36°19′59″N29°13′54″E / 36.333176°N 29.231701°E /36.333176; 29.231701
 The site, with Patara Beach in the background | |
 Interactive map of Pydnae | |
| Location | western end ofPatara Beach |
|---|---|
| Region | Muğla,Turkey |
| Type | fort |
| Area | 4 acres (1.6 ha) |
| Site notes | |
| Condition | Ruined |
| Public access | Yes |
Pydnae (Turkish:Pydnai;Ancient Greek:Πύδναι)[note 1] is the site of an abandonedHellenistic fort on the coast ofancient Lycia inAsiatic Turkey between the River Xanthus andCape Hieron. It was built to defend the road from the coast toXanthos, then the most important city in Lycia, and was well placed, being near to fresh water supplies and a safe landing area for shipping. During the period when the fort was controlled by theRomans, it was mentioned in the 3rd centuryStadiasmus Maris Magni, and listed byPtolemy in hisGeography. During theByzantine period, thedefensive walls were used to protect the local Christian population from raiders.
The ruins, rediscovered by Europeanarchaeologists during the first half of the 19th century, consist of a complete circuit of walls, 11 towers and seven sets of steps that lead up to thebattlements. The remains of a Byzantine church are also visible. TheLycian Way, a long-distance hikingtrail, passes through Pydnae.
Pydnae was aHellenistic fort on the coast ofancient Lycia,[7][8] which was situated near the mouth of the RiverŐzlen.[9] The earliest surviving descriptions of the place are in the anonymous 3rd centuryStadiasmus Maris Magni, aRoman guidebook for sailors, and inPtolemy'sGeography (5.3.5), written in the 2nd century, when it was referred to asKydna.[3][10]
The fort was built to protect the coast closest toXanthos, the most important city in Lycia. Situated close to a mountainouspromontory, the location protected ships from the dangerously strong winds and currents of the Lycian coast. The nearby small stream flowing into the sea would have been valuable as a fresh water source, which is not very common on the coasts here.Geomorphological studies have shown that Pydnae was originally on the edge of the coast, as was the nearby fort of Bükses. Both forts acted as a form of coastal defence.[11][note 2]
Both the fort and the swampy region between Xanthos and the sea acted to protect the city. In the late Roman period, Xanthos was connected to the shore by means of an important road that circumnavigated the swamp, the presence of which is indicated by a 3rd century military boundary stone in the nearby village ofKaradere. The road connected the anchorage near Pydnae with Xanthos and nearby Letoon.[13]
There is aByzantine church in Pydnae, indicating that the fort was once to protect the local Christian population.[14]
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The site's existence was first mentioned in the modern period by the IrishhydrographerFrancis Beaufort in 1811.[5] On the basis of information provided by Beaufort, the ruins were discovered by the British explorerCharles Fellows, who was to lead archaeological expeditions to Lycia in 1838, 1839, 1841, and 1844.[5][15] Fellows reported his discovery and provided an account of the ruins in hisAn Account of Discoveries in Lycia, Being a Journal kept during a Second Excursion in Asia Minor (1841),[16] describing the hillside as "fortified with a beautifully built Cyclopean wall, with towers and loopholes, and showing a fine specimen of an ancient Greek fortification". Within the walls, Fellows found aninscription, and translated it as "To Poseidon; the vow of Mausolus, the Alabarches". He produced a sketch of the site.[17][note 3]
Pydnae was also identified byCharles Texier, who led a Frencharchaeological expedition to Asia Minor in 1835.[19][20]
In 1842 the British Army officerWilliam Martin Leake recognised the fortification as Pydnae.[21] The fort was described by the explorersEdward Forbes andThomas Abel Brimage Spratt in the same decade:[2]
From the theatre we rode across a very flat marshy plain, to a short but deep and sluggish stream, called the Uzlan river, which, like many of the streams of the lower part of Lycia, springs full grown out of the base of the mountains. It runs a course of about three miles, and there is a bridge built over it. Uzlan is a smallscala[note 4] of two or three houses, and a rendezvous for Greek sailors. Near it are some massive hellenic walls, as if fortifying a point of rock. Beyond it is the fortress described and well figured by Fellows as Cydna. It is beautifully built, and in fine preservation. The walls are crowned with battlements, which, however, are not part of the original architecture, but subsequent additions, constructed apparently during the middle ages. In the original wall the Cyclepsean and regular styles are mingled. Loop-holes are placed at intervals. Within this fine fortress are the remains of a Christian church.
— Edward Forbes;Thomas Abel Brimage Spratt,Travels in Lycia, Milyas, and the Cibyratis, in company with the Late E. T. Daniell (1847)
The Englishlexicographer William Smith suggested in 1870 that the settlement was referred to by Ptolemy asCydna, who placed it at the foot ofMount Cragus.[1]
The German archaeologistsOtto Benndorf andGeorge Niemann were among those 19th–century scholars who published a description of the ruins at Pyndae. They recorded that the fortress had one entrance on the east side and another on the north; the towers had doors, an upper floor accessible from the wall parapet, and loopholes. They observed that at seven places around the perimeter there were narrow steep stairs up to the wall. The undergrowth made it difficult for them to explore the interior, and they found no remains of occupation, except the ruins of a church in the east corner. The church, a small east-facing basilica with a nave that was measured to be 15 feet (4.6 m) wide, and made of rubble with mortar. The archaeologists failed to find the inscriptions said to have been seen by Fellows.[23]
The French archaeologistJean-Pierre Adam has shown that a tower at Xanthos resembles the stonework at Pydnae, which he dates to the 3rd century BC, and has attributed the same date to most of the Xanthos rampart.[24] However, according to the French archaeologist Jacques Des Courtils, the sites have notable differences: Pydnae was built in one homogeneous phase, but the tower at Xanthos shows evidence of having undergone alterations at different times. Des Courtils notes that at Xanthos there is both a semi-circular tower and a round tower, and that those at Pydnae are quadrangular. He speculates that Pydnae was built in the 2nd century (when the round tower of Xanthos was constructed), and suggests that Pydnae may have been part of an important defence program, that included the reinforcing or restoring of the defences of Xanthos and the building of a new fort located near the shore.[25]
Based on evidence from construction techniques, the Turkish archaeologist Cevdet Bayburtluoğlu has dated the fortification to the 1st century or first part of the 2nd century AD.[20] There is also evidence of anaqueduct at Pydnae.[26] The fort's inscriptions are Byzantine.[6]
Pydnae has a total area of 4 acres (1.6 ha). It is located close to the western end ofPatara Beach, on the side of a low hill. Thedefensive walls of the fort-like structure are 3 feet (0.91 m) thick,[27][6] and more than 300 metres (980 ft) long. Some of the 11 towers and seven stairways are more than 10 metres (33 ft) high. The walls are still in a good condition, withbattlements and aparapet still extant. All the walls are constructed using close fitting polygon-shaped blocks; the only building in the interior is a small church.[6][14]
The walls at Pydnae are built from closely-fittingpolygonal stonework, a form of construction often used in the defensive walls of Lycian cities. It is not usually possible to date such walls, but those at Pydnae have been considered to have coincided with similarly built walls at Xanthos, allowing a tentative suggestion of a date during the rule ofPtolemy II Philadelphus (283–246 BCE),[4] a period whenLycia, like all the southern coasts ofAsia Minor, was ruled by theEgyptian Ptolemies.[14]
TheLycian Way, a 540 kilometres (340 mi) way-marked footpath around the coast of Lycia fromFethiye toAntalya, passes through the two entrances to Pydnae.[28] The area away from the path, both around and within the site, is overgrown with trees and bushes.[29]
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