Asaf Jah I | |
|---|---|
| Chin Qilich Khan, Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah | |
 Nizam-ul-Mulkc. 1745 | |
| 1stNizam of Hyderabad | |
| Reign | 31 July 1724 – 1 June 1748 |
| Tenure | c. 1677–1748 |
| Predecessor | Position Established |
| Successor | Nasir Jang Mir Ahmad |
| Full name | Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan Chin Qilich Siddiqi Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I |
| Years active | c. 1677–1748 |
| Born | (1671-08-11)11 August 1671 Agra,Agra Subah,Mughal India |
| Died | 1 June 1748(1748-06-01) (aged 76) Burhanpur,Hyderabad Deccan |
| Buried | Khuldabad (nearAurangabad),Hyderabad State,Mughal India (now inMaharashtra,India) |
| Noble family | Asaf Jahi Dynasty |
| Spouses |
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| Issue |
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| Father | NawabGhazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I |
| Mother | Safiya Khanum |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance |  Mughal Empire |
| Branch |  Nizam of Hyderabad |
| Rank | Nizam Grand Vizier (formerly) Subahdar (formerly) Faujdar (formerly) Sowar (formerly) |
| Battles / wars | See list
|
Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan Siddiqi (11 August 1671 – 1 June 1748) also known asChin Qilich Qamaruddin Khan,Nizam-ul-Mulk,Asaf Jah andNizam I, was the firstNizam of Hyderabad.[1][2]
He began his career during the reign of the Mughal emperorAurangzeb, who made him a general. Following the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, Asaf Jah preferred to remain neutral, refusing to favour any one of Aurangzeb's warring sons. When Aurangzeb's third sonBahadur Shah ultimately emerged victorious, Asaf Jah was rotated as governor of multiple Mughal provinces until 1714, when he was appointed asViceroy of the Deccan with authority over six Mughal provinces in southern India from 1714 to 1719. From 1719 onwards, he was involved in combating the intrigues of theSayyid brothers. From 1720 to 1722, he helped the new Mughal emperorMuhammad Shah in eliminating the Sayyid brothers and was elevated, as a reward, to thegrand viziership from 1722 to 1724.
Political intrigues compelled Asaf Jah to rebel against the emperor and in 1724 Muhammad Shah was forced to recognize Asaf Jah as the permanent Viceroy of the Deccan. Later that year Asaf Jah proclaimed himself Nizam and began theAsaf Jahi dynasty, with himself as its first ruler.[3][4][5][6] The Nizam essentially became atributary of theMarathas following his defeat at the hands of PeshwaBajirao I in 1728.[7][8][9]
Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan was the son ofGhazi ud-Din Khan and Safiya Khanum, the daughter ofSa'adullah Khan. Sa'adullah Khan was aPunjabi Muslim noble who was theGrand Vizier (1645–1656) ofMughal EmperorShah Jahan; during his tenure construction ofTaj Mahal was completed.[10][11][12] His paternal grandfatherKilich Khan hailed fromSamarkand in present-day Uzbekistan.[13] In 1654, Kilich Khan came to India for the first time while on his way to theHajj (Islamic pilgrimage) during the reign of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. After completing the pilgrimage, he migrated to India and joined erstwhile Mughal prince Aurangzeb's army in theDeccan in 1657.[14] Khan fought in theBattle of Samugarh which ended with the defeat of Aurangzeb's brotherDara Shikoh.[15] Besides being a commander in Aurangzeb's army, he also served as governor of Zafarabad (present-dayBidar).[16] Khan's eldest son and Nizam-ul-Mulk's father Ghazi ud-Din Khan migrated to India in 1669, and got employed in Aurangzeb's army, raised a General and later as governor ofGujarat.[17][18][19]
He was born on 11 August 1671 as Mir Qamaruddin Khan to Ghazi ud-Din Khan and his first wife Safia Khanum (Wazir-un-Nisa Begum) atAgra, the name was given to him by the Mughal Emperor Aurangazeb.[20][21][22]
