Purushamedha (orNaramedha) is aŚrauta ritual of mockhuman sacrifice. TheVajasaneyi Samhita-Sataphatha Brahmana-Katyayana Srauta Sutra sequence of Shukla Yajur Veda texts contains the most details.[1]
Whether actual human sacrifice was taking place has been debated sinceColebrooke brought the issue under attention in 1805. He regarded it as a symbolic ritual.[2] Since there is no inscriptural or other record of Purushamedha ever being performed, some scholars suggest it was invented simply to round out sacrificial possibilities.[1]Asko Parpola suggests actual human sacrifices are described inVedic texts, while theBrahmanas show the practice diminishing.[note 1] InShatapatha Brahmana 13.6.2, an ethereal voice intervenes to halt the proceedings.[1] The dhatupatha ofAṣṭādhyāyī byPāṇini defines the rootmedha as synergizing the energy to perform something fruitful.[citation needed]
Scholars doubt the Purushamedha as actual human sacrifice was ever performed.[1][note 2][3] However, according to Jan Houben, the actual occurrence of human sacrifice would be difficult to prove since the relevant pieces of evidence would be small in number.[4]
According to Jan Houben, the Later Vedic period was followed by a period of embarrassment about violence in rituals. This period corresponds to the rise of Sramanic religions such asBuddhism andJainism, both of which place emphasis on nonviolence (ahimsa). This period also corresponds to the composition of theShatapatha Brahmana, which states that the victims of a Purushamedha are supposed to be released, and the composition of theChandogya Upanishad, which lists nonviolence as a virtue.[4][5]
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By the 10th century, the Purushamedha was included in lists of Kali-varjyas, or actions which were prohibited for theKali Yuga. This suggests that human sacrifice had become obsolete by the time the texts were composed. However, it also suggests that the Purushamedha may have in some cases consummated with the actual sacrificing of a human. That is, the existence of inclusion of the prohibition in the list of Kali-varjyas demonstrates that at least one author seriously feared the possibility that a ritual practitioner might take the description of the ritual as a moral license to perform the rite to the extent of murder and cannibalism. This is a plausible reason to include it in the list of Kali-varjyas, even if it was a purely symbolic ceremony during the period of the composition of theŚatapatha Brāhmaṇa.[4]
TheAitareya Brahmana tells the story of a sacrifice carried out by KingHarischandra. The childless king askedVaruna to provide him with a son, and in return, Varuna asks him to sacrifice the child to him. Harischandra delays the performance of the sacrifice and allows his son, named Rohita, to grow older. Eventually, Rohita wanders into the forest to find a substitute for himself. He comes across a poor Brahmin named Ajigarta, who sells his sonSunahsepa to him. Sunahsepa is bound to the stake, but he frees himself by reciting some mantras that were taught to him byVishvamitra.[6] This story is reproduced in theBhagavata Purana.[7]
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Human sacrifice and cannibalism are explicitly condemned in theBhagavata Purana (5.26.31). TheChandogya Upanishad (3.16) states that the Purushamedha is actually a metaphor for life itself, and it compares the variousstages of life to the oblations that are offered. The Mahabharta section XXII of the Sabha Parva in the Jarasandha-Badha Parva when the evil king Jarasandha is doing a human sacrifice. Sri Krishna states, "But you, O king, treating other kings with cruelty, seeks to offer them as sacrifice unto the god Rudra! O son of Vrihadratha, this sin committed by you may touch even us, for as we are virtuous in our practices, we are capable of protecting virtue. The slaughter of human being as sacrifice unto the gods is never seen. Why dost you, therefore, seek to perform a sacrifice unto god Sankara by slaughtering human beings? You are addressing persons belonging to your own order as animals (fit for sacrifice)!",[8] which is yet another example of Hindu scripture berating human sacrifice. It is unclear if such sacrifice was their and is now condemned or if it never existed.
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Helmer Ringgren regarded that the traces of Purushameda are not clearly detectable.[9]
Dayananda Sarasvati, founder ofArya Samaj had rejected all human sacrifices and animal sacrifice invaidikayajnas.[citation needed]
In November 2000, a modern version of Purushamedha was organised byAll World Gayatri Pariwar atShantikunja Haridvara, marking the completion of 12 yearYugsandhi Mahapurascharana. In this program, namedSrijana Sankalpa Vibhuti Mahayajna, participants had to tie themselves withYupas and take an oath to dedicate their life to social causes as a sacrifice.[10]Yajnas was performed on 1551kundas on the bank of theGanga river and was attended by four million devotees.[citation needed]
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