situated is officially referred to asCapitale-Nationale,[40][41] and the term "national capital" is used to refer to Quebec City itself at the provincial level.[42]
Quebec City experiences four distinct seasons. Summers are warm and occasionally hot, with periods of hotter temperatures which compounded with the high humidity, create a high heat index that belies the average high of 22–25 °C (72–77 °F) and lows of 11–13 °C (52–55 °F). Winters are cold, windy and snowy with average high temperatures −5 to −8 °C (23 to 18 °F) and lows −13 to −18 °C (9 to 0 °F). Spring and fall, although short, bring chilly to warm temperatures. Late heat waves as well as "Indian summers" are a common occurrence.[44]
On average, Quebec City receives 1,190 millimetres (46.85 in) of precipitation, of which 899 millimetres (35.39 in) is rain and 303 millimetres (11.93 in) is the melt from 316 centimetres (124.4 in) of snowfall per annum.[e] The city experiences around 1,916 hours of bright sunshine annually or 41.5% of possible sunshine, with summer being the sunniest, but also slightly the wettest season. During winter, snow generally stays on the ground from the end of November till mid-April.
The highest temperature ever recorded in Quebec City was 36.1 °C (97.0 °F) on 17 July 1953.[47] The coldest temperature ever recorded was −36.7 °C (−34.1 °F) on 10 January 1890 and 14 January 2015.[48][49]
Quebec City's sixboroughs (French:arrondissements) are further divided into 35 neighbourhoods (French:quartiers).[55] In most cases, the name of the latter remained the same as the historicaltown (French:ville) orparish municipality it replaced. Neighbourhoods each elect their own council, whose powers rest inpublic consultations.
Compared to many other cities in North America, there is less variation between average household incomes between the neighbourhoods. However, some disparities exist. The southwest former cities ofSillery,Cap-Rouge andSainte-Foy are considered to be the wealthiest, along with some parts of Montcalm and Old Quebec.[56]
The city's traditional working-class areas are found in the lower town below Old Quebec (Saint-Sauveur and Saint-Roch) and directly across theSaint-Charles River to the north (Vanier and Limoilou). However, parts of Limoilou, Saint-Sauveur and particularly Saint-Roch have seengentrification in the last 20 years, attracting young professionals and the construction of new offices and condos.[57]
North-east aerial view from the Quebec Bridge area. The foreground shows the Sainte-Foy neighbourhood of Saint-Louis and the modern buildings of boulevard Laurier.
Northern sections (Loretteville, Val-Bélair) and eastern sections (Beauport, Charlesbourg) are mostly a mix of middle-class residential suburbs with industrial pockets.
a Quebec City annexed the Village of Saint-Sauveur-de-Québec bQuebec City annexed the Town of Limoilou and the Village of Saint-Malo cQuebec City annexed the Town of Montcalm dQuebec City annexed the Town of Duberger and the Town of Les Saules eQuebec City annexed the Town of Neufchâtel and the Municipality of Charlesbourg-Ouest fQuebec City annexed the cities of Beauport, Cap-Rouge, Charlesbourg, Lac-Saint-Charles, Loretteville, Saint-Émile, Sainte-Foy, Sillery, Val-Bélair and Vanier
In the2021 Census of Population conducted byStatistics Canada, Québec had a population of549,459 living in265,711 of its283,219 total private dwellings, a change of3.3% from its 2016 population of531,902. With a land area of 452.3 km2 (174.6 sq mi), it had a population density of1,214.8/km2 (3,146.3/sq mi) in 2021.[60]
According to Statistics Canada, there were 839,311 people residing in the Quebec City census metropolitan area.[61]
In 2016, 20.6% of the resident population in Quebec City was of retirement age (65 and over for males and females) compared with 16.9% in Canada. The median age is 43.3 years of age compared to 41.2 years of age for Canada as a whole. In the five years between 2011 and 2016, the population of Quebec City grew by 3%.[62]
In 2021,[63] 9.4% of Quebec City residents reportedvisible minority status, a relatively low figure for a large Canadian city; the national average was 26.5%.[64] The largest visible minority group wereBlack Canadians, who formed 4.1% of the population. Quebec City also had a lower percentage of Indigenous Canadians (1.8%) than the national average of 5.0%.[65]
The2021 census reported thatimmigrants (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 45,230 persons or 8.5% of the total population of Quebec City. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were France (7,360 persons or 16.3%), Colombia (2,865 persons or 6.3%), Morocco (2,715 persons or 6.0%), Ivory Coast (2,500 persons or 5.5%), Cameroon (2,225 persons or 4.9%), Algeria (1,920 persons or 4.2%), Tunisia (1,795 persons or 4.0%), Democratic Republic of the Congo (1,315 persons or 1,315%), Haiti (1,120 persons or 2.5%), and Brazil (1,115 persons or 2.5%).[65]
The great majority of city residents are native French speakers. The English-speaking community peaked in relative terms during the 1860s, when 40% of Quebec City's residents wereAnglophone.[70][71] Today, native Anglophones make up only about 1.5% of the population of both the city and its metropolitan area.[72] However, the summer tourist season and theQuebec Winter Carnival attract significant numbers of Anglophone (as well asFrancophone) visitors, and English can often be heard in areas frequented by tourists.
