| Purple Heart | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type | Military medal (Decoration) |
| Awarded for | "Being wounded or killed in any action against an enemy of the United States or as a result of an act of any such enemy or opposing armed forces" |
| Description | Obverse profile ofGeorge Washington |
| Presented by | |
| Eligibility | Military personnel |
| Reverse |  |
| Status | Currently awarded |
| First award | 22 February 1932 |
| Total | Approximately 1,910,162 (as of 5 June 2010)[5] |
| Total awarded posthumously | Approximately 430,000 |
| Total recipients | over 2,000,000 (including eligible casualties in World War I who may not have been awarded the Purple Heart) |
| Website | defense.gov |
 Service ribbon | |
| Precedence | |
| Next (higher) | Bronze Star Medal[6] |
| Next (lower) | Defense Meritorious Service Medal[6] |
ThePurple Heart (PH) is aUnited States military decoration awarded in the name of thepresident to those wounded or killed while serving, on or after 5 April 1917, with theU.S. military. With its forerunner, theBadge of Military Merit, which took the form of a heart made of purple cloth, the Purple Heart is the oldestmilitary award still given to U.S. military members. TheNational Purple Heart Hall of Honor is located inNew Windsor, New York.
The original Purple Heart, designated as theBadge of Military Merit, was established byGeorge Washington – then thecommander-in-chief of theContinental Army – by order from hisNewburgh, New York, headquarters on 7 August 1782. The Badge of Military Merit was only awarded to threeRevolutionary War soldiers by Washington himself. Washington authorized his subordinate officers to issue Badges of Merit as appropriate. Although never abolished, the award of the badge was not proposed again officially until afterWorld War I.[7][8]
On 10 October 1927,Army Chief of Staff GeneralCharles Pelot Summerall directed that a draft bill be sent to Congress "to revive the Badge of Military Merit". The bill was withdrawn and action on the case ceased on 3 January 1928, but the office of theAdjutant General was instructed to file all materials collected for possible future use. A number of private interests sought to have the medal re-instituted in the Army; this included the board of directors of theFort Ticonderoga Museum inTiconderoga, New York.[citation needed][9]
On 7 January 1931, Summerall's successor, GeneralDouglas MacArthur, confidentially reopened work on a new design, involving the Washington Commission of Fine Arts. Elizabeth Will, an Armyheraldic specialist in the Office of theQuartermaster General, was named to redesign the newly revived medal, which became known as the Purple Heart. Using general specifications provided to her, Will created the design sketch for the present medal of the Purple Heart. The new design, which exhibits a bust and profile of George Washington, was issued on the bicentennial of Washington's birth.
The Commission of Fine Arts solicited plaster models from three leading sculptors for the medal, selecting that ofJohn R. Sinnock of thePhiladelphia Mint in May 1931. By executive order of thepresident of the United States, the Purple Heart was revived on the 200th anniversary of George Washington's birth, out of respect to his memory and military achievements, by War DepartmentGeneral Order No. 3, dated 22 February 1932.
The criteria were announced in aWar Department circular dated 22 February 1932, and authorized award to soldiers, upon their request, who had been awarded theMeritorious Service Citation Certificate,Army Wound Ribbon, or were authorized to wearWound Chevrons subsequent to 5 April 1917, the day before the United States enteredWorld War I. The first Purple Heart was awarded to MacArthur. During the early period of American involvement inWorld War II (8 December 1941 – 22 September 1943), the Purple Heart was awarded both for wounds received in action against the enemy and for meritorious performance of duty. With the establishment of theLegion of Merit, by an Act of Congress, the practice of awarding the Purple Heart for meritorious service was discontinued. ByExecutive Order9277, dated 3 December 1942, the decoration was applied to all services; the order required reasonable uniform application of the regulations for each of the Services. This executive order also authorized the award only for wounds received. For both military and civilian personnel during the World War II era, to meet eligibility for the Purple Heart, Army Regulation 600–45, dated 22 September 1943, and 3 May 1944, required identification of circumstances.
