Pune district | |
|---|---|
     Statue ofBaji Rao I in front ofShaniwar Wada,Pataleshwar Caves, Pune, Mountains atLonavala, View of Pune fromChaturshringi Temple,Lohagad | |
.svg) Location in Maharashtra | |
| Country |  India |
| State | Maharashtra |
| Division | Pune |
| Headquarters | Pune |
| Government | |
| • Body | Pune Zilla Parishad |
| • Guardian Minister | Sunetra Pawar |
| • President / Vice President Zilla Parishad |
|
| • District Collector |
|
| • CEO Zilla Parishad |
|
| • Members of the Lok Sabha | |
| Area | |
• Total | 15,643 km2 (6,040 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
• Total | 9,429,408 |
| • Density | 602.79/km2 (1,561.2/sq mi) |
| Demographics | |
| • Literacy | 87.19%[1] |
| • Sex ratio | 919 |
| Time zone | UTC+05:30 (IST) |
| PIN Code(s) | 411xxx[2] |
| Major highways | NH-48,NH-65,NH-60 |
| Official Language | Marathi |
| Per capita income (2022-23) | ₹336,503 (US$4,280.96)[3] |
| Nominal GDP(2022-23) | ₹4,181.04 billion (US$53.19 billion)[4] |
| Website | pune |
| Official name | Shivneri Fort,Lohagad, andRajgad Fort |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | (iv), (vi) |
| Designated | 2025 (47thsessions) |
| Reference no. | [2] |
| Region | Southern Asia |
Pune district (Marathi pronunciation:[puɳeː]) is a district in Western Maharashtra with Administrative Headquarters inPune city. Pune district is the most populous district in the Indian state ofMaharashtra. It is one of the most industrialized districts in India.
According to archaeological discoveries of theJorwe culture inChandoli andInamgaon, portions of the district have been occupied by humans since theChalcolithic (the Copper Age, 5th–4th millennium BCE).[5] Many ancient trade routes linking ports in western India (particularly those of coastalKonkan) with theDeccan Plateau pass through the district. The town ofJunnar has been an important trading and political center for the last two thousand years, and it was first mentioned by Greco-Roman travellers in the early first millennium CE.[6][7][8] TheKarla Caves inKarli, nearLonavala, are near theWestern Ghats and a major ancienttrade route running eastward from theArabian Sea to the Deccan Plateau. The caves are a complex of ancient IndianBuddhistrock-cut shrines which were developed from the second century BCE to the fifth century CE; the oldest of the shrines is believed to date to 160 BCE. Traders andSatavahana rulers financed construction of the caves.[9] Buddhists, identified with commerce and manufacturing through their early association with traders, tended to locate their monasteries in natural formations near major trade routes to provide lodging for travelling traders.[10]Inscriptions at Karla and Junnar suggest that in the early part of theCommon Era, the area was controlled by theShaka rulerNahapana.[11] Coins found further east in the district, nearIndapur, suggest that the region may have been controlled by theTraikutaka king Dahragana in 465 CE; silver coins found atJunnar suggest that the region may also have been ruled bySatavahana kings.[12]
The first reference to the Pune region is found on two copper plates, dated to 758 and 768 CE and issued by theRashtrakuta ruler Krishna I. The plates call the region "PunyVishaya" and "Punaka Vishaya", respectively. ThePataleshwar rock-cut temple complex was built during this time, and the area includedTheur,Uruli, Chorachi Alandi, andBhosari.[13] The region became part of theYadava Empire ofDeogiri from the ninth to the 13th centuries.