Mir Qamaruddin was educated privately. Due to his long residence in the Deccan, he adopted the flowing robes of the Marathas, tight in the waist, and made obeisance in the Deccan fashion.[23] He wrote poetry in Urdu in the typical Deccani style of the age.[24] In 1677 aged six, Mir Qamaruddin accompanied his father to the Mughal court. Aurangzeb awarded him aMansab. Mir Qamaruddin displayed considerable skill as a warrior and in his teens he began accompanying his father into battles, for which Mir Qamaruddin Khan received a rank of 400zaat and 100sowar in 1684.[22] In 1688 aged 17 he joined his father in the successful assault on thefort of Adoni and was promoted to the rank of 2000zaat and 500sowar and presented with the finestArab steed with goldtrappings and apastille perfumed withambergris from the Mughal court. In 1690 aged 19 he was bestowed with the titleChin Qilich Khan (boy swordsman) and was gifted with a female elephant by Aurangazeb. In 1693, the Marathas besieged thePanhala Fort. In response, Mir Qamaruddin fought and defeated the Marathas atKarad. 30 Marathas were taken prisoner.[25] In 1698, Aurangzeb sent Mir Qamaruddin to put down a revolt atNagori, nearBijapur. The emperor was satisfied with his expedition and subsequently sent him toKotha to restore order. Following his success, he was raised to a rank of 3,000 zaat and 500 Sowar. In 1699 Aurangzeb promoted him to 3,500zaat and 3,000 Sowar. Mir Qamaruddin successfully sieged the Panhala Fort which was occupied by the Marathas. He closed all the roads as a result of which no supply could reach the inhabitants.[25] The fort fell to his forces on 9 June 1700. Satisfied with his services, Aurangzeb made him thefaujdar (garrison commander) ofBijapur and increased his rank by 400 "Sowar".[26]
The disintegration of the Mughal empire which Aurangzeb had well established, began upon Aurangzeb's death in 1707. TheSayyid brothers (Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan and Sayyid Hassan Ali Khan Barha) became highly influential in the Mughal Court after Aurangzeb's death and becameking makers during the anarchy following the death of emperor Aurangzeb in 1707.[27] They created conflict in the Mughal court by eliminating and appointing new emperor one after other. WhenBahadur Shah I (1707-1712) died, his successorJahandar Shah (1712-1713) was assassinated and his nephewFarrukhsiyar (1713–1719) became the emperor with the support of the Sayyid brothers, Farrukhsiyar was later blinded, deposed and murdered and his first cousinRafi ud-Darajat (February–June 1719) became Emperor and died of lung disease, when his elder brotherRafi ud-Daulah (June–September 1719) became Emperor who also died of lung disease, thusMuhammad Shah (1719–1748) the grandson of Bahadur Shah I from his fourth sonJahan Shah ascended the throne at the age of 17 years with the Sayyid brothers as hisregents.[28]
AfterAurangzeb died in 1707, Asaf Jah was appointedGovernor ofOudh. AfterBahadur Shah I's death in 1712 Asaf Jah opted for a private life inDelhi. His sabbatical was cut short when in 1714Farrukhsiyar appointed Asaf Jah I asViceroy of the Deccan—(administrator of six Mughal governorates) with the titleNizam-ul-Mulk (Administrator of the Realm) andFateh Jung.[29] In 1719, Asaf Jah was then called upon by Farrukhsiyar to help fight off the Sayyid brothers, Farrukhsiyar lost his strife against the Sayyid brothers and was killed in 1719. In due course from 1719 to 1722, Asaf Jah I was on a mission to eradicate the Sayyid brothers from the Mughal court and to make this happen he organized and promoted Central Asian nobles in the Mughal court against the Sayyid brothers, in 1720 he captured the forts of Asirgarh and Burhanpur in Deccan and killed Mir Alam Ali Khan, the adopted son of Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan, who was the Deputy Subahdar of the Deccan. Muhammad Shah with the help of Asaf Jah, got Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan murdered in 1720 and Sayyid Hassan Ali Khan Barha poisoned in 1722, Muhammad Shah assumed an independent Mughal Emperor and as a reward in 1722, Asaf Jah was appointed asGrand Vazir (Prime Minister) of the Mughal Empire. As a Grand Vazir Asaf Jah's attempts to reform the court corruption created for him many enemies. In 1723, Asaf Jah's differences with the court noble increased and alarmed by his growing power, Muhammad Shah transferred him from the court of Delhi toAwadh. Nizam rebelled against the order, resigned as the Grand vizier left all imperial responsibilities and marched towards the Deccan by the end of the year 1723.