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In thePunjab region, people wore cotton clothing. Both men and women wore knee-length tops. A scarf was worn over the tops which would be draped over the left shoulder and under the right. A large sheet would be further draped over one shoulder which would hang loose towards the knees. Both male and female wore adhoti orlungi around the waist.[1] Modern Indian Punjabi dress has retained the dhoti, but over its long history has added other forms of dress.
The Punjab region had a flourishing industry in cotton during the 19th and early 20th centuries, when various kinds of coarse cotton clothes.[2] This cotton industry added to the richness ofPunjabi clothing which exhibitsPunjab's rich and vibrant culture in its dresses.[3][4] Various types of dresses are worn based on differentPunjabi festivals,local events and ceremonies.
Along with different traditional dresses special types ofornaments are also very common.[5]
The use of the Suthan in thePunjab region also called Suthana in Punjabi is a survival of the ancientSvasthana.[6][7][8][9] Svasthana referred to a lower garment which can be described as a type of trousers. The Svasthana was in use amongst the rulers in theMauryan era (322–185 BCE),[10] amongst the ruling classes inNorth India during theKushan Empire between the 1st and 3rd centuries C.E,[11] during theGupta Empire between 4th and 6th centuries C.E.[12] and during EmperorHarsha's rule during the 7th century C.E.[7]
The Punjabi suthan is a direct variation of the svasthana which can either be loose to above the ankles and tight around the ankles, or loose to the knees and tight to the ankles. The suthan is a male and female garment but its use is particularly important in the Punjabi suthan suit whereby it is worn by women with a kurti or kurta. It is also a part of the Punjabi ghagra outfit.[13][14] Other variations include the choga (robe) and suthan combination.[13][14]
The kurta with its side slits in the Punjabi kurta can be traced to the 11th century C.E.[15]
The straight-cut traditional kurta is known as apanjabi inBangladesh,West Bengal andAssam.[16][17] The traditional Punjabi kurta of the Punjab region is wide and falls to the knees[18] and is cut straight.[19][20][21] The modern version of the regional kurta is the Mukatsari kurta which originates fromMuktsar inIndian Punjab. This modern Punjabi kurta is famous for its slim-fitting cuts and smart fit designs. It is very popular among young politicians.[22]
The Multani kurta is crocheted usingSajarak prints ofMultan.[23]
APhulkari kurta is embroidered using thePhulkari embroidery of thePunjab region.[24]
Bandhani tye-dyeing is popular in theCholistan desert area of Punjab, Pakistan.[25] Bandhani patterns are used on kurtas.
A Punjabi suit that features two items - aqameez (top),salwar (bottom) is the traditional attire of the Punjabi people.[26][27][28]Shalwars aretrousers which are atypically wide at the waist but which narrow to a cuffed bottom. They are held up by a drawstring or elastic belt, which causes them to become pleated around the waist.[29] The trousers can be wide and baggy, or they can be cut quite narrow, on thebias. Thekameez is a long shirt or tunic.[30] The side seams are left open below the waist-line (the opening known as thechaak[note 1]), which gives the wearer greater freedom of movement. The kameez is usually cut straight and flat; older kameez use traditional cuts; modern kameez are more likely to have European-inspiredset-in sleeves. The combination garment is sometimes calledsalwar kurta,salwar suit, orPunjabi suit.[32][33] The shalwar-kameez is a widely-worn,[34][35] andnational dress,[36] of Pakistan. When women wear the shalwar-kameez in some regions, they usually wear a long scarf or shawl called adupatta around the head or neck.[37] The dupatta is also employed as a form of modesty—although it is made of delicate material, it obscures the upper body's contours by passing over the shoulders. For Muslim women, the dupatta is a less stringent alternative to thechador orburqa (seehijab andpurdah); for Sikh and Hindu women, the dupatta is useful when the head must be covered, as in a temple or the presence of elders.[38] Everywhere in South Asia, modern versions of the attire have evolved; the shalwars are worn lower down on the waist, the kameez have shorter length, with higher splits, lower necklines and backlines, and with cropped sleeves or without sleeves.[39]
The Punjabi suit is popular in other regions of the subcontinent,[40][41] such asMumbai andSindh.[42] It is also popular inAfghanistan,[43] where it is called the Punjabi.[44]
The Punjabi version of theDhoti is known astehmat/tamba orlaccha. Whereas thetehmat is of one colour and has no border, thelaacha has a border and is variegated so that it has more than one colour.[45]
In modern usage, a short kurta is referred as the kurti. However, traditionally, thekurti refers to upper garments which sit above the waist without side slits, and are believed to have descended from the tunic of theShunga period (2nd century B.C.).[46]
In thePunjab region, the kurti is a short cotton coat.[47] Another style of Punjabi kurti is a short version of the anga (robe).[48] The kurti can be worn by men but women wear it along with thePunjabi ghagra or suthan.
