Khasar (/ˈkæsɑːr/;Mongolian:Жочи Хасар,romanized: Jochi Khasar,IPA:[ˈt͡ɕɔt͡ɕʰɪˈχasər]), was one of the three full brothers ofGenghis Khan.[1] According to theJami' al-Tawarikh, his given name wasJochi and he got the nicknameKhasar after his distinguished bravery.[2] He was also calledKhabht Khasar (Mongolian:Хавт Хасар[ˈχaɸtʰˈχasər];lit. 'Deft Khasar') because he was skilled with a bow.
Hasar, as a child, was thrown out of theBorjigin tribe along with the rest of the family by theTaichiud warlord Targhutai Hiriltug. Food was scarce andBehter, his older half-brother, and the eldest of all the sons of the lateYesugei, stole or kept food from his mother and siblings.[3] Hasar and his brotherTemüjin, who later became known as Genghis Khan, killed their half-brother Behter as he returned from a fresh hunt.[1] After the defeat of Temüjin atKhalakhaljid Sands (1203), Hasar was lost and hid himself, along with his sons and followers, in the forest. Temüjin then gathered new adherents among the Mongols, tricked his rivalOng Khan with a fake message of surrender from his missing brother Hasar, and crushed theKeraites in late 1203.
Granted territories by thekhan, Genghis Khan's full brothers Qasar,Khajiun, andTemuge formed the Left Wing of theMongol Empire in the eastern edge ofInner Mongolia, while Genghis Khan's three sons,Jochi,Chaghatai, andÖgedei, made up the Right Wing in the western edge. The Right Wing saw a significant expansion to the west but the Left Wing did not have so much land to conquer.
Qasar did conquer what would later be known asKorea andManchuria, includingOuter Manchuria in Russia (north of the modern day North Korea).[4]
Hasar's mother,Hoelun defended him against accusations of disloyalty stemming from Teb Tengri, ashaman. Stiffened by his mother Hoelun and wifeBörte, who saw Teb Tengri as threat to the dynastic succession, Genghis allowed Khasar and Temüge to kill Teb Tengri in awrestling match.
Unlike the Right Wing where properties were equally divided, Temüge was favored over Khasar and Khachiun in the Left Wing. Hasar's ulus (people and secondarily, territory) was significantly smaller than Temüge's. His original territory was located to the west of theKhingan Mountains and was surrounded by theErgune and Hailar rivers, and the Külün Mountain. After the conquest of China, Hasarid princes had at least two additional territories inShandong andJiangxi, respectively.
| Hoelun | Yesugei Baghatur | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Börte | Temüjin(Genghis Khan) | Hasar | Hachiun | Temüge | Belgutei | Behter | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Jochi | Chagatai | Ögedei | Tolui | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The princely houses of Hasar, Hachiun, and Temüge tended to coordinate with the five powerful clans: theJalayir,Khunggirad, Ikires, Uruud, andMangghud. They were usually led by princes from Temüge's house. AtArigh Bukha's rebellion, the three princely houses supportedKhubilai (Genghis Khan's grandson) under leadership of Temüge's grandson,Ta'achar.
Among Hasarid princes, the third family head Yesüngge is probably the most famous. He was a son of Hasar and succeeded his brother Yegü. He is the hero of the Yesüngge Inscription (formerly known as the Genghis Stone). The princely house was succeeded by Yesüngge's son, Esen Emügen, and then Emügen's son, Shigdür. Although Shigdür joined the rebellion against Khubilai led by Temüge's great-great-grandsonNayan, the princely house survived without confusion. The sixth head, Babusha, was given the title of Qi Wang byKhayishan Külüg Khan in 1307. Sources show that Qasarid princes continued to hold the title even after theYuan dynasty collapsed. Hasar's descendants were effective in other parts ofMongol Empire. It is also claimed that one Qasarid prince was killed in order to protect the lastGreat KhanToghogan-Temur fromMing troops.
Togha Temür, a descendant of Hasar, was the last powerful claimant to the throne of theIlkhanate in the mid-14th century. The family was known as the Hasar (Qasar) clan. With the death ofTogha Temür at the hands of theSarbadars of northernKhurasan in the mid-1300s, it is possible that the surviving members of the Hasar (Qasar) clan escaped into the mountains of what is today Afghanistan, where their descendants maintained their clan name of Hasar, which evolved over time into Hasara orHazaras. As the Hazara people do not have a written history of their own, nothing can be proven, but this theory is more likely versus the theory that the name Hazara comes from the Persian word for "one thousand," which is actually, "hezar (hezārهزار)." As these Il Khanate Mongols had converted to Shia Islam and marriedPersian-speaking Persian women, their children had been raised as Shia Muslims with a mixed Mongol-Persian characteristic. This explains the current culture ofHazaras people very well.
It is not clear what happened to Hasarid princes from the late Yuan dynasty to the middle 15th century because of the confusion caused by the collapse of the Yuan dynasty inChina proper. Mongolian chronicles compiled from the 17th century to the early 18th century contain some records on Hasar's descendants but they are considered mostly unhistorical by historians. In particular,Altan Tobchi by Mergen Gegeen (not to be confused with Lubsandanjin'sAltan Tobchi) exaggerated the influence of Hasarid princes as the author himself descended from Khasar. TheOirat rulerEsen Tayisi deported a body of theHorchin to Western Mongolia in 1446 and they became theKhoshuds.[5]
It is widely accepted that Hasar's descendant Bolunai was a historical figure since his existence is confirmed in contemporary Chinese sources of 1463, 1467, and 1470. Mongolian chronicles say that Bolunai's brother Unubold killed Muulihai of the Ongliud, a descendant of Genghis Khan's half brotherBelgütei. Another famous story about Unubold tells that he proposed toMandukhai Khatun, a widow ofManduulun Khan, but that she chose the Genghisid infant Batu Möngke (Dayan Khan) over him.
Bolunai led theHorchin Mongols. His descendants ruled the Horchin, Jalayid, Do'rbed, and Gorlos of the Jirim League, the Aru Khorchin of the Juu Uda League, and the Dörben Heühed, Muu Mingghan, and Urad of the Ulaanchab League in theManchu-ledQing dynasty's administration. Among them, Horchin princes established matrimonial relationship with the imperial family ofAisin Gioro at the early stage of the Manchu rise to power, and held top-ranking princely titles (hošoi cin wang) throughout the Qing Dynasty. TheDorbeds in Heilongjiang submitted to the Qing in 1624, and they were organized into a banner in Jirim league ruled by descendants of Hasar. The Gorlos banners were also ruled by descendants of Hasar.
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