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Austronesian language spoken in Taiwan
ThePuyuma language orPinuyumayan (Chinese :卑南語 ;pinyin :Bēinányǔ Puyuma , anindigenous people ofTaiwan . It is a divergentFormosan language of theAustronesian family . Most speakers are older adults.
Puyuma is one of the more divergent of the Austronesian languages and falls outside reconstructions ofProto-Austronesian .
The internal classification of Puyuma dialects below is fromTing (1978) . Nanwang Puyuma is considered to be the relatively phonologicallyconservative but grammatically innovative, as in it preserves proto-Puyumavoiced plosives but syncretizes the use of both oblique and genitive case.[ 2]
Proto-Puyuma Nanwang (Main branch )Pinaski–Ulivelivek Rikavung Kasavakan–Katipul Puyuma-speaking villages are:[ 3]
Puyuma cluster ('born of the bamboo') Katipul cluster ('born of a stone') Alipai (Chinese :Pinlang 賓朗 ) Pinaski (Chinese :Hsia Pinlang 下賓朗 ); 2 km north of Puyuma/Nanwang, and maintains close relations with it Pankiu (Chinese :Pankiu 班鳩 ) Kasavakan (Chinese :Chienhe 建和 ) Katratripul (Chinese :Chihpen 知本 ) Likavung (Chinese :Lichia 利嘉 ) Tamalakaw (Chinese :Taian 泰安 ) Ulivelivek (Chinese :Chulu 初鹿 ) Puyuma has 18 consonants and 4 vowels:
Note that Teng uses⟨lr⟩ for/ɭ / and⟨l⟩ for/l / , unlike in official version. The official orthography is used in this article.
Puyuma verbs have four types of focus:[ 5]
Actor focus: Ø (no mark), -em-, -en- (after labials), me-, meʔ-, ma- Object focus: -aw Referent focus: -ay Instrumental focus: -anay There are three verbal aspects:[ 5]
Perfect Imperfect Future There are two modes:[ 5]
Imperative Hortative future Affixes include:[ 5]
Perfect: Ø (no mark) Imperfect: Reduplication; -a- Future: Reduplication, sometimes only -a- Hortative future: -a- Imperative mode: Ø (no mark) Verb conjugation example fortrakaw "to steal"[ 6] Active Patient Locative Causative Realis Unmarked trem akaw trakawaw trakaway trakawanay Progressive trema trakawtra trakawaw tra trakaway tra trakawanay Durative trematra trakawtratra trakawaw tratra trakaway tratra trakawanay Irrealis tra trakawtra trakawi tra trakawan Imperative trakaw trakawi trakawu trakawan Hortative trem akawa —
Puyuma has a verb-initial word order.
Articles include:[ 7]
i – singular personala – singular non-personalna – plural (personal and non-personal)The Puyuma personal pronouns are:[ 8]
Puyuma Personal Pronouns (Free) Type of Nominative[ 9] Oblique: Oblique: Oblique: Neutral 1s. nanku kanku, kananku draku, drananku kanku kuiku 2s. nanu kanu, kananu dranu, drananu kanu yuyu 3s. nantu kantu, kanantu dratu, dranantu kantaw taytaw 1p. (incl.) nanta kanta, kananta drata, drananta kanta taita 1p. (excl.) naniam kaniam, kananiam draniam, drananiam kaniam mimi 2p. nanemu kanemu, kananemu dranemu, drananemu kanemu muimu 3p. nantu kantu, kanantu dratu, dranantu kantaw –
Puyuma Personal Pronouns (Bound) Type of Nominative Nominative Genitive 1s. =ku ku= ku= 2s. =yu nu= nu= 3s. – tu= tu= 1p. (incl.) =ta ta= ta= 1p. (excl.) =mi niam= mi= 2p. =mu mu= mu= 3p. – tu= tu=
The Puyuma affixes are:[ 10]
Prefixes ika-: the shape of; forming; shaping ka-: stative marker kara-: collective, to do something together kare-: the number of times ki-: to get something kir-: to go against (voluntarily) kitu-: to become kur-: be exposed to; be together (passively) m-, ma-: actor voice affix/intransitive affix maka-: along; to face against mara-: comparative/superlative marker mar(e)-: reciprocal; plurality of relations mi-: to have; to use mu-: anticausative marker mutu-: to become, to transform into pa-/p-: causative marker pu-: put puka-: ordinal numeral marker piya-: to face a certain direction si-: to pretend to tara-: to use (an instrument), to speak (a language) tinu-: to simulate tua-: to make, to form u-: to go ya-: to belong to; nominalizer Suffixes -a: perfective marker; numeral classifier -an: nominalizer; collective/plural marker -anay: conveyance voice affix/transitive affix -aw: patient voice affix/transitive affix -ay: locative voice affix/transitive affix -i, -u: imperative transitive marker Infixes -in-: perfective marker -em-: actor voice affix/intransitive affix Circumfixes -in-anan: the members of ka- -an: a period of time muri- -an: the way one is doing something; the way something was done sa- -an: people doing things together sa- -enan: people belonging to the same community si- -an: nominalizer Ca- -an, CVCV- -an: collectivity, plurality ^ Puyuma atEthnologue (subscription required) ^ Teng (2009) , pp. 839, 841.^ Zeitoun & Cauquelin (2006) , p. 655. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFZeitounCauquelin2006 (help ) ^a b Teng (2008) , pp. 11, 18.^a b c d Cauquelin (2004) , pp. 25–26.^ Teng (2008) , p. 112.^ Cauquelin (1991) , p. 27.^ Teng (2008) , pp. 61–64.^ Possessor of subject ^ Teng (2008) , pp. 282–285.Cauquelin, Josiane (1991).Dictionnaire puyuma-français . Paris: Ecole Française d'Extreme-Orient.ISBN 9782855395517 Cauquelin, Josiane (2004).Aborigines of Taiwan: The Puyuma – From Headhunting to the Modern World . London: RoutledgeCurzon.ISBN 9780203498590 Teng, Stacy Fang-ching (2007).A Reference Grammar of Puyuma, an Austronesian Language of Taiwan (Ph.D. thesis).doi :10.25911/5D63C47EE2628 hdl :1885/147042 Teng, Stacy Fang-ching (2008).A Reference Grammar of Puyuma, an Austronesian Language of Taiwan (PDF) . Pacific Linguistics 595. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.hdl :1885/28526 ISBN 9780858835870 Teng, Stacy Fang-ching (2009)."Case Syncretism in Puyuma" (PDF) .Languages and Linguistics .10 (4):819– 844. Archived fromthe original (PDF) on 2018-11-11. Ting, Pang-hsin (1978)."Reconstruction of Proto-Puyuma Phonology" .Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology .49 . Academia Sinica:321– 391.OCLC 4938029239 . Archived fromthe original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved5 December 2014 . Teng, Fang-ching 鄧芳青 (2018).Bēinányǔ yǔfǎ gàilùn 卑南語語法概論 Introduction to Puyuma Grammar ] (in Chinese). Xinbei shi: Yuanzhu minzu weiyuanhui.ISBN 978-986-05-5694-0