The MuslimKhalji rulers of theDelhi Sultanate overthrew the Yadavas in 1317, beginning three hundred years of Islamic control. The Khalji were followed by another sultanate dynasty, theTughlaqs. A Tughlaq governor on the Deccan Plateau rebelled and created theBahamani Sultanate, which later dissolved into theDeccan sultanates. During the 1400s, Russian travelerAfanasy Nikitin spent many months in Junnar during the monsoon season and vividly describes life in the region underBahamani rule.[14] The fort at Chakan played an important role in the history of the Deccan sultanates.[15] The Bahamani Sultanate broke up in the early 16th century; the Nizamshahi kingdom controlled the region for most of the century, with Junnar its first capital.[16] During the early 1600s, theNizam Shahi generalMalik Ambar moved his capital there.[17]
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The district became politically important when the Nizamshahi capital was moved to Junnar at the beginning of the 16th century. TheBhosale family received ajagir (land grant), and control of the region shifted among the Bhosale rulers, the sultanates and the Mughals during the century. The district was central to the founding of theMaratha Empire byShivaji.
With the establishment ofNizamshahi rule, withAhmednagar its headquarters, nearly all of the region was controlled by the Nizamshahi. It was formed into a district (orsarkar), with sub-divisions (paragana) and smaller ranges (prant ordesh). Revenue collection was delegated to important chieftains of the Nizamshahi.
At Ahmednagar, the Sultan bore the brunt of a heavy attack fromMughal armies who converged on the capital in 1595. To rally the strongest possible local support against the Mughal invaders, and stabilise the territories ruled by Ahmednagar, local Maratha chieftains were given increased power. Amongst the chieftains wasMaloji, who was made araja in 1595; the districts of Pune andSupa were given to him as ajagir (fief). Maloji was also given charge of the forts atShivneri andChakan, which played an important role in the district's early political history.[18]
In 1600, Ahmednagar was captured by the Mughals. Nizamshahi ministerMalik Ambar raisedMurtaza Nizam Shah II to the throne, with its temporary headquarters at Junnar.[16] For nearly a generation, Ambar guided the Nizamshahi kingdom and the Pune region benefited from his leadership. By his death in 1626, the region's revenue system was sound and fair.
The Pune region was administered as a jagir during much of the 17th century by Maloji Bhosale, his sonShahaji and his grandsonShivaji. Its nominal sovereignty changed with shifting allegiances of the Bhosale family. In 1632, Shahaji forsook the Mughals and accepted the friendship of theAdilshahi rulers ofBijapur (the traditional rivals ofAhmadnagar Sultanate).
After the fall of the Ahmadnagar (Nizamshahi) Sultanate, its territory was divided between the Adilshahi and the Mughals with Pune region going to the former. Shahaji refused to surrender Junnar (the seat of the Nizamshahi dynasty) before he finally capitulated. However, Shahaji was apparently considered important enough by the Adilshah to play a key role in the new regime's administration. His jagir was confirmed, continuing the region's connection with the Bhosale family.[19]
Shahaji second son, Shivaji (founder of the Maratha Empire), was born on the hill fort ofShivneri near Junnar on 19 February 1630.[20][21][22][23][24] His mother wasJijabai, the daughter ofLakhuji Jadhavrao ofSindhkhed (a Mughal-alliedsardar claiming descent from theYadavas of Devagiri.[25][26]
The Pune Jagir which was restored to Shahaji after he joined the Adilshahi service in 1637.Since he was required to be based inBengaluru as theAdilshah commander, Shahaji selected Pune as the residence for [Jijabai and son Shivaji, and appointedDadoji Konddeo as administrator of the Pune jagir. Konddeo oversaw the construction of their Lal Mahal palace. Konddeo established complete control over theMaval region, winning over (or subduing) most of the local Maval leaders.[27] He rebuilt the settlement of Pune, and prominent families who had left the town during its 1631 destruction by the Adilshahi general Murar Jaggdeo returned.[28] Among Kondadeo's reported reforms was a tax of one-fourth the cash equivalent of a land's yield, and theFasli calendar was introduced at this time. He is said to have focused on the western Pune region, and has been credited with overseeing Shivaji's education and training.[29][30][31] Kondadeo died in 1647, and Shivaji became his father's deputy.
