 | This article needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(October 2025) |
| Qassam | |
|---|---|
 Eight Qassam launchers, seven equipped with operating systems and one armed and ready to launch. | |
| Service history | |
| Used by | Palestinian militants |
| Wars | Gaza–Israel conflict |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades |
| Designed | 2001 |
| Manufacturer | Palestinian militants |
| Produced | 2001–current |
| Specifications | |
| Warhead | Explosive material with metal bearing balls;[1] standard explosive material[2] |
| Propellant | Solid fuel (sugar and potassium nitrate mix) |
TheQassam rocket (Arabic:صاروخ القسامṢārūkh al-Qassām; alsoKassam) is a simple, steelartillery rocket developed and deployed by theIzz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, the military arm ofHamas.
Since the rocket was first manufactured in 2001 byTito Masoud andNidal Farhat, three models of the Qassam rocket have been produced and used. More generally, all types ofPalestinian rockets fired into southern Israel, for example thePalestinian Islamic JihadAl Quds rockets, are called Qassams by the Israeli media, and often by foreign media.[3]
Leading international human rights organizations have called Palestinian armed groups' use of Qassam rockets against civilian and civilian targets a war crime and a violation of international law.
Many of the rocket's components are made of common materials such as sugar, fertilizer, firearms cartridges, springs, nails, and steel cylinders.
Qassam rockets are named after theIzz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, the armed branch ofHamas, itself named forIzz ad-Din al-Qassam, a SyrianMuslim preacher whose death during a guerrilla raid againstBritish Mandatory authorities in 1935 was one of the catalysts for the1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine.[citation needed]
Tito Masoud andNidal Farhat manufactured the first Qassam-1 rocket, with a 2,500m range, in June 2001. This development in rocket manufacturing and development was a turning point in the war between Palestinian armed factions and Israel.[4] The first Qassam produced was the Qassam-1, with a maximum range of 3 to 4.5 kilometers (1.9 to 2.8 mi).[citation needed]
Hamas launched the first Qassam-1 rocket attack in October 2001, during theSecond Intifada. The first time Palestinians launched rockets into Israel, rather than at anIsraeli settlement in the Gaza Strip, occurred on February 10, 2002. One of the rockets landed inKibbutz Saad.[5] Two Qassam rockets landed in the southern Israeli city ofSderot, the first city hit, on March 5, 2002. Some rockets have hit as far as the edge ofAshkelon. By the end of December 2008, a total of 15 people had been killed by Palestinian rockets since attacks began in 2001.[6] Since 2000, Palestinian rockets, which include the Qassam, alongside others such as theGrad rocket, have been used to kill 22 Israeli citizens and oneThai national (as of January 9, 2009).[7][8]
The Qassam rocket is the best-known type of rocket deployed byPalestinian militants, mainly againstIsraeli civilians, but also some military targets during theSecond Intifada of theIsraeli–Palestinian conflict.[9][10] According toHuman Rights Watch, Qassam rockets are too inaccurate and prone to malfunction to be used against specific military targets in or near civilian areas, and are mainly launched for the purpose of "harming civilians".[10]
The utility of the Qassam rocket design is assumed to be ease and speed of manufacture, using common tools and components. To this end, the rockets are propelled by a solid mixture ofsugar andpotassium nitrate, a common fertilizer. The warhead is filled with smuggled or scavengedTNT andurea nitrate, another common fertilizer. The warhead's explosive material is similar to the civilian explosiveammonite.[11]
The rocket consists of a steel cylinder, containing a rectangular block of the propellant. A steel plate which forms and supports thenozzles is thenspot-welded to the base of the cylinder. The warhead consists of a simple metal shell surrounding the explosives, and is triggered by afuse constructed using a simplefirearm cartridge, spring and a nail.[11]
Early designs used a single nozzle which screwed into the base; later rockets use a seven-nozzle design, with the nozzles drilled directly into the rocket baseplate. This alteration both increases the tolerance of the rocket to small nozzle design defects, and makes manufacture easier by allowing the use of a drill rather than alathe during manufacture (because of the smaller nozzle size). Unlike many other rockets, the nozzles are not canted, which means the rocket does not spin about itslongitudinal axis during flight. While this results in a significant decrease in accuracy, it greatly simplifies manufacture and the launch systems required.[11]