Another style of the Punjabi suit is the use of the shalwar which hails from thePorhohar region ofPunjab, Pakistan and is known as the Pothohari shalwar.[1] The Pothohari shalwar retains the wideness of the older Punjabi suthan and also has some folds. The kameez is also wide. The head scarf is traditionally large,[49] similar to thechador orPhulkari that was used throughout the plains of thePunjab region.[1]
TheSikh Chola is traditional dress worn bySikhs.[50][51] It is a martial attire which gives freedom of movement to a Sikh warrior.[52]There are preservedchola relics and artefacts that were worn by the Sikh Gurus.[53] A particularKhilka-type Chola believed to have belonged toGuru Nanak has garnered considerable attention and study.[54] A preserved chola ofGuru Hargobind linked to the tale ofhis release from Gwalior Fort with fifty-two fellow prisoners is believed to be preserved at Ghudani Kalan village in Amritsar district of Punjab, India.[55]
ThePunjabi ghagra was the traditional apparel for women before the advent of the Punjabi suit. In modern times, the ghagra is worn by women in parts ofHaryana, rural parts of southwestern part ofPunjab,[56] parts ofHimachal Pradesh[57] and during performances ofGiddha inEast Punjab.[58]
The ghagra has its origin in the candataka, which had become a popular garment in the Gupta period.[59] The candataka was a men's half trousers[60] which eventually developed into the ghagra. The intermediate formation has been described as a shirt like dress for men and women from the neck to the thighs.[61][62] Candataka continued as a popular female dress in the seventh century.[63]
The PunjabiJutti is the Punjabi version of the shoe. Local styles include designs from Patiala,[64] the Pothohari shoe with sharp pointed toes, and the Derawali shoe with silk embroidery and round tipped.[65]
ThePatiala salwar was developed inPatiala and is very popular with women.
Saraiki shalwar suits are Punjabi outfits which include the Bahawalpuri shalwar suit and the Multani shalwar suit.
The Bahawalpuri shalwar[66] originates from theBahawalpur region ofPunjab, Pakistan. The Bahawalpuri shalwar is very wide and baggy[67] with many voluminous folds.[68] The material traditionally used for the Bahawalpuri shalwar and suthan is known as Sufi which is a mixture of cotton warp mixed with silk weft and gold threads running down the material.[69] The other name for these types of mixed cloth is shuja khani.[70] The Bahawalpuri shalwar is worn with the Bahawalpur style kameez, the Punjabi kurta or chola.[71]
![Nawab Muhammad of Bahawalpur (1868-1900) wearing a loose Bahawalpuri shalwar.[66]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aNawab_Muhammad_Of_Bawalpur_1868-1900.JPG)
![Nawab Sadiq Khan Fifth (died 1966)[72] in the Bahawalpuri shalwar](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aNawab_Sadiq_Khan_Fifth.JPG)
The Multani shalwar, also known as the 'ghaire wali' (round shape) shalwar as it is very wide around the waist, originates from theMultan area of thePunjab, Pakistan. The style is similar to the Sindhi kancha shalwar as both are derivatives of the pantaloon shalwar worn inIraq[73] and adopted in these locations during the 7th century A.D.[74][75][76] The Multani shalwar is very wide, baggy,[77] full and has folds like the Punjabi suthan.[78] The upper garments include the Punjabi kameez and the chola of thePunjab region.[79]
Block printing on cotton and other materials is popular inMultan which utilises localSajarak prints.[80][81]Cholistan,Bahawalpur andMultan are known for its tie-dyeing material which is popular in this region.[82]
The embroidery styles of thePunjab region include the styles of Multani embroidery which features kalabatun[83] patterns using thin wires. This type of embroidery is also common in the rest of thePunjab region. Kalabatan surkh involves using gold wires on orange coloured and red silk. Kalabatan safed involves using silver wires on white material. There are two kinds of gold embroidery, one of a solid and rich kind called kar-chob and the other called tila-kar or kar-chikan utilising gold thread. The former is used for carpets and saddle cloths whereas the latter is used for dresses. ThePunjab region also uses mukesh embroidery: mukesh bati-hui, twisted tinsel,gokru, flattened gold wire for embroidery of a heavy kind, and waved mukesh, made by crimping mukesh batihui with iron tongs.[84]
Ludhiana andAmritsar are known for embroidery using white, silver and gold threads on clothes such aschogas and waistcoats (phatuhi).[1]Kangra is known for the patterns embroidered on its handkerchiefs known as Kangra rumal. The designs include representations of religious stories.[1] These rumals are also embroidered inChamba.