Many of Shivaji's comrades (and, later, a number of his soldiers) came from theMaval region in the district's western mountains, includingYesaji Kank, Suryaji Kakade, Baji Pasalkar,Baji Prabhu Deshpande andTanaji Malusare.[32] Shivaji traveled the hills and forests of theSahyadri range with his Maval friends, acquiring skills and familiarity with the land which would be useful in his military career.[33][34]Around 1645, the teenaged Shivaji first expressed his concept ofHindavi Swarajya (Indian self-rule) in a letter.[35][36][a] According to legend, he took an oath to that effect at the temple ofRaireshwar near Bhor in the district.[40]
Shivaji began his rule in 1648 of the Pune region, taking possession of the keyTorna Fort and controlling theChakan andPurandar forts and raiding Junnar. He moved his administration to the renovatedRajgad fort in 1648, and kept it there until his coronation in 1674.[41]
During the 1660s, the Mughals underAurangzeb began paying attention to Shivaji. Pune and the region's forts frequently changed hands between the Mughals and Shivaji.[42] In theTreaty of Purandar (1665), signed by the Mughal general Mirza Jaisingh and Shivaji, Shivaji ceded control of a number of forts in the district to the Mughals.[43] Shivaji recaptured many of these forts when the truce ended.
He was succeeded on the Marathi throne by his eldest son,Sambhaji, in 1680. Shortly afterwards, the Mughal army under Aurangzeb moved into the Deccan Plateau and remained there for nearly three decades. Sambhaji was captured and executed, at Aurangzeb's order, in the village of Tulapur at the confluence of theBhima river and theIndrayani Rivers.[44][45][46]
The period following his 1689 death was one of political ferment in the Deccan Plateau, and the Pune region experienced major fluctuations in administrative authority. Shivaji's younger son,Rajaram I, ruled after his brother's death. He spent most of his time inGingee, fighting the Mughal siege. Before the Mughals captured Gingee, Rajaram returned to Maharashtra and died inSinhagad in 1700. Ambikabai,[47] one of his widows, committedsati at Rajaram's death.[48] TheBhimthadi (or Deccani) horse was developed in the region under Maratha rule by crossing Arabian and Turkic breeds with local ponies.[49][50]
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Shivaji's grandson,Shahu I, appointed theChitpavan BrahminBalaji Vishwanath as hisPeshwa in 1714. Vishwanath received the area around Pune from the grateful mother of one of Shahu's ministers for saving her son's life.[51] In 1718, Shahu sent him to Delhi to assist the Sayyads; in return for this help, Muhammad Shah (the Mughal emperor in Delhi) granted Shahusardeshmukhi rights for Pune, Supa, Baramati, Indapur and Junnar. Shahu appointedBaji Rao I Peshwa in 1720, succeeding his father.[52] Baji Rao moved his administration fromSaswad to nearby Pune in 1728, laying the foundation for turning akasbah into a large city.[53][54] Pune grew in size and influence as Maratha rule extended through the subcontinent in subsequent decades. A well-known saying in the era before the third battle of Panipat was that the "ponies ofBhimthadi[49] drank the water of theIndus river".
Pune gained more influence under the rule of Baji Rao I's son,Balaji Baji Rao (Nanasaheb). Maratha influence waned after the disastrous 1761Battle of Panipat, and theNizam of Hyderabad looted the city. It (and the empire) recovered during the brief reign of Peshwa Madhavrao. The rest of the Peshwa era was rife with family intrigue and political machinations. The leading role was played by the ambitiousRaghunathrao, the younger brother of Nanasaheb, who wanted power at the expense of his nephewsMadhavrao I andNarayanrao. After Narayanrao's 1775 murder by order of Raghunathrao's wife, power was exercised in the name of his sonMadhavrao II by aregency council led byNana Fadnavis for most of the century.[55] Under Peshwa rule, the urban elite came from the Chitpavan Brahmin community; they were the military commanders, the bureaucrats and the bankers, and had ties to each other by marriage.[56]
