Qasmuna bint Isma'il | |
|---|---|
| Born | 11th or 12th century CE Al-Andalus (Muslim Iberia) |
| Occupation | Poet |
| Language | Arabic |
| Nationality | Andalusian |
| Notable works | Three known poems |
Qasmūna bint Ismāʿil (Arabic:قسمونة بنت إسماعيل;fl. 11th or 12th century CE), sometimes calledXemone,[1][2] was anIberianJewish poet. She is the only female Arabic-language Jewish poet attested from medievalAndalusia, and, along withSarah of Yemen and the anonymous wife ofDunash ben Labrat,[3][4] one of few known female Jewish poets throughout theMiddle Ages.
Little is known about Qasmūna's life. Both surviving sources say that her father was Jewish and that he taught her the art of verse. Whereas al-Maqqari simply calls him Ismāʿil al-Yahudi, however, al-Suyuti calls him Ismāʿil ibn Bagdāla al-Yahudi, and says Qasmūna lived in the twelfth century CE.[5] It has been speculated that Qasmūna's father wasSamuel ibn Naghrillah (d.c. 1056), or that Samuel was otherwise an ancestor, which would make Qasmuna an eleventh-century rather than a twelfth-century poet, but the foundations for these claims are shaky.[5]
Three poems by Qasmūna survive, due to being recorded by two later anthologists:Al-Suyuti, in his fifteenth-centuryNuzhat al-julasāʼ fī ashʻār al-nisā, an anthology of women's verse, andAhmed Mohammed al-Maqqari, in his seventeenth-centuryNafḥ al-ṭīb.[6][5] Al-Suyuti, and conceivably also al-Maqqari, seems to have derived the material from an earlier anthology of Andalusian verse, theKitāb al-Maghrib byIbn Sa'id al-Maghribi;[5] but it seems that the verses do not appear in surviving manuscripts of that work.
Three poems by Qasmūna are known.[6]
One is part of a verse-capping challenge set by Qasmūna's father. As edited and translated by Nichols, he begins:
Lī ṣāḥibun dhū [lacuna] qad qābalat | I have a friend whose [lacuna] has repaid good with evil, |
To which Qasmūna replies:
Ka-shshamsi min-ha-l-badru yaqbisu nūra-hu | Just like the sun, from which the moon derives its light |
The missing word in this verse is assumed to be a word denoting a woman of some kind.[6]
The most famous of Qasmūna's poems, widely anthologised, is introduced by the comment that she looked in the mirror one day and saw that she was beautiful and had reached the time of marriage.[6] She then utters this verse:
Ayā rawḍatan qad ḥāna min-ha qaṭāfu-ha | I see an orchard |
The last of Qasmūna's known poems runs:
Yā ẓabyatan tarʿa bi-rawdin dāʾiman | Always grazing |
Gottheil, Richard; Montgomery, Mary W. (1904)."Ḳasmunah (sometimes called Xemone)". InSinger, Isidore; et al. (eds.).The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 451.