| Qetesh | |||||
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.png) A digital collage showing an image of Qetesh together with hieroglyphs taken from a separate Egyptian relief (the 'Triple Goddess stone') | |||||
| Name inhieroglyphs |
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| Symbol | Lion, snake, a bouquet of papyrus or Egyptian lotus, Hathor wig | ||||
| Parents | Ptah orRa[1] | ||||
| Part of a series onAncient Semitic religion |
| Levantine mythology |
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| Deities |
Qetesh (alsoQodesh,Qadesh,Qedesh,Qetesh,Kadesh,Kedesh,Kadeš orQades/ˈkɑːdɛʃ/) was a goddess who was incorporated into theancient Egyptian religion in the lateBronze Age. The Egyptians likely developed her name based on theSemitic rootQ-D-Š, meaning 'holy' or 'blessed,'[2] attested as a title ofEl and possiblyAthirat and a further independent deity in texts fromUgarit.[3]
Due to lack of clear references to Qetesh as a distinct deity in Ugaritic and other Syro-Palestinian sources, she is considered an Egyptian deity influenced by religion and iconography ofCanaan by many modern researchers, rather than merely a Canaanite deity adopted by the Egyptians (examples of which includeReshef andAnat)[4][5]
In Egyptian religion, the functions of Qetesh are hard to determine due to lack of direct references. Still, her epithets (especially the default one, "lady of heaven") might point at an astral character, and a lack of presence in the royal cult might mean that she was regarded as a protective goddess mostly by commoners. In contrast with previous theories and sources, those that are currently known and considered reliable do not associate her with fertility or sex, and those that presented her as a "sacred harlot" are regarded as obsolete in modern scholarship due to lack of evidence.[6]
Her epithets include "Mistress of All the Gods", "Lady of the Stars of Heaven", "Beloved ofPtah", "Great of magic, mistress of the stars", and "Eye of Ra, without her equal".[7] A connection with Ptah or Ra, evident in her epithets, is also known from Egyptian texts about Anat and Astarte.[8][9]
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On astele representing the deity, Qetesh is depicted as a frontal nude (an uncommon motif in Egyptian art, though not exclusively associated with her), wearing aHathor wig and standing on a lion, betweenMin and the Canaanite warrior godResheph. She holds a snake in one hand and a bouquet of lotus or papyrus flowers in the other.[10][11]
Early researchers attempted to prove Qetesh was simply a form of a known Canaanite deity, rather than a fully independent goddess.William F. Albright proposed in 1939 that she was a form of the"lady of Byblos", whileRené Dussard suggested a connection to "Asherat" (e.g., the biblicalAsherah) in 1941. Subsequent studies tried to find further evidence for the equivalence of Qetesh and Asherah, despite their dissimilar functions and symbols.[12]
The arguments presenting Qetesh and Asherah as the same goddess rely on the erroneous notion that Asherah,Astarte, andAnat were the only three prominent goddesses inCanaanite religion and formed a trinity.[13] However, while Ashtart/Astarte and Anat were closely associated with each other inUgarit, in Egyptian sources, and elsewhere,[14][15] there is no evidence for conflation of Athirat and Ashtart, nor is Athirat associated closely with Ashtart and Anat in Ugaritic texts.[16]
The concept of Athirat, Anat, and Ashtart as a trinity and the only prominent goddesses in the entire region, popularized by authors likeTikva Frymer-Kensky, is modern. It ignores the significant role of other female deities, such asShapshu, in known texts, as well as the fact thatEl appears to be the deity most closely linked to Athirat in primary sources.[17][18] One of the authors relying on the Anat-Ashtart-Athirat trinity theory isSaul M. Olyan, author ofAsherah and the Cult of Yahweh in Israel, who calls the Qudshu-Astarte-Anat plaque "a triple-fusion hypostasis" and considers Qudshu to be an epithet of Athirat by a process of elimination, for Astarte and Anat appear after Qudshu in the inscription.[19][20]
ModernEgyptologists, such asChristiane Zivie-Coche, do not consider Qetesh to be a hypostasis of Anat or Astarte, but a goddess developed in Egypt, possibly without a clear forerunner among Canaanite or Syrian goddesses, though given aSemitic language name and associated mostly with foreign deities.[21]
Qetesh is the name given to theGoa'uld that once possessedVala Mal Doran, a recurring and then regular character in Seasons 9 and 10, respectively, of the science fiction television seriesStargate SG-1.[citation needed]
Qetesh is also the name used inThe Sarah Jane Adventures episodeGoodbye, Sarah Jane Smith, and is confirmed to be the humanoid species (also known as "soul-stealers") of Ruby White (the episode's villain), who feeds off excitement and heightened emotion and has stomachs that live outside their bodies.[citation needed]
Media related toQetesh at Wikimedia Commons
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