Nanasaheb built a lake inKatraj, on the city's outskirts, and a still-operational underground aqueduct to bring water from the lake to Shaniwar Wada.[57] The city received an underground sewage system in 1782 which discharged into the river.[28][58] Pune prospered during Nanasaheb's reign. On the southern fringe of the city, he built a palace on theParvati Hill, developed a garden known as Heera Baug, and duga lake near the hill with aGanesha temple on an island in its centre which is calledSarasbaug. Nanasaheb also developed new commercial, trading, and residential localities:Sadashiv Peth,Narayan Peth,Rasta Peth andNana Peth. During the 1790s, the city had a population of 600,000. In 1781, after a city census, a household tax (gharpatti) was levied on the more affluent: one-fifth to one-sixth of the property value.[59]
Order in Peshwa Pune was maintained by thekotwal, who was a police chief, magistrate andmunicipal commissioner and whose duties included investigating, levying and collecting fines for offences. The kotwal was assisted by police officers from thechavdi (police station), and clerks collected fines and paid informants who provided intelligence. Crimes included illicit affairs, violence and murder; in the case of murder, sometimes only a fine was imposed. Inter-caste or inter-religious affairs were also resolved with fines.[60] Although the kotwal's salary was as high as 9,000 rupees per month, it included officer salaries (mainly from theRamoshi caste).[61] The best-known kotwal in Pune during Peshwa rule wasGhashiram Kotwal, and the city's police force was admired by European visitors.[62]
The patronage of the Brahmin Peshwas resulted in Pune's expansion, with the construction of about 250 temples and bridges (including the Lakdi Pul and the temples onParvati Hill).[63] Many temples likeMaruti,Vithoba,Vishnu,Mahadeo,Rama, Krishna andGanesha temples were built during this era. Their patronage extended to 164 schools (pathshalas) in the city which taught Hindu holy texts (shastras) toBrahmin men.[64]
Pune also had many public festivals. Major festivals wereGaneshotsav, the Deccan New Year (Gudi Padwa),Holi, andDasara. Holi at the Peshwa court was celebrated over a five-day period. The Dakshina festival, celebrated in the Hindu month ofShravan (when millions of rupees were distributed), attracted Brahmins from throughout India to Pune.[65][66] The festivals, the building of temples and temple rituals led to religion being responsible for about 15 percent of the city's economy during this period.[67][68][69]
Peshwas and knights residing in the city had individual hobbies and interests;Madhavrao II had a private collection of exotic animals, such as lions and rhinoceros, near thePeshwe Park zoo.[70] The last Peshwa,Baji Rao II, was a strength and wrestling enthusiast. The sport of pole gymnastics (mallakhamba) was developed in Pune under his patronage by Balambhat Deodhar.[71]Many Peshwas and their courtiers were patrons oflavani and Maharashtrian dance, and a number of composers (such as Ram Joshi, Anant Phandi, Prabhakar andHonaji Bala) flourished during this period. The dancers primarily came from theMang andMahar castes.[72][73] Lavani used to be essential part of Holi celebrations in the region's Peshwa courts.[74]
Peshwa influence in India declined after the defeat of Maratha forces in the 1761Battle of Panipat, but Pune remained the seat of power. However, the city's fortunes declined rapidly after the 1795 accession ofBaji Rao II. Pune was captured byYashwantrao Holkar in the 1802Battle of Pune, precipitating theSecond Anglo-Maratha War of 1803–1805. Peshwa rule ended with the defeat of Baji Rao II by the BritishEast India Company, under the leadership ofMountstuart Elphinstone, in 1818.