In 2021, according to Statistics Canada, 90.6% of Quebec City's population spoke French as their sole mother tongue. More than a third of city residents reported being capable of speaking both French and English.
Canada Census Mother Tongue – Quebec City, Quebec[58]
This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(August 2025)
Hôtel-Dieu de Québec is one of three hospitals operated byCHUQ, one of the largest employer in Quebec City.
Most jobs in Quebec City are concentrated in public administration, defence, services, commerce, transport and tourism. As the provincial capital, the city benefits from being a regional administrative and services centre: apropos, the provincial government is the largest employer in the city, employing 27,900 people as of 2007.[73]CHUQ (the local hospital network) is the city's largest institutional employer, with more than 10,000 employees in 2007. The unemployment rate in June 2018 was 3.8%, below the national average (6.0%) and the second-lowest of Canada's 34 largest cities, behindPeterborough (2.7%).[74]
Around 10% of jobs are in manufacturing.[75] Principal products include pulp and paper,[76] processed food, metal/wood items, chemicals, electronics and electrical equipment, and printed materials. The city hosts the headquarters of a variety of prominent companies, including: fashion retailerLa Maison Simons, engineering firmsBPR andNorda Stelo;Cominar real estate investment trust;Beneva,Industrial Alliance, Promutuel, and Union Canadienne in the insurance sector;Beenox,Gearbox Software,Frima Studio,Sarbakan andUbisoft in the computer games industry; AeternaZentaris and DiagnoCure in pharmaceuticals; Amalgame, Cossette and Vision 7 in marketing and advertising;Institut National d'Optique (INO), EXFO, OptoSecurity in technology. It is also the domicile of the sole manufactory of the cigarette makerRothmans, Benson & Hedges.
While the traditionalcentral business districts and their large office buildings are found onParliament Hill (especially for provincial administration) and just below inSaint-Roch (nowadays notable forIT and the video game industry), a newer one has emerged in theBoulevard Laurier [fr] area ofSainte-Foy, where a number of accounting andlaw firms have moved since the 2000s. Other suburban places identified by the city for their potential are the Lebourgneuf area for private offices, as well as Estimauville Street where theGovernment of Canada already has many civil servants and where several city officials are expected to move in the 2020s.[57]
Quebec City is known for itsWinter Carnival, itssummer music festival and itsSaint-Jean-Baptiste Day celebrations.TheJardin zoologique du Québec, now closed, reopened in 2002 after extensive repairs before ultimately shutting permanently in 2006. It featured 750 specimens of 300 different species of animals. The zoo specialized in winged fauna and garden themes but also featured several species of mammals. While it emphasized Quebec's indigenous fauna, one of its main attractions was the Indo-Australian greenhouse, which initially cost $14 million to build.[77] It featured fauna and flora from regions surrounding theIndian Ocean.[78]
Parc Aquarium du Québec, which reopened in 2002 on a site overlooking theSaint Lawrence River, features more than 10,000 specimens of mammals, reptiles, fish and other aquaticfauna of North America and theArctic.Polar bears and various species ofseals of the Arctic sector and the "Large Ocean", a large basin offering visitors a view from underneath, make up part of the aquarium's main attractions.