[30][29][31][32][33] Under the influence of Asaf Jah's opponents,Muhammad Shah issued a decree toMubariz Khan-the Governor of Hyderabad, to stop Asaf Jah which resulted in theBattle of Shakar Kheda.[34][page needed][32] In 1724, Asaf Jah I defeatedMubariz Khan and in response the Mughal emperor recognized him as the viceroy of the Deccan.[35]
Mir Qamar-ud-din became thesubahdar (governor) ofBijapur in 1702 and was awarded asteed by Emperor Aurangzeb. In the same year, he was also given thefaujdari of Azamnagar andBelgaum. In 1704, he became thefaujdar ofNusratabad andMudgal.[26] In 1705 Mir Qamar-ud-din survived the attacks during theSiege of Wagingera Fort, and led an assault in the hillock of Lal Tikri.[36] He attacked the Marathas who were attempting to provide supplies to the besieged inhabitants atVardhangad Fort. The Marathas were ultimately defeated. Mir Qamar-ud-din was raised to a rank of 5,000 zaat and 5,000 "Sowar" for his performance in the siege. He was also awarded with ajewelled sabre and an elephant.[37]
On 10 January 1713, Mughal princeFarrukhsiyar defeated Mughal EmperorJahandar Shah in the Battle of Agra and later killed him, One of Mughal generalZulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung aided and intrigues Jahandar Shah after the death of his fatherBahadur Shah I in 1712 to overcame all his brothers-(including the battle in whichAzim-ush-Shan the father of Farrukhsiyar was drowned in theRavi River) and ascended the throne of Mughal Emperor, in return, Zulfiqar Khan was madeGrand vizier, "Amir-ul-Umara" andViceroy of the Deccan all at once. Zulfiqar Khan was captured and strangled to death in 1713 AD with the orders of Farrukhsiyar.[38][39]
In 1713Farrukhsiyar appointed Mir Qamaruddin asViceroy of the Deccan—(administrator of six Mughal governorates) andFaujdar ofCarnatic region with the titleNizam-ul-Mulk (Administrator of the Realm) andFateh Jung (Conqueror of battles).[40] He was a competent diplomatic person and accomplished his responsibilities very well, he eventually organized the administration, augmented finances and obtained full control over the Deccan including Carnatic region, the Nizam abrogated Maratha's from collecting Chauth in the region under his control which was granted by his predecessors. Nizam had been with Aurangzeb throughout his Deccan campaign. He was aware of the territory as well as the native communities for which he avoided confrontation with the Marathas and locals, rather he reduced the growing influence of Marathas in Deccan by bringingSambhaji II ofKolhapur to his side and appointing the rival Maratha generals (Maratha generals, Candrasen Jadhav, Sultanji Nimbalkar andRaja Ramabha Rao Bahadur) under his services.[41][42][43][39][44][45]^ In 1715 AD, Farrukhsiyar under the influence of Sayyed brothers, call back Nizam to Delhi, and replaced Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan (one among the Sayyed brothers) as the viceroy of Deccan.[44][45]^
The Sayyid brothers, known as thebadshahgar(king-makers),[46] became the sole authority of Mughal court reducing the status of the Turkic and the Irani noblemen. As a result, they formed a force of counter-revolution against the Sayyid brothers. The head of the Counter-Revolution was Nizam. To subdue the counter-revolution, the Sayyid brothers shifted Nizam-ul-mulk from Delhi. In 1715 AD, the Nizam was appointed as the Governor ofMalwa-(central India), a lesser position than the previous post. in 1716 AD Nizam unwillingly accepted the new post so that he could reinforce his forces against the Sayyid brothers and check and halt the increasing influence of Marathas in the central India region.[47]