_LACMA_M.64.24.1.jpg)
ThePhulkari is the traditional Punjabi embroidery used to embroider shawls and head scarfs in thePunjab region. Although Phulkari means floral work, the designs include not only flowers but also cover motifs and geometrical shapes.[85]
There is reference to Phulkari in ancient texts, folk legends, and literature of Punjab. InHarishcharitra, the biography of the Emperor Harshavardhana (590-647 CE), the last ruler of great ancient Indian Vardhana empire, the seventh-century chronicler Bana wrote, "Some people were embroidering flowers and leaves on the cloth from the reverse side," which is a technical description of Phulkari embroidery.[86] However, the earliest reference to the word Phulkari is in Punjabi literature in the 18th century Waris Shah's version ofHeer Ranjha (a legendary Punjabi tragic romance) which describes the wedding trousseau of the female protagonist Heer and lists various clothing items with Phulkari embroidery. The first extensive English publication on Phulkari was by Flora Annie Steel in 1880 where she describes the various styles and exhibited the varieties in picture form.[87] In its present form, Phulkari embroidery has been popular since the 15th century.[88] Pal (1960) believes that no matter its origin, Phulkari work is distinctive and uniquely Punjabi.[89]
%2c_Punjab%2c_early_20th_century%2c_cotton%2c_silk_and_embroidery%2c_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.jpg)
_from_Punjab%2c_khadi_(hand-spun%2c_hand-woven_cotton)%2c_silk%2c_plain_weave%2c_embroidery%2c_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG)
Luanchari is a full-dress made of two parts stitched together: the upper part is the choli and the lower is the lehanga.[90] It is traditional garment worn by Gaddis ofHimachal Pradesh.[90]
The Punjabi ghuttana was popular with women and men in thePunjab region, a type of pajama which is shorter than the full length pajama, and is tight and ends at the calf.[91] Its variation is still worn inJammu.
![Men and boys wearing a knee length variation of the Punjabi ghuttana[92] and Dogri kurta. The full suthan is tight from the knees to the ankles](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aDogri_play_Bawa_Jitto_directed_by_Balwant_Thakur_Produced_in_1986_and_still_going_strong.jpg)
The use of theChuridar is traditionally associated with the northern regions of the sub-continent. Although there is no consensus as to its origins, the churidar pajama was adopted by the former princely families.[93] In thePunjab region however, its use was amongst the general population.[94]
TheChuridar is popular all over the sub-continent and was developed in thePunjab region, and is associated with the Punjab.[95][96] The churidar pajama can be of any colour but traditionally is ofsussi (cotton) material, in blue with vertical stripes.[97]
The churidar pajama is also known as the (full length) ghuttana.[98] When soldiers fromLucknow travelled to the British Punjab province, they saw the long ghuttana pajama and adopted its use inLucknow during the 19th century.
Thejama was worn by men in thePunjab region during theMughal period. The phrase "jora jama" refers to the clothes given by the maternal uncle to the groom,[99] which points to the jama being part of Punjabi clothing (although grooms do not wear the jama now). A local style of shawl called the jamawar which was striped was used as a gown.[100][101]
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The anga (robe) also known as an angarkha[102][103] and peshwaj)[104] is similar to a loose coat and wadded with cotton.[105] The anga can be worn by men and women. When worn by men, it falls to below the knees, is a loose tunic[106] and is fastened either to the right of the left.[107] An angarkha typically does not have front buttons.[108] Grooms traditionally wore the angarkha which has now been superseded by the achkan. The anga worn by women is a long robe.
.jpg)
![A watercolor portrait of Ranjit Singh who wore the angarkha during his reign.[109]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aA_watercolor_portrait_of_Ranjit_Singh.jpg)
TheChamba angarkhi ofHimachal Pradesh is sewen tight at the torso, but below the waist it has an open fall like the modern skirt. The angarkhi is tied at the waist with a sash.[110]
Men traditionally wear the turban. In the past, large turbans were worn such as the type inCholistan which could be up to 40 feet long.[1] Now the turbans are shorter of various designs.