After the award was re-authorized in 1932 some U.S. Army wounded from conflicts prior to the First World War applied for, and were awarded, the Purple Heart:
... veterans of theCivil War andIndian Wars, as well as theSpanish–American War, China Relief Expedition (Boxer Rebellion), andPhilippine Insurrection also were awarded the Purple Heart. This is because the original regulations governing the award of the Purple Heart, published by the Army in 1932, provided that any soldier who had been wounded in any conflict involving U.S. Army personnel might apply for the new medal. There were but two requirements: the applicant had to be alive at the time of application (noposthumous awards were permitted) and he had to prove that he had received a wound that necessitated treatment by a medical officer.[10]
Subject to the approval of theSecretary of Defense,Executive Order10409, dated 12 February 1952, revised authorizations to include the Service Secretaries. Dated 25 April 1962,Executive Order11016, included provisions for the posthumous award of the Purple Heart. Dated 23 February 1984,Executive Order12464, authorized award of the Purple Heart as a result of terrorist attacks, or while serving as part of a peacekeeping force, subsequent to 28 March 1973.
On 13 June 1985, the Senate approved an amendment to the 1985 Defense Authorization Bill, which changed the precedence of the Purple Heart award, from immediately above theGood Conduct Medal to immediately above theMeritorious Service Medals. Public Law 99-145 authorized the award for wounds received as a result offriendly fire. Public Law 104-106 expanded the eligibility date, authorizing the award of the Purple Heart to a formerprisoner of war who was wounded after 25 April 1962. The National Defense Authorization Act for the Fiscal Year 1998 (Public Law 105–85) changed the criteria to delete authorization for the award of the Purple Heart to any non-military U.S. national serving under competent authority in any capacity with the Armed Forces. This change was effective 18 May 1998.[11]
During World War II, 1,506,000 Purple Heart medals were manufactured, many in anticipation of the estimated casualties resulting from the planned Alliedinvasion of Japan. By the end of the war, even accounting for medals lost, stolen, or wasted, nearly 500,000 remained. The total combined American military casualties of the seventy years following the end ofWorld War II—including theKorean andVietnam Wars—did not exceed that number. In 2000, there remained 120,000 Purple Heart medals in stock between all US Armed Forces. The existing surplus allowed combat units inIraq andAfghanistan to keep Purple Hearts on hand for immediate award to soldiers wounded in the field.[12] The Defense Supply Center in Philadelphia (DSCP), responsible for overseeing the production and distribution of the medals to each branch of the US Military, has ordered the creation of thousands more Purple Hearts since 2000.[13] Identical in specification to those made in the 1940s, these new medals are today interspersed with stocks of the old surplus.[14][15][13]
In 2009National Geographic estimated the number of Purple Hearts given as:[5]
7 August of every year is recognized as "National Purple Heart Day".[20]
The Purple Heart is awarded in the name of the President of the United States to any member of the Armed Forces of the United States who, while serving under competent authority in any capacity with one of the U.S. Armed Services after 5 April 1917, has been wounded or killed. Specific examples of services which warrant the Purple Heart include:
Criteria (c) and (e) were added byExecutive Order11016 on 25 April 1962, as U.S. service personnel were being sent toSouth Vietnam during theVietnam War asmilitary advisors rather thancombatants. As many were being killed or wounded while serving in that capacity in South Vietnam, and because the United States was not formally a participant of the war (until 1965), there was no "enemy" to satisfy the requirement of a wound or death received "in action against an enemy". In response, PresidentJohn F. Kennedy signed the executive order that awarded to any person wounded or killed "while serving with friendly foreign forces" or "as a result of action by a hostile foreign force".[21]
After 28 March 1973, it may be awarded as a result of an international terrorist attack against the United States or a foreign nation friendly to the United States, recognized as such an attack by the Secretary of the Army, or jointly by the Secretaries of the separate armed services concerned if persons from more than one service are wounded in the attack. Also, it may be awarded as a result of military operations while serving outside the territory of the United States as part of a peacekeeping force.[22]
The Purple Heart differs from most other decorations in that an individual is not "recommended" for the decoration; rather the service member is entitled to it upon meeting specific criteria. A Purple Heart is awarded for the first wound suffered under conditions indicated above, but for each subsequent award anoak leaf cluster or5/16 inch star is worn in lieu of another medal. Not more than one award will be made for more than one wound or injury received at the same instant.
