Qasim Khanate | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1452–1681 | |||||||||
 Map of the Qasim Khanate | |||||||||
| Status | Monarchy | ||||||||
| Capital | Kasimov | ||||||||
| Official languages |
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| Other common languages | Kipchak languages | ||||||||
| Khan | |||||||||
• 1452–1469 | Qasim Khan (first) | ||||||||
• 1679–1681 | Fatima Soltan (last) | ||||||||
| Historical era | Early modern period | ||||||||
• Established | 1452 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1681 | ||||||||
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TheQasim Khanate (also calledQasimov,Kasimov,[1][2] orKasim), also known as theTsardom of Kasimov (Russian:Касимовское царство),[3] was aTatar-ruledkhanate which existed from 1452 until 1681 on the territory of the Russian state.[4] It was located within modern-dayRyazan Oblast with its capital atKasimov, in the middle course of theOka River.
It was initially in the sphere of influence of theGrand Principality of Moscow and then was dependent on theTsardom of Russia. The khanate was established in the lands which Grand PrinceVasily II of Moscow (r. 1425–1462) presented in 1452 to theKazan princeQasim Khan (d. 1469), son of the first Kazan khanOlug Moxammat.
The original populations were theVolga Finnic tribes of theMeshchyora,Muroma andMordvins. The lands were originally under the influence ofKievan Rus' andVolga Bulgaria. Local tribes were tributaries of Russian princes. Later, the area was incorporated intoVladimir-Suzdal. In 1152, Grand PrinceYuri Dolgoruky foundedGorodets-Meshchyorskiy. After theMongol invasions, the territory was incorporated into the territory of theGolden Horde. Turkic settlers appeared in those areas, and most of them acceptedIslam under the influence from theVolga Bulgars. The semi-independent principality ofMishar Yurt was founded by Mohammad Shirinbeg. From 1393, the area became part of theGrand Principality of Moscow. After thebattle of Suzdal in 1445,Olug Moxammad claimed to return those lands to theTatars.[citation needed]
According to some historians, such as Khudyakov, Vasily executed the claim and Moxammat's son Qasim was crowned as a ruler of the Meshchyora lands. The area and capital were renamed after him. Another version is that Qasim came into Russian service and was granted those lands to create abuffer state between Moscow and theKhanate of Kazan. The establishment of the khanate is dated to no later than 1456.[4] From the beginning, its khans governed the khanate's territory, but was then under Russian control from the 1530s.[4] Most historians say that the Russians began to interfere in its internal affairs and then introduced elements of a subordinate administration.[4] A permanent representative with the rank ofokolnichy was established in November 1542.[4] In 1552, its rulers began to be offered large estates in the districts of Kasimov andYelatma.[4] From the second half of the 16th century, the Russian army reduced the number of detachments from Kasimov.[4]
Qasim khans with their guard participated in all of Moscow's raids intoKazan (1467–1469, 1487, 1552). Qasim claimed the throne of theKhanate of Kazan in 1467 and was supported byIvan III, but the failure of theRusso-Kazan War of 1467–1469 caused him to return to his possessions.[4] Daniyal (r. 1469–1486) was involved in various military campaigns led by Ivan III.[4] From 1486, the descendants ofUlugh Muhammad were replaced with representatives of theGiray dynasty.[4]Nur Devlet, a Russian ally, made dynastic claims to the throne of Kasimov, which allowed the Russian government to exert pressure of the policies of theCrimean Khanate.[4]
Şahğäli (1515–1567) was three times crowned asKazan khan with the aid of Muscovy. After theconquest of Kazan, the self-government of the khans was abolished and the khanate came to be governed by Russianvoyevodas. However, khans still reigned. One of the khans,Simeon Bekbulatovich, was baptised and proclaimed as the grand prince of Russia in 1574. He never really reigned and was used for a short period by Russian tsarIvan the Terrible as a figurehead ruler without any real power. During the reign ofSayed Borhan khan (1627–1679), Russia began a policy ofChristianization.Begs, who had a status equal toboyars, were switched toServing Tatars, equal toDvoryans. This policy provoked a Tatar revolt in 1656. After the death of khanbika (queen)Fatima Soltan in 1681, the Khanate was abolished.[citation needed]
The land was inhabited mainly byMordvins, some of them as well as otherVolga Finnic peoples like theMeshchyora andMuroma have been assimilated byTatars and becameMishar Tatars. Later, the land was settled by theRussians. SomeKazan Tatars resettled to Qasim lands, and were calledQasim Tatars. Most of the Qasim Tatars served at the khan's palace or served in the khan's military. This group had been assimilated into the Mishar Tatars, but nearly 1,000 Qasim Tatars are still living in the city ofKasimov.[citation needed]
The noble families were the Manghyt (Manğıt), Arghyn (Arğın), Jalair (Cälair), Qipchaq (Qıpçaq). Moscow's administrators elected the khans from ruling families of the Tatar khanates:Khanate of Kazan, theCrimean Khanate, and theSiberia Khanate.[citation needed]
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