In 1719, Nizam became suspicious of the machination of the Sayyed brothers and understood their intentions to take over the Mughal Empire. When two of the Mughal Emperors died simultaneously within a year due to the same ailment andMuhammad Shah the 18-year-old Mughal prince was appointed Mughal Emperor andSayyid Brothers asregent to the Mughal Emperor, the Nizam commence full-fledged preparation to launch an armed action against them. When the Sayyid Brothers learned about the Nizam's situation, they got furious and issued an imperial order asking the Nizam to report to Delhi. Alternately they planned an attack on Nizam in case he did not report. Meanwhile, Nizam received a secret communication from the Mughal empress's mother "Resist the Sayyids, and you will find yourself a place of Honor in the history of Mughals, May Allah help you in a war of righteousness against suppression", and later a secret communication was sent by Emperor Muhammad Shah to get him relief from the atrocities of Sayyid Brothers. Nizam was convinced of the Sayyid Brothers' planning and refused to report to Delhi and decided to eliminate the Sayyid brothers.[42]
In Delhi, the Sayyid brothers released an imperial order to attack Nizam's forces from two fronts, thus dispatched a 20,000 imperial army of Delhi led by Dilawar Khan to attack from the North and the Army of Governor of Aurangabad led by Alim Ali (the adopted son of Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan) to attack from South. Nizam being a military strategist rather than marching towards Delhi decided to move southwards to the Deccan where he had many sympathizers to support. The Nizam utilizing his diplomatic manipulation occupiedAsirgarh Fort from Mughals and leftUjjain towardsBurhanpur. His army clashed with Dilawar Khan aided by Maratha reinforcement near Burhanpur (Khandwa) in June 1720, Dilawar Khan and Marathas were defeated and Nizam took over Burhanpur. Sayyed brothers hopeless with the battle result issued an imperial order appointing Nizam as Viceroy of Deccan.[40][42]
Mughal empress's mother alarmed Nizam that "Plans are already being made to mount a strong invasion of the south, be on your guard" Meanwhile Sayyed brothers ordered Alim Ali-(Uninformed by Sayyed brothers about Nizam's appointment as Viceroy of Deccan) to march towards Nizam and stop him from reaching Aurangabad. Nizam wanted to avoid any war against a 20-year-old Alim Ali and sent his envoy, but all his efforts to avoid war went in vain when in July 1720 AD Alim Ali approached with his army, though Alim Ali fought with bravery he lost against Nizam well-equipped army. Frustrated with the defeat of Alim Ali, the Sayyed brothers now decided to attack with a much larger imperial army of 50,000 led by EmperorMuhammad Shah, they decided to move towards the south by collecting reinforcement fromRajputana. While the Mughal army was encamped in the outskirts of Delhi, a plot was devised against the Sayyid brothers and a section of Nizam's sympathizers a Turcic soldier assassinated the commander and chief of theMughal ArmySayyid Hussain (one of Sayyed Brothers) on 9 October 1720. WhenAbdullah Khan was informed about the death of his brother, he became furious and marched towards Delhi fromAgra to avenge his brother's murder, he led an army against the Emperor Muhammad Shah with his own puppet Emperor,Ibrahim. Muhammad Shah assigned Nizam's uncle and sympathizerMuhammad Amin Khan Turani to march towards Agara to deal with Abdullah Khan, the battle was fought nearHasanpur, and most of Abdullah Khan army deserted him, Abdullah Khan personally fought on foot following the Barha tradition and was captured in November 1720, and eventually being poisoned while in captivity.Muhammad Shah was crowned Emperor without any regent and Muhammad Amin Khan Turani was appointed as firstGrand vizier.[48][49][40][42] Nizam choose to continued his stay in Deccan and when Muhammad Amin Khan Turani died in 1721, he was offered to beGrand vizier of Mughal Empire.
