Qadariyyah (Arabic:قَدَرِيَّة,romanized: Qadariyya), alsoQadarites orKadarites, fromqadar (قدر), meaning "power",[1][2] was originally a derogatory term designating early Islamic theologians who rejected the concept ofpredestination in Islam,qadr, and asserted that humans possess absolutefree will, making them responsible for their actions, justifying divine punishment and absolving God of responsibility for evil in the world.[3][4] Originally, the Qadarites also reject belief in the prior knowledge of God, and they deny that God wrote the decrees concerning His creation before He created the heavens and the earth; Consequently, their belief goes against the teachings ofSunni Islam.[5] Some of their doctrines were later adopted by theMu'tazilis and rejected by theAsh'aris.[3] They argued that evil actions of human beings could not be decreed by God, as they would have to be if there was no free will and all events in the universe were determined by God.[6]
Qadariyyah was one of the first philosophical schools in Islam.[7] The earliest document associated with the movement is thepseudoepigraphical textRisala attributed toHasan al-Basri, which was composed between 75 AH/694 CE and 80/699, though debates about free will in Islam probably predate this text.[8][9] According to Sunni sources, the Qadariyah were censured byMuhammad himself by being compared toZoroastrians, who likewise denypredestination.[10]
The medieval sources upon which information about the Qadariya is based includeRisālat al-qadar ilā ʿAbd al-Malik (Epistle to ʿAbd al-Malik against the Predestinarians) which is incorrectly ascribed toHasan al-Basri; anti-Qadari letters byHasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah and CaliphUmar II; the work of the 9th-century Islamic scholar Khushaysh; the list of Qadarites byIbn Qutayba,Ibn Hajar,al-Suyuti,Ibn al-Murtada andal-Dhahabi; scattered references to the Qadariya in the work ofal-Tabari; and counter-Qadari polemics in the standardhadith collections ofSahih Muslim.[11]
"The Qadariyyah are theMagians of this community. If they are ill, do not pay a sick visit to them, and if they die, do not attend their funerals."[12][13]
Another report states
"To every Ummah there is a magian and the magian of this ummah are those who reject the Qadr. If anyone amongst them dies, do not attend their funeral, and if anyone amongst them becomes sick don’t visit them and they are Shiat ad-Dajjal and it is the right of God to join them with the Dajjal.” (Sunan Abi Dawud 4692)[14]
In another Hadith attributed to ProphetMuhammad inSunan Ibn Majah the Qadariyah along with theMurji'ah are excommunicated fromIslam, “'There are two types of people among this Ummah who have no share of Islam: The Murji'ah and the Qadariyyah.'"[15]Regarding the Qadarites who denied the prior knowledge of Allah, more or less they have disappeared.
“Qurtubi said: this school of thought no longer exists, and we know of no one in later times who belongs to it. Haafiz ibn Hajar al ‘Asqalaani said: the Qadariyah nowadays are unanimously agreed that Allah knows about the deeds of His slaves before they happen, but they differ from the Salaf (the Pious Predecessors) in their claim that people’s deeds are done by them and stem from them independently of Allah. Although this is a false opinion, it is less serious than the former view. In later times, some of them denied that the Will of Allah has anything to do with the deeds of man, in an attempt to avoid connecting the Eternal with the created.”[5]
Hanafi juristAbu Ja'far al-Tahawi described the Qadariya as group who denies (negates) God's will for the actions of the mortals and believe the will for the mortals are absolute.[16]
^J. van Ess. Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed, Brill. "Ķadariyya", vol.4, p. 368.
^abAl-Ashqar, Umar S. (2005).Divine Will and Predestination (3rd ed.). Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: International Islamic Publishing House (IIPH). pp. 69–74.ISBN9960-672-99-9.
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