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Kalgi is a sign of royalty that is placed on the turban, in place of a jeweled crown.
Khes is a stout damask cloth used for winter wraps,[111] generally weaved with coarse yarns made of cotton. It is a simpleclothing item to wear loosely. Khes is acomfort object used inbedding and also as like ashawl- wrap[112] by men inPunjab, India, andPakistan to cover upper body parts.[113][114][115][116][117] Khes was an important cloth of Punjab province.[118]
The Loyi is a lightweight fabric draped by men and women to preserve heat in cool/chilly environments. It is often worn with other Punjabi wear.
Paranda orparandi is hair accessory worn by women in Punjab.[119]
Thesaluka is a tight fitting waistcoat which was worn inSindh and thePunjab region.[120] It is also worn inUttar Pradesh.
The shalwar kamiz was worn traditionally by Muslim women and gradually adopted by many Hindu women following the Muslim conquest of northern India. Eventually, it became the regional style for parts of northern India, as in Punjab where it has been worn for centuries.
Even highly educated women pursuing careers continue to wear traditional dress in urban India, although men of similar status long ago adopted Western attire. The forms of dress most popular with urban Indian women are the sari, the long wrapped and draped dress-like garment, worn throughout India, and the salwar-kameez or kurta-pyjama, a two-piece suit garment, sometimes also called Punjabi because of its region of origin. Whereas the sari can be considered the national dress of Indian women, the salwar-kameez, though originally from the north, has been adopted all over India as more comfortable attire than the sari.
Salwar/Shalwar: A pair of light, loose, pleated trousers, usually tapering to a tight fit around the ankles, worn by women from South Asia typically with a kameez (the two together being a salwar kameez). Origin From Persian and Urdu šalwār.
Kameez: A long tunic worn by many people from South Asia, typically with a salwar or churidars. Origin: From Arabic qamīṣ, perhaps from late Latin camisia (see chemise).
You can buy an entire three-piecesalwar suit, or a two-piece suit that consists of either a readymadekurta or akurta cloth piece, each with a matchingdupatta. For these, you must have the salwar pants stitched from cloth you buy separately. A third option would be to buy a two-piece ensemble, consisting of the top and pants, leaving you the task of buying an appropriatedupatta, or using one you already own, or buying a strip of cloth and having it dyed to your desire. The end result will always be a three-piece ensemble, but a customer may start with one piece (only thekurta) or two pieces (kurta and pants, orkurta anddupatta), and exercise her creativity and fashion sense to end up with the completesalwar kurta outfit.
The salwar-kameez is a form of dress that has been adopted widely in Punjab and is now known in English as the Punjabi suit; J. P. S. Uberoi suggests that the salwar-kameez is an Afghani import to Punjab (1998 personal communication). Punjabi forms of dress are therefore constructs or inventions of tradition rather than having historical veracity.
The village's men and boys largely dress in sombre colours in the loose trousers and long shirt (shalwar kameez) worn across Pakistan. Older men often wear woollen Chitrali caps (pakol), waistcoats and long coats (chugha), made by Chitrali tailors (darzi) who skills are renowned across Pakistan.
the shalwar kameez happens to be worn by just about everyone in Pakistan, including in all of Gilgit-Baltistan.
What is common in all the cases is the wearing of shalwar, kameez, and dupatta, the national dress of Pakistan.
Muslim and Punjabi women—whether Muslim, Sikh, or Hindu—often wear the dupatta over the head to create a modest look while framing the face with color. When entering a temple, Hindu women might comparably use their dupattas to cover their heads. Though the dupatta is often made of flimsy cloth and does not actually cover the body, its presence implies modesty, like many of the outer garments worn by Muslim women that do not cover much but do provide a symbolic extra layer, ...
The Pakistani National dress worn by women is Shalwar Kameez. This consists of a long tunic (Kameez) teamed with a wide legged trouser (Shalwar) that skims in at the bottom accompanied by a duppata, which is a less stringent alternative to the burqa. Modern versions of this National dress have evolved into less modest versions. Shalwar have become more low cut so that the hips are visible and are worn with a shorter length of Kameez which has high splits and may have a lowcut neckline and backline as well as being sleeveless or having cropped sleeves.
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