In 1721 AD, Nizam ul-Mulk was rewarded for eliminating theSayyid Brothers with the post ofWakil E MutlaqGrand vizier in the court ofMuhammad Shah, the 18-year-old successor. From Muhammad Shah's point of view, he expected Asaf Jah I to act as an elderly statesman and faithful servant of the emperor, but the cunning Asaf Jah proved to be more self-willed and attempted to use his influence with the emperor to increase his territorial ambitions in the Deccan. With the pretext of restoring law and order in Gujarat, he sent there an expedition and appointed his maternal uncle, the relative ofSaadullah Khan (سعد الله خان) named Hamid Khan, to administer Gujarat. Hamid Khan engaged Shujaat Khan Gujarati in battle and shot him with an arrow in the chest while on top of his elephant, and finally entered Ahmedabad as a conqueror.[50] Shujaat Khan Gujarati's brother, Rustam Ali Khan, who had advanced towards Ahmedabad was also defeated with the aid of two Maratha commanders.[51] Muhammad Shah sent Sarbuland Khan to punish Hamid Khan. As Sarbuland Khan opposed this mission, with his request Muhammad Shah released Sayyid Najmuddin Ali Khan Barha from prison to join his imperial army, with the reward of the governorship of Ajmer. Although a large number of Sarbuland Khan's men fell, in the heat of battle Shaikh Allahyar Khan delivered the victory to the imperialists. Both Hamid Khan and the Marathas suffered heavy losses. As a result, Hamid Khan departed to Aurangabad in the Deccan.[52] Thus the Nizam failed to win the confidence of the Emperor and lost in the estimation of the nobles.[53] For the Nizam, his desire to restore the decorum of Mughals lapsed when some courtiers, cliques of corrupt concubines and eunuchs along with harlots and jesters who were the Emperor's constant companions became Nizam's enemy and coercively built distrust in the mind of Emperor about Nizam's growing power, thou Muhammad Shah had been dependent entirely upon the policies and courage of the Nizam, he transferred him from the court of Delhi toAwadh in 1723 AD. Muhammad Shah was young and foolish and allowed his confidants to make remarks about him when he had made his obeisance in the Deccan fashion, which created a grudge between them.[54] His efforts were misrepresented and thwarted by the nobles close to the Emperor.[55] Nizam rebelled against the imperial order, abdicated as the Grand Vizier and marched towards the Deccan against the will of Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah. Under the influence of Nizam's opponents, Muhammad Shah issued a decree toMubariz Khan-the Governor of Hyderabad, and a former ally of the Barha Sayyids,[56] to stop and kill the Nizam which resulted in theBattle of Shakar Kheda.[4][page needed][32] In 1724, with the help of the Marathas,[57] Asaf Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan and in response, the Mughal emperor was forced to recognize him as the viceroy of the Deccan with the title ofAsaf Jah.[35][58]
On 11 October 1724, the Nizam established autonomous rule over the Deccan region and started what came to be known as theAsaf Jahi dynasty. Subsequent rulers retained the titleNizam ul-Mulk and were referred to as Asaf Jahi Nizams, orNizams of Hyderabad.[40][59] Nizam remained loyal to the Mughal Emperor, did not assume any imperial title, and continued to acknowledge Mughal suzerainty.[60] He acquiredde facto control over Deccan and thus all six Mughal viceregal governorates of Deccan became his feudatory.[61][62]
In 1725 AD, as a sovereign ruler, the Nizam wanted to strengthening the Deccan by controlling the growing influence of the Marathas, he confronted and defeated Maratha forces and prevented them from collecting levies inCarnatic region—(it was granted to Marathas by his predecessorMughal Viceroy of Deccan in 1719 AD).[63][64] In 1726 ADSambhaji II ofKolhapur sought the Nizam's arbitration to settle issues withShahu I ofSatara which Shahu declined, thus in 1727 AD the Nizam armies capturedPune and appointed Sambhaji II asChhatrapati.[63][65] These valorous acts of the Nizam started an extended series of conflicts with Shahu who used aGuerrilla warfare technique led by hisPeshwa Baji Rao I, which resulted in theBattle of Palkhed in 1728 AD, Sambhaji II repudiate at the last moment and the Shahu forces surrounded the Nizam, he sign the treaty with Shahu which restored him as a Chhatrapati of Marathas and the right to collect levies in the Carnatic region.[63][65]