A "wound" is defined as an injury to any part of the body from an outside force or agent sustained under one or more of the conditions listed above. A physical lesion is not required; however, the wound for which the award is made must have required treatment by a medical officer and records of medical treatment for wounds or injuries received in action must have been made a matter of official record. When contemplating an award of this decoration, the key issue that commanders must take into consideration is the degree to which the enemy caused the injury. The fact that the proposed recipient was participating in direct or indirect combat operations is a necessary prerequisite, but is not sole justification for award. The Purple Heart is not awarded for non-combat injuries.[22]
Enemy-related injuries whichjustify the award of the Purple Heart include: injury caused by enemybullet,shrapnel, or other projectile created by enemy action; injury caused by enemy placedland mine,naval mine, ortrap; injury caused by enemy releasedchemical, biological, or nuclear agent; injury caused by vehicle or aircraft accident resulting from enemy fire; and, concussion injuries caused as a result of enemy generated explosions.
Injuries or wounds whichdo not qualify for award of the Purple Heart includefrostbite ortrench foot injuries;heat stroke;food poisoning not caused by enemy agents; chemical, biological, or nuclear agents not released by the enemy;battle fatigue; disease not directly caused by enemy agents; accidents, to include explosive, aircraft, vehicular, and other accidental wounding not related to or caused by enemy action; self-inflicted wounds (e.g., a soldier accidentally or intentionally fires their own gun and the bullet strikes his or her leg), except when in the heat of battle, and not involving gross negligence;post-traumatic stress disorders;[23] and jump injuries not caused by enemy action.
It is not intended that such a strict interpretation of the requirement for the wound or injury to be caused by direct result of hostile action be taken that it would preclude the award being made to deserving personnel. Commanders must also take into consideration the circumstances surrounding an injury, even if it appears to meet the criteria. In the case of an individual injured while making a parachute landing from an aircraft that had been brought down by enemy fire; or, an individual injured as a result of a vehicle accident caused by enemy fire, the decision will be made in favor of the individual and the award will be made. Additionally, individuals wounded or killed as a result of "friendly fire" in the "heat of battle" will be awarded the Purple Heart as long as the "friendly" projectile or agent was released with the full intent of inflicting damage or destroying enemy troops or equipment. Individuals injured as a result of their own negligence, such as by driving or walking through an unauthorized area known to have been mined or placed off limits or searching for or picking up unexploded munitions as war souvenirs, will not be awarded the Purple Heart as they clearly were not injured as a result of enemy action, but rather by their own negligence.
Animals are generally not eligible for the Purple Heart; however, there have been rare instances when animals holding military rank were honored with the award. An example includes the horseSergeant Reckless during the Korean War, and the dogSergeant Stubby of the 102nd Infantry Regiment during World War 1.
From 1942 to 1997, non-military personnel serving or closely affiliated with the armed forces—as government employees,Red Cross workers,war correspondents, and various other professions—were eligible to receive the Purple Heart whether in peacetime or armed conflicts. Among the earliest individuals to receive the award were nineHonolulu Fire Department (HFD) firefighters who were killed or wounded in peacetime while fighting fires atHickam Field during theattack on Pearl Harbor.[24] In total, about 100 men and women who served as non-military personnel received the award, the most famous being newspapermanErnie Pyle, who was awarded a Purple Heart posthumously by the Army after being killed by Japanese machine gun fire in the Pacific Theater near the end of World War II. Before his death, Pyle had seen and experienced combat in the European Theater while accompanying and writing about infantrymen for readers back home.[25] Those serving in theMerchant Marine are not eligible for the award. During World War II, members of this service who met the Purple Heart criteria received aMerchant Marine Mariner's Medal instead.
