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Push-to-talk (PTT), also known aspress-to-transmit, is a method of having conversations or talking onhalf-duplex communication lines, includingtwo-way radio, using amomentary button to switch from voice reception mode to transmit mode.
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For example, anair traffic controller usually supervises several aircraft and talks on one radio frequency to all of them. Those under the same frequency can hear others' transmissions while usingprocedure words such as "break", "break break" to separate order during the conversation (ICAO doc 9432). In doing so, they are aware of each other's actions and intentions. Unlike in aconference call, they do not hear background noise from the ones who are not speaking. Similar considerations apply topolice radio, the use ofbusiness band radios onconstruction sites, and other scenarios requiring coordination of several parties.Citizens Band is another example of classic push-to-talk operation.
The PTT switch is most commonly located on the radio's handheld microphone, or for small hand-held radios, directly on the radio. For heavy radio users, a PTT foot switch may be used, and also can be combined with either a boom-mounted microphone or a headset with integrated microphone.
Less commonly, a separate hand-held PTT switch may be used. This type of switch was historically called apressel.[citation needed]
In situations where a user may be too busy to handle a talk switch,voice operated switches are sometimes employed. Some systems usePTT ID to identify the speaker.
Push-to-talk over cellular (PTToC) is a service option for acellular phone network that enables subscribers to use their phones aswalkie-talkies with unlimited range. A typical push-to-talk connection connects almost instantly. A significant advantage of PTT is the ability for a single person to reach an active talk group with a single button press; users don't need to make severaltelephone calls to coordinate with a group.
Push-to-talk cellular calls similarly providehalf-duplex communications – while one person transmits, the other(s) receive. This combines the operational advantages of PTT with the interference resistance and other virtues of mobile phones. Manufacturers of (POC orPoC) hardware include ToooAir[1] andHytera US Inc.[2]
Mobile push-to-talk services, offered by some mobile carriers directly as well as by independent companies, adds PTT functionality to smartphones and specialized mobile handsets (hand portable and mobile/base station PTT Radio Terminals). In addition to mobile handsets, some services also work on a laptop, desktop, and tablet computers.
Recent development in PTT communications is the appearance ofapps onsmartphones, some of which can function on multiple platforms. Wireless carrier-grade PTT systems have adapted to and adopted the smartphone platform by providing downloadable apps that support their PTT systems across many mobile platforms. Over-the-top (OTT) applications do not depend on a specific carrier or type of communication network,[3] and may be slower than carrier implementations.
Cellular network standards | |||||||||
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| 0Gradio telephones (1946) | |||||||||
| 1G (1979) |
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| 2G (1991) |
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| 2G transitional (2.5G, 2.75G, 2.9G) |
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| 3G (1998) IMT-2000 (2001) |
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| 3G transitional (3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G) |
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| 4G (2009) IMT Advanced (2013) |
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| 5G (2018) IMT-2020 (2021) |
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