1733 AD the Nizam and Baji Rao had made a compact to support each other in times of external attacks, in 1734 The Marathas attacked and capturedBundelkhand andMalwa from the Mughal control, and in exchange for these territories the Mughal emperor gave them the right to collect levies from Deccan, to which the nizam refused and the secret compact among both was broken.[66] in 1737 AD when Maratha forces gathered in Delhi, Nizam marched against Maraths from Deccan to stop the invasion thus Marathas withdraw from Delhi and with the help of Nawab of Bhopal, they make a counterattack on Nizam's armies which resulted in theBattle of Bhopal, later in January 1738, a peace treaty was signed between both the parties and withdraw to their regions.[66][67][68][45]^
The Nizam divided his newly acquired kingdom into three parts. One-third became his private estate known as theSarf-i-Khas, one-third was allotted for the expenses of the government and was known as Diwan's territory, and the remainder was distributed to nobles (Jagirdar,Zamindars,Deshmukh), who in return paid Mazars (gifts) to the Nizam for the privilege of collecting revenue from the villages under their suzerainty. The most important of these were thePaigah estates. TheHouse of Paigah doubled up as generals,Nawab Abu'l Fateh Khan who served as general of the nizams, the paigah's making it easy to raise an army should the Nizams Dominions come under attack. They were the equivalent to theBarmakids for theAbbasidCaliphate. Only second to the Nizam's family.
The Nizam wrote some advice for his successors in the Ma'asir-i Nizami:[69]
"It is necessary for the ruler of the Deccan who desires his safety, peace from war, and the prosperity of his country to have peace with theMarathas who are the landholders[zamindaran] of this region."
"The earth dried up, the clouds without dew, Alas! for the poor handful of grass."But Marathas never fight directly on the battlefield and always run around and fight from behind the mountains."
In 1725, the Marathas clashed with the Nizam, who refused to payChauth andSardeshmukhi to theMarathas. The war began in August 1727 and ended in March 1728. Nizam signed a treaty named Treaty of Mungi-Shevgaon atShevgaon nearNashik byBajirao I, the son of PeshwaBalaji Vishwanath Bhatt.[71]
Anxious to divert Marathas away from his Deccan strongholds, and to save himself from the Mughal emperor of North India's hostile attempts to suppress his independence,[72] The Nizam encouraged the Marathas to invadeMalwa and the northern Indian territories of the Mughal empire.[73][74] The Nizam says that he could use the Marathas to his advantage in the Maasir-i Nizami:[75]
"I consider all this army (Marathas) as my own and I will get my work done through them. It is necessary to take our hands off Malwa. God willing, I will enter into an understanding with them and entrust the Mulukgiri(raiding) on that side of the Narmada to them."
In 1739, from beyond theHindu Kush,Nader Shah started advancing towardsDelhi throughAfghanistan and thePunjab.[76]
Nizam ul-Mulk sent his troops toKarnal, whereMughal EmperorMuhammed Shah's forces had gathered to turn back the Persian army. Influenced by suspicions of the Hindustani party, Muhammad Shah refused to give command of the army to the Nizam,[77] which was given instead to the commander-in-chief, Khan-i Dauran.[78] The combined forces of Muhammad Shah and the Nizam were cannon fodder for the Persian cavalry and was defeated by Nader Shah's superiorweaponry and tactics. The Nizam remained inert with a third of the army during the battle, likely hoping to take the places of his rivals at court.[79] He watched the battle passively without participation, as he believed it was futile to wage war against such a formidable foe rather than save himself and his men. He told the messenger sent by Muhammad Shah:[80]
"Whatever the king likes, he is free to speak and make orders, but he does not understand the art of warfare. The stupid fellows went to launch a campaign without order and discipline, and by their folly destroyed a force of 40,000...The king is angry with me for not carrying out his commands. The reality is they did not listen to my advice."