Much of the city's notable traditional architecture is located inVieux-Québec (Old Quebec), within and below thefortifications. This area has a distinct European feel with its stone buildings and winding streets lined with shops and restaurants. Porte Saint-Louis and Porte Saint-Jean are the main gates through the walls from the modern section of downtown; the Kent Gate was a gift to the province fromQueen Victoria and the foundation stone was laid by the Queen's daughter,Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne, on 11 June 1879.[81] West of the walls are theParliament Hill area, and to the south thePlains of Abraham.
The upper and lower town are linked by numerous stairs such as theEscalier « casse-cou » ("breakneck stairway") or theOld Quebec Funicular on the historicRue du Petit-Champlain, where many small boutiques are found. A small town square nearby, the Place Royale, now surrounded by picturesque stone buildings, is the site ofChamplain's founding of the city in 1608. On it is theNotre-Dame-des-Victoires church. TheMusée de la Civilisation is located nearby by the river.
Chateau Frontenac in Quebec CityThePetit Champlain, containing the picturedRue du Petit-Champlain, is claimed to be the oldest commercial district in North America.[82]Le Diamant Theatre in Quebec City's Saint-Roch neighbourhoodQuébec, photographed from Lévis
One of the most notable isThe Battlefields Park, which is home to 50 historical artillery pieces and thePlains of Abraham. The park offers views of the St. Lawrence River and has multiple historical structures and statues like theJoan of Arc on Horseback and a couple ofMartello Towers.[84] Historically this was the site of theBattle of the Plains of Abraham (1759), a decisive British victory in theSeven Years' War which ended French rule in what would become Canada, and the laterBattle of Quebec (1775) during theAmerican Revolutionary War, where the British were able to hold onto its last stronghold in the Northern extent of its North American territory.
Other large and centrally located parks areParc Victoria, ParcMaizerets andCartier-Brébeuf National Historic Site.Quebec City's largest park is theParc Chauveau [fr], which is crossed by the suburban section of the city-wideSaint-Charles River and is thus also part of the 31 km (19 mi) long Saint-Charles River'slinear park. At Chauveau, activities such ascanoeing, fishing andcross-country skiing are offered depending on the season, in addition to an interior soccer stadium.[85] Among others, there is also the beach of Beauport Bay, as well as the Marais du Nord (north-endmarsh land).
Quebec is the only large city in Canada along withHalifax lacking a publicgreenhouse. Nonetheless, outside areas known for their publicgardens orlandscaping include:[86]
The linear park namedPromenade Samuel-De Champlain [fr] that stretches 4.6 km (2.9 mi) alongside the Saint Lawrence River, fromPierre Laporte Bridge to Sillery's east-end. Its bicycle and pedestrian paths then continues to Old Quebec and then along the Saint-Charles River.[87] Just like the beach at Beauport Bay, the construction of thePromenade was funded by provincial and federal governments to celebrate the400th anniversary of Quebec City in 2008.
TheVideotron Centre was built with the hope of getting anNHL franchise (relocation or expansion) in Quebec City.[90] The project was funded regardless of whether an NHL team arrives.[91] It is also hoped that the arena can help Quebec City win a futureWinter Olympics games bid.[92] It has now replaced theColisée de Québec as the main multifunctional arena in Quebec City.