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In 1818, the Pune region and the rest of the Peshwa territories came under the control of the BritishEast India Company.One of the first tasks that the company did was to destroy Hill forts previously under Maratha control. This was to stop Maratha forces regrouping in the hills. The forts destroyed in Pune district included those in the Junnar region such Shivaji's birthplace of Shivneri,Hadsar,Narayangad,Chavand, and the important for of Sinhagad overlooking the city of Pune.[75] The governor of the new territories,Mountstuart Elphinstone, appointed a commissioner and left the district's boundaries almost intact. Elphinstone and other British officers enjoyedSaswad and the fertile valley around it.[76]
The annualPandharpur Wari starts in two places in the district, namely Alandi and Dehu. In its present form the wari dates back to 1820s. At that time, Sant Tukaram's descendants, and a devotee of SantDnyaneshwar named Haibatravbaba Arphalkar, who was a courtier ofScindias, the Maratha rulers ofGwalior made changes to wari.[77][78] Haibatravbaba's changes involved carrying the paduka in a palkhi, having horses involved in the procession, and organizing the devotees or varkaris in Dindis (Dindi stands for a specific group of varkaris.).[79]
Company rule came to an end when, under the terms ofa proclamation issued by Queen Victoria, theBombay Presidency, Pune and the rest of British India came under the British crown in 1858.[80]
Villages in the district saw rioting in 1875 by peasants protesting Marwari and Gujarati moneylenders. The disturbances involved peasants getting the moneylenders to burn their documents and, in some cases, torching their houses. The riots were responsible for the Bombay presidency government enacting the Deccan Agriculturists Relief Act to protect peasants fromland grabbing by money lenders.[81][82]
During the first and second Anglo-Maratha wars, it took four or five weeks to move materials from Mumbai to Pune. An 1804 military road constructed by the British East India Company reduced the journey to four or five days. The company built amacadam road between the two cities in 1830 which permitted mail-cart service.[83][84]
A rail line from Bombay, operated by theGreat Indian Peninsula Railway (GIPR), reached Pune in 1858.[85][86] In the following decades, the line was extended east and south of the city. The GIPR extended its line east toRaichur in 1871, where it met theMadras Railway and connected the city toMadras.[87] Themetre-gauge Pune-Miraj line was completed in 1886, making the city arail junction. The Bombay-Poona line was electrified in the 1920s; this cut travel time between the cities to three hours, enabling day trips for events such as thePoona races.[88] Many villages in the west, east and south of the district, such asLonavla,Uruli Kanchan andDaund, were connected by rail.
Pune's first bus service began in 1941 with the Silver Bus Company, andTanga (horse-drawn carriage) drivers went on strike in protest.[89] Tangas were a common mode of public transport well into the 1950s, and bicycles were a private vehicle choice in the 1930s.[90]
The British installed atelegraph system in Pune in 1858.[91] According to the 1885Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Poona, the city and the GIPR had telegraph offices. In 1928, a relay station was built inKhadki to relay telegraph signals for theImperial Wireless Chain. In 1885, Pune was a post-distribution hub for the district. There were two post offices in the city, which also offered money-order and savings-bank services.[92]
Areas east of Pune receive less rainfall than areas west of the city adjacent to theWestern Ghats. To minimize drought risk, a masonry dam was built on theMutha River atKhadakwasla in 1878. At the time, the dam was considered one of the world's largest. Two canals were dug on each riverbank to irrigate land east of the city and supply drinking water to the city and itscantonment.[93] In 1890 Poona Municipality spent Rs. 200,000 to install water filtration works.[94]
In the early part 20th century, hydroelectric plants were installed in the Western Ghats between Pune and Mumbai. The Poona electric-supply company, aTata company, received power from theKhopoli (on the Mumbai side of the Ghats) andBhivpuri plants near theMulshi dam.[95] Power was used to electrify trains running between Mumbai and Pune and for industrial and residential use, and a dam was built on the Velvandi River inBhor.[96][97]
The district is surrounded byThane district on the northwest,Raigad district on the west,Satara district on the south,Solapur district on the southeast, andAhmednagar district on the north and northeast. On the leeward side of theWestern Ghats, it extends to theDeccan Plateau on the east. Pune is at an altitude of 559 metres (1,863 feet). The district is located between 17.5° and 19.2° north latitude and 73.2° and 75.1° east longitude.
TheBhima River, theKrishna River's main tributary, rises in the Western Ghats and flows east. All the district's rivers (the Pushpavati, Krushnavati,Kukadi, Meena,Ghod, Bhama, Andhra,Indrayani,Pavna,Mula,Mutha, Ambi, Mose, Shivganga, Kanandi, Gunjavni, Velvandi,Nira,Karha and Velu) flow into the Bhima or its tributaries. Major dams are on theKukadi, Pushpavati,Ghod,Bhima, Pavna,Bhama,Mula, Mutha (theTemghar andKhadakwasla Dams) andMose.[98]
Nine of the district's fifteentalukas are identified as