Nader Shah enteredDelhi and stationed his troops there. Some locals of Delhi quarrelled and attacked his soldiers. After nine hundred of his soldiers were killed in a bazaar brawl, Nader Shah flew into a rage, drew out his sword from the scabbard and ordered a massacre. Muhammad Shah was unable to prevent Delhi from being destroyed. When Nader Shah ordered the massacre in Delhi, neither the helpless Mughal Emperor Muhammed Shah nor any of his Ministers dared to speak to Nader Shah and negotiate a truce. Asaf Jah came forward and risked his life by going to Nader Shah and asking him to end the bloodbath of the city.[76] Legend has it that Asaf Jah said to Nader Shah
"You have taken the lives of thousands of people of the city, if you still wish to continue the bloodshed, then bring those dead back to life and then kill them again, for there are none left to be killed."
These words had a tremendous impact on Nader Shah – he ended the massacre on condition and returned to Persia.[76]
The Nizam was well suited to rule his territory. The administration was under control. In March 1742, the British who were based in Fort St George inMadras sent a modesthamper to Nizam ul-mulk in recognition of his leadership of the most important of the Mughal successor states. Its contents included a gold throne, gold and silver threaded silk fromEurope, two pairs of large painted-looking glasses, equipage for coffee cups, 163.75 yards of green and 73.5 yards of crimson velvet, brocades, Persian carpets, a gold ceremonial cloth, two Arab horses, half a dozen ornate rose-water bottles and 39.75 chests of rose water – enough to keep the Nizam and his entire Darbar fragrant for the rest of his reign. In return, the Nizam sent one horse, a piece of jewellery and a note warning the British that they had no right to mint their currency, to which they complied.
It was after Nizam ul-mulk's death that his son and grandson sought help from the British and French to win the throne. Just days before he died in 1748,Asaf Jah dictated his last will.The 17-clause document was a blueprint for governance and personal conduct that ranged from advice on how to keep the troops happy and well-fed to an apology for neglecting his wife.He then reminded his successors to remain subservient to the Mughal Emperor who had granted them their office and rank. He warned against declaring war unnecessarily, but if forced to do so to seek the help of elders and saints and follow the sayings and practices of the Prophet. Finally, he insisted to his sons that "you must not lend your ears to tittle-tattle of the backbiters and slanderers, nor suffer the riffraff to approach your presence."[6]
Nizam-ul-Mulk is remembered as laying the foundation for what would become one of the most importantMuslim states outside theMiddle East by the first half of the twentieth century.Hyderabad State survived right through the period ofBritish rule up to the time ofIndian independence in 1947, and was indeed the largest – the state covered an extensive 95,337 sq. miles, an area larger thanMysore orGwalior and the size of Nepal and Kashmir put together[81] (although it was the size of France when the first Nizam held reign) – and one of the most prosperous, among theprincely states of theBritish Raj. The titles of "Nizam Ul Mulk" and "Asaf Jah" that were bestowed on him by the Mughal Emperors, carried his legacy as his descendants ruled under the title of " Nizam of Hyderabad" and the dynasty itself came to be known as the Asaf Jahi Dynasty.
In early 1710, while being as Subedar ofAwadh, he was very much disturbed by the Mughal Emperor court politics and crafty cliques present inside the court, that he resigned from Subedar of Awadh and left to live a life ofFakir.[82]
Asaf Jah was married to Said-un-Nisa Begum, who belonged to a Sayed family fromGulbargah. From this marriage he had four children, two daughters; one of them being Khair-un-Nisa Begum, who was later married toMutawassil Khan[83]: 18 and two sons;Feroz Jung andNasir Jung (later nizam). From other wives he had four more sons;Salabat Jung (later Nizam),Nizam Ali Khan (later Nizam), Basalat Jung, and Mogal Ali Khan.[45] He had two more daughters, Mukarrama Banu Begum also known as Kali Begum, who was married to Qiyam-ul-Mulk, the Qiladar of Bidar and Kalyani, and with whom she had a daughter, who married the son of Najm-ud-Daulah in 1766;[84] and Khan Bahadur Begum, who died on 20 November 1788, and was buried inMakkah Masjid, Hyderabad.[84]