The cost of the materials used for manufacturing each Qassam was up to $800 or €500 per rocket in 2009.[12][13]
The introduction of the Qassam rocket was unexpected by Israeli politicians and military experts,[14] and reactions have been mixed.[15] In 2006, theIsraeli Ministry of Defense viewed the Qassams as "more a psychological than physical threat."[16] A 2008 study found that over half ofSderot's residents have been hurt, either physically or psychologically, by the use of Qassams.[17] The Israel Defense Forces has reacted to the deployment of the Qassam rockets by deploying theRed Color early warning system in Sderot, Ashkelon, and other potential targets placed at risk. The system consists of an advanced radar that detects rockets as they are being launched, and loudspeakers warn civilians to take cover between 15 and 45 seconds before impact[18] in an attempt to minimize the threat posed by the rockets. A system calledIron Dome, designed to intercept[19] the rockets before they can hit their targets, has been in use since March 2011. A system based on lasers (Nautilus) was researched in a joint Israeli-American project in the early 2000s, but was discontinued.[citation needed]
An online clock timer,[20] developed by Aaron Friedman and Yehonatan Tsirolnik, that automatically resets when Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel occur uses information from the IDF Home Front Command system and counts time up from the last Palestinian rocket attack on Israel. It displays how long Israel has been rocket-free and shows the summed-up total numbers of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel.[20][21] "Israel has been under non-stop rocket attacks for years (..) Whenever a rocket is fired, it restarts. Sadly, this counter never really gets above an hour", Friedman said on July 18, 2014, during the2014 Israel–Gaza conflict.[22][23] An amateur YouTube video, showing the IsraeliIron Dome defense system at a military checkpoint near a crossing into Gaza taking out multiple Qassam rockets was uploaded in 2014.[19][24]
In 2012, Palestinian presidentMahmoud Abbas stated "There is no justification for rockets from Gaza or anywhere else," adding that "Rocket attacks are in vain because they do not bring peace any closer."[25]
Ibrahim Khreisheh, the Palestinian envoy to the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC), stated in an PA TV interview on July 9, 2014 (translated byMEMRI) that indiscriminate Hamas rockets from densely populated residential areas are "crimes against humanity", while Israeli strikes are legal responses.[26][27]
Amnesty International labeled Palestinian groups' use of rockets during the2014 Gaza war as a "war crime", stating that "Palestinian armed groups operating in the Gaza Strip fired thousands of indiscriminate rockets and mortars into Israel; firing munitions which cannot be aimed accurately into civilian areas is a war crime, and statements by Hamas and Palestinian armed groups also indicates that some attacks were intended to kill or injure civilians."[28]
Amnesty additionally "has documented that Palestinian armed groups have stored munitions in and fired indiscriminate rockets from residential areas in the Gaza Strip, and available evidence indicates that they continue to do both during thecurrent hostilities, in violation ofinternational humanitarian law (..) Under international humanitarian law, (..) Parties to the conflict must also take necessary precautions to protect civilians in their power from the effects of attack. This includes avoiding, to the maximum extent feasible, co-locating military objectives in the vicinity of densely populated civilian neighbourhoods. This means the parties should avoid endangering civilians by storing ammunition in, and launching attacks from, populated civilian areas."[29]
Human Rights Watch has called the use of Qassam rockets by Hamas against civilians and civilian targets illegal under international law. In a 2005 statement, the group said that "such weapons are therefore indiscriminate when used against targets in population centers. The absence of Israeli military forces in the areas where rockets have hit, as well as statements by leaders of Palestinian armed groups that population centers were being targeted, indicate that the armed groups deliberately attacked Israeli civilians and civilian objects."[30] In another 2005 statement, the group noted that as the ruling authority of Gaza, Hamas was obligated to uphold the laws of war and should appropriately punish those responsible for serious violations".[10] The international community considers indiscriminate attacks on civilians and civilian structures that do not discriminate between civilians and military targets asillegal under international law.[29][30]