The most recent Purple Hearts presented to non-military personnel occurred after theterrorist attacks at Khobar Towers, Saudi Arabia, in 1996—for their injuries, about 40U.S. civil service employees received the award.
However, in 1997, at the urging of theMilitary Order of the Purple Heart, Congress passed legislation prohibiting future awards of the Purple Heart to non-military personnel. Civilian employees of the U.S. Department of Defense who are killed or wounded as a result of hostile action may receive the newDefense of Freedom Medal. This award was created shortly after theterrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.
The Purple Heart award is a1+3⁄8-inch-wide (35 mm) purple- and gold-coloredheart-shapedbrass-alloy medal containing a profile of GeneralGeorge Washington. Above the heart appears a shield of thecoat of arms of George Washington (a white shield with two red bars and three red stars in chief) between sprays of green leaves. The reverse consists of a raised bronze heart with the wordsFOR MILITARY MERIT below the coat of arms and leaves.
The ribbon is1+3⁄8 inches (35 mm) wide and consists of the following stripes:1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) white 67101;1+1⁄8 inches (29 mm) purple 67115; and1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) white 67101.[7]
Additional awards of the Purple Heart are denoted byoak leaf clusters in theArmy,Air Force, andSpace Force, and additional awards of thePurple Heart Medal are denoted by5⁄16 inch stars in theNavy,Marine Corps, andCoast Guard.[6]
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Current active duty personnel are awarded the Purple Heart upon recommendation from theirchain of command, stating the injury that was received and the action in which the service member was wounded. The award authority for the Purple Heart is normally at the level of anArmyBrigade,Marine CorpsDivision,Air Force wing,Space Force delta, orNavy Task Force. While the award of the Purple Heart is considered automatic for all wounds received in combat, each award presentation must still be reviewed to ensure that the wounds received were as a result of enemy action. Modern day Purple Heart presentations are recorded in both hardcopy and electronic service records. The annotation of the Purple Heart is denoted both with the service member's parent command and at the headquarters of the military service department. An original citation and award certificate are presented to the service member and filed in the field service record.
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During theVietnam War,Korean War, andWorld War II, the Purple Heart was often awarded on the spot, with occasional entries made into service records. In addition, during mass demobilizations following each of America's major wars of the 20th century, it was common occurrence to omit mention from service records of a Purple Heart award. This occurred due to clerical errors, and became problematic once a service record was closed upon discharge. In terms of keeping accurate records, it was commonplace for some field commanders to engage in bedside presentations of the Purple Heart. This typically entailed ageneral entering a hospital with a box of Purple Hearts, pinning them on the pillows of wounded service members, then departing with no official records kept of the visit, or the award of the Purple Heart. Service members, themselves, complicated matters by unofficially leaving hospitals, hastily returning to their units to rejoin battle so as not to appear a malingerer. In such cases, even if a service member had received actual wounds in combat, both the award of the Purple Heart, as well as the entire visit to the hospital, was unrecorded in official records.
Service members requesting retroactive awards of the Purple Heart must normally apply through theNational Personnel Records Center. Following a review of service records, qualified Army members are awarded the Purple Heart by the U.S. Army Human Resources Command inFort Knox,Kentucky. Air Force veterans are awarded the Purple Heart by the Awards Office ofRandolph Air Force Base, while Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, present Purple Hearts to veterans through the Navy Liaison Officer at the National Personnel Records Center. Simple clerical errors, where a Purple Heart is denoted in military records, but was simply omitted from a WD AGO Form 53-55 (predecessor to the)DD Form 214 (Report of Separation), are corrected on site at the National Personnel Records Center through issuance of a DD-215 document.
Ten Purple Hearts:
Nine Purple Hearts:
Eight Purple Hearts:
Seven Purple Hearts:
Three Purple Hearts:
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