As per the 1749 British records ofFort St. George, Nizam-ul-Mulk even thought about installing his favourite daughter Khair-un-Nisa Begum's sonMuzaffar Jung[85] when he was dissatisfied with the conduct of Nasir Jung. He gave up that idea due to possible serious repercussions and reconciled with Nasir Jung.[83]: 19 He recommended bestowing theCircars ofAdoni andRaichur to Muzaffar Jung with acceptance of thePadishah.[83]: 19
Nasir Jung being Nizam-ul-Mulk's son (i.e. have some claim to theDeccan Subah) and Muzaffar Jung being his favourite grandson[86]: 50 lead the succession of one of the most important Subahs of Mughal empire into a severe crisis with was well exploited first by the French and then by British. After defeating Nasir Jung with the help of the French, Muzaffar Jung indeed became Nizam later, but for a very short period.[87] Interestingly, Muzaffar Jung being favourite grandson of Asaf Jah I, was the only thing that hesitated Nasir Jung about executing him, when he was imprisoned during theSecond Carnatic War.[83]: 31 Unexpected sudden death of Muzaffar Jung lead his uncle Salabat Jung (i.e. younger brother of Nazir Jung) to be installed as the new Nizam who was deposed by his younger brotherNizam Ali Khan with the help of British and Marathas.[88]
The succession feud between Nasir Jung and Muzaffar Jung was one of the most pivotal events in Indian history that led to the interference of European powers.[83]: 48 This led to the emergence ofRobert Clive and the ultimate domination of the British in the Indian peninsula in the later years.[89] Irony was that Both Nasir Jung and Muzaffar Jung died due to the betrayal of Pathan Nawabs (i.e. Faujdars) of the circars ofKurnool,Kadapa andSavanur.[83]: 43, 51
Due to continuous engagement in restoring internal conflicts and resolvingincreasing threats of neighbouring Marathas, he was engaged in an extensive tour of his domain. During this tour, in May 1748, he arrived inBurhanpur, he caught a cold and flu that deteriorated his health. Realizing death upon him, the Nizam dictated his last testament (wasiyyatnama), spanning 17 clauses in the presence of his available family members and close confidants. He died on 1 June 1748 aged 77 atBurhanpur and was buried atmazaar ofShaikh Burhan ud-din Gharib Chisti,Khuldabad, nearAurangabad, the place where Nizam's mentorAurangazeb is also buried.[6]
The death of Asaf Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons and grandson—Nasir Jung (1748–1750),Muzaffar Jang (1750–1751) andSalabat Jung (1751–1762)—contended for the throne backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces. The accession ofAsaf Jah II, who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the instability. In 1768 he signed theTreaty of Masulipatam, surrendering the coastal region to theEast India Company in return for a fixed annual rent.[90]
Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I | ||
| Preceded by None | Nizam of Hyderabad 1720 – 1 June 1748 | Succeeded by |
It was Bajirao I who had imposed chauth on the Nizam's dominions and, over a long period, it had accumulated to quite a large amount. To all intents and purposes the Nizam was a tributary of the Marathas;
Palkhed resulted in the following concessions by the Nizam:
(1) recognition of Shahu as the sole Maratha monarch;
(2) recognition of his right to chauth and sardeshmukhi of the Deccan;
(3) reinstating the Maratha collectors who had been driven out;
(4) agreement to pay the outstanding arrears of chauth and sardeshmukhi.
The implications, however, were much more important. First, in the military sphere, Bajirao had defeated the best-equipped Mughal army of the day under its best general.
The struggle between Shahu and the Nizam (who was supported by Sambhaji) lasted three years. By 1728, however, Shahu was victorious. Seeing the writing on the wall, the Nizam agreed to recognize Shahu as Shivaji's sole successor; support for Sambhaji was dropped. The Nizam also agreed to all of Shahu's taxation demands except one: the creation of a Maratha-operated bureaucracy to collect the tributary taxes.
{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help){{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)The Mughal court was hostile to Nizam-ul-Mulk. If it had the power, it would have crushed him. To save himself from the hostile intentions of the Emperor, the Nizam did not interfere with the Maratha activities in Malwa and Gujarat. As revealed in the anecdotes narrated by Lala Mansaram, the Nizam-ul-Mulk considered the Maratha army operating in Malwa and Gujarat as his own
Muzaffar Jung (Hidayat Muhiuddin Khan) was a grandson of Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I's favourite daughter Khair-un-Nissa Begum.
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