_%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E5%25A4%25B4%25E5%25BD%25A2%25E9%258A%258E%25EF%25BC%2588qi%25C3%25B3ng%25EF%25BC%2589%25E9%259D%2592%25E9%2593%259C%25E6%2588%259F%2c_%25E7%2581%25B5%25E5%258F%25B0%25E5%258E%25BF%25E7%2599%25BD%25E8%258D%2589%25E5%259D%25A1%25E5%2587%25BA%25E5%259C%259F%2c_%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E5%2591%25A8.jpg)
TheQuanrong (Chinese:犬戎;pinyin:Quǎnróng) orDogRong[a] were an ethnic group, classified by the ancient Chinese as "Qiang", active in the northwestern part of China during and after theZhou dynasty (1046–221 BCE). Their language or languages are considered to have been members of theTibeto-Burman branch of theSino-Tibetan languages.
Scholars believe Quanrong was a later name for theXianyun 猃狁 (written withxian, defined as a kind of dog with a long snout [Erya] or a black dog with a yellow face [Shuowen Jiezi]). According to sinologistLi Feng, "It is very probable that when the term Xianyun came to be written with the two characters 獫狁, the notion of 'dog' associated with the characterxian thus gave rise to the term Quanrong 犬戎, or the 'Dog Barbarians'."[2]
Claiming ancestry from two white dogs, the Quanrong tribe worshipped atotem in the form of a white dog.[citation needed] They are classified as a nomadic tribe of the Qiang and were the sworn enemies of theYanhuang tribe.[citation needed]
According to theBook of the Later Han:
Former EmperorGaoxin's (father ofEmperor Yao) enemies were the Quanrong. The Emperor suffered violent invasion at their hands but did not retaliate.
The Discourses of Zhou in theGuoyu records that at the time ofKing Mu of Zhou the power of the Quanrong gradually increased. Conflicts during the king's reign made him consider apunitive expedition to the west against them. Duke of Zhai was against his father's plan: "this is not advisable. The illustrious former Emperors[b] did not advocate the use of force."[3] King Mu did not listen but won an unexpected victory in the subsequent clash, capturing the five kings of the Quanrong along with five white wolves and five white deer.
In 771 BCE, theMarquess ofShen invited the Quanrong to join him in an attack onKing You of Zhou. The joint force subsequently occupied the Zhōu capitalHaojing, killing King You and capturing his concubineBao Si. In the end, the invaders left after taking a tribute from the Zhou and stealing theNine Tripod Cauldrons.Duke Xiang of Qin sent an army to assist the Zhou as well as troops to escort King You's son and heirKing Ping of Zhou to the eastern capital ofChengzhou, effectively ending the Western Zhou and ushering in the beginning of the Eastern Zhou dynasty and the tumultuousSpring and Autumn period.
At the time ofEmperor Ming of Han (reigned 58–75 CE) it was said:
More than 1.3 million households, roughly six million people, offer tribute to the White Wolves and other clans.
During the reign ofEmperor Taizong of Tang (reigned 626–649 CE), Court Academician Liǔ Kàng petitioned:
The Quanrong violate the mountain passes ofGansu and enter the (Tang) capital (Xi'an) without bloodshed ...
The traditional base of the Quanrong is modern Wēiróng Town inJingning County,Gansu.[4]
There is research on the ethnic image of the northern nomadic people of the Altaic language family. It may be that this is the image of the Xianyun tribe that once posed a serious military threat to the northern border of the Zhou Dynasty. They were called "Ghost people" (Guifang) because they looked different from the Chinese. 有考证系阿尔泰语系的北方游牧民族人种形象。可能是曾经对周朝北方边境构成严重军事威胁的猃狁部族，因相貌异于华夏，被称作"鬼方"。
Historical non-Han peoples in China | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ancient |
|  | ||||||||
| Medieval |
| |||||||||
| Early Modern |
| |||||||||