Various lines of thought were offered, including the popularity of thetalk radio stationsCHOI andFM93 expressingfiscally conservative and non-politically correct opinions.[98] Over the years, this genre has been qualified by its detractors asradio poubelle (English:trash radio) and hosts likeJeff Fillion andAndré Arthur likened toshock jocks.[99] Also, compared to the rest of the province, people of the area may favour harsher criminal sentences, and lower-class households may share political views more in line with those earning more. The reasons for this remain unclear.[94] Another researcher put forward the historical factors that led to Montreal surpassing Quebec as the metropolis ofBritish North America in the early 19th century. According to this theory, its permanent status of "second city" (albeit the capital) engendered feelings of "repressed jealousy".[100]
The "mystery" was relativized following the2011 federal election. All five ridings within the city were won by the leftistNew Democratic Party, in the so-called "orange wave" that temporarily swept the province. Nonetheless, five of the six seats won by the Conservatives in the province were found in the greater Quebec City area.[101] At the2018 provincial election, the leftist partyQuébec solidaire managed to win two districts,Taschereau andJean-Lesage, the most densely populated in town, but the centre-right CAQ, as it swept the province, won six of the nine districts encompassing the city, and 15 of the 18 in the administrative regions ofCapitale-Nationale andChaudière-Appalaches (south shore of the city).
Each of the city's six boroughs has a council composed of 3 to 5 of the aforementioned councillors, depending on the size of its population. It has jurisdiction with matters such as local road maintenance, leisure,waste collection, and small grants for community projects and others, but cannot tax or borrow money.[104] The boroughs are further divided into35 neighbourhoods, which also have councils devoted topublic consultations, each led by 11 citizens. Their geographical limits may be distinct from those of the city's 21 electoral districts, and councillors also sit at their neighbourhood councils as non-voting ex officio members.[105]
On 29 January 2017, a university studentshot and killed six people with another 17 injured in a mass shooting at theQuebec Islamic Cultural Centre.[109] Even after accounting for this event, the CMA of Quebec had the second lowest Crime Severity Index in the country in 2017, at 48.5, after that ofBarrie (45.3).[110] For the year 2017, the number of reported incidents investigated ashate crimes by the city police increased from 57 to 71, and for those specifically targeting Muslims from 21 to 42.[111] The overall rate of reported hate crimes was thus 7.1 per 100,000 population — higher than the national average (3.9) and in Montreal (4.7) but lower than rates inHamilton,Ottawa andThunder Bay.[112]
There were twofirst-degree murders in 2018, seven in 2017 (six of which were due to the mosque shooting), one in 2016, two in 2015 and three in 2014.[113][114][115]
On 1 November 2020, the Quebec City policearrested a man dressed in medieval costume and armed with a Japanese sword. Carl Girouard, the arrestee, reportedly killed 2 people and hospitalized 5 others.[116]
Within the metropolitan region, Autoroutes 40, 73, and several spur routes link the city centre with its suburbs.
Autoroute 573 (Autoroute Henri-IV) connects the city withCFB Valcartier.Autoroute 740 (Autoroute Robert-Bourassa) serves as a north–south inner belt.Autoroute 440 comprises two separate autoroutes to the west and east of the urban core. Originally meant to be connected by a tunnel under the city centre, the two sections are separated by a 6 km (3.7 mi) gap. There are no current plans to connect them. The western section (Autoroute Charest) connects Autoroutes 40 and 73 with Boulevard Charest (a main east–west avenue) while the eastern section (Autoroute Dufferin-Montmorency) links the city centre withBeauport andMontmorency Falls.
RTC'sMétrobus is a six lines, higher frequency and capacity bus service.A tram in Quebec City in 1898
TheRéseau de transport de la Capitale (RTC) is responsible for public transport in the region. The RTC operates a fleet of buses and has recently implemented articulated buses. The RTC is studying the return of atramway system to help ease overcrowding on its busiest lines as well as attract new users to public transit. The two billion dollar revitalization project needs approval from higher levels of government since the city does not have the financial resources to fund such an ambitious project on its own. As of 2022, the project named Quebec City Tramway is under development.[118][119][120]
Rail transport is operated byVia Rail at theGare du Palais ('Palace Station'). The station is the eastern terminus of the railway's mainQuebec City-Windsor Corridor. An inter-city bus station, with connections to the provincial long-distance bus network, is adjacent to the train station, and is used by operators such asOrleans Express andIntercar.
TheUniversité Laval (Laval University) is in the southwestern part of the city, in the borough ofSainte-Foy, except for its school of architecture, which is at the "Vieux-Séminaire" building in Old Quebec.
Quebec City has the oldest educational institution for women in North America, led by theUrsulines of Quebec, which is now a private elementary school.
^Although snow is measured in cm the melted snow (water equivalent) is measured in mm and added to the rainfall to obtain the total precipitation. An approximation of the water equivalent can be made by dividing the snow depth by ten. Thus 1 cm (0.4 in) of snow is equivalent to approximately 1 mm (0.04 in) of water. Seesnow gauge,[45] and[46]
^Based on station coordinates provided by Environment and Climate Change Canada, climate data was recorded in the area ofOld Quebec from August 1875 to February 1959, and atQuébec City Jean Lesage International Airport from March 1943 to present.
Citations
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^"Names (geographical)". Public Service Commission of Canada.Archived from the original on 21 November 2016. Retrieved29 October 2016.
^Government of Canada (8 October 2009)."Geographical Names". The Canadian Style.Archived from the original on 30 October 2016. Retrieved29 October 2016.
^"Québec en quelques mots".Immigrant Québec (in Canadian French). 22 October 2021.Archived from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved20 May 2022.
^Décret concernant la révision des limites des régions administratives du Québec, R.Q. c. D-11, r.2, made pursuant to the Territorial Division Act, R.S.Q. c. D-11
^"Quebec/Jean Lesage INT'L A, Quebec".Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment and Climate Change Canada. 1 October 2024.Archived from the original on 9 May 2014. Retrieved18 November 2024.
^"Quebec".Canadian Climate Data. Environment and Climate Change Canada.Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved28 March 2016.
^Rainville, Candide; Service de l'ingénierie. Division de l'arpentage et de la cartographie. Ville de Québec (10 January 2011)."Les arrondissements et leurs quartiers" [The boroughs and their quarters](PDF) (Map).clubdimension.org (in French).Archived(PDF) from the original on 5 November 2019. Retrieved5 November 2019.
^Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 October 2021)."Census Profile, 2016 Census".www12.statcan.gc.ca.Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved12 January 2023.
^Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 November 2015)."NHS Profile".www12.statcan.gc.ca.Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved12 January 2023.
^Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (20 August 2019)."2006 Community Profiles".www12.statcan.gc.ca.Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved12 January 2023.
^Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2 July 2019)."2001 Community Profiles".www12.statcan.gc.ca.Archived from the original on 20 September 2024. Retrieved12 January 2023.
^Morrin Centre."Anglos in Québec". Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. Archived fromthe original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved15 March 2007.
^Blair, Louisa. The Anglos: The Hidden Face of Quebec City. Volume 1: 1608–1850; Volume 2: Since 1850. Québec: Commission de la capitale nationale du Québec & Éditions Sylvain Harvey, 2005.
^Simard, Luc; Émond, Chantale (1994).Du cap au rivage : promenades dans les rues de Québec (in French). Québec (Québec). Québec: Ville de Québec.ISBN978-2-92-086077-3.OCLC31779784.
^The 37 sites in Quebec City are listed in theDirectory of Federal Heritage Designations as being located in Québec and the following boroughs/enclaves: Beauport, Cap-Rouge, Notre-Dame-des-Anges, Sainte-Foy and Wendake.
^Québec, Office du tourisme de."Promenade Samuel-De Champlain".Official Web Site – Québec City Tourism.Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved6 October 2018.
^Castonguay, Alec (31 August 2012)."Le faux mystère de Québec".L’actualité (in Canadian French).Archived from the original on 10 October 2018. Retrieved8 October 2018.
^Lachance, Nicolas (20 December 2015)."Il perce (enfin) le mystère Québec".Le Journal de Québec (in Canadian French).Archived from the original on 10 October 2018. Retrieved8 October 2018.
^"Rapport annuel 2018"(PDF).Service de Police de la Ville de Québec (in French). p. 14.Archived(PDF) from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved22 June 2019.
^"Rapport annuel 2017"(PDF).Service de Police de la Ville de Québec (in French). p. 12.Archived(PDF) from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved8 December 2018.
^"Rapport annuel 2016"(PDF).Service de Police de la Ville de Québec (in French). p. 20.Archived(PDF) from the original on 13 February 2018. Retrieved8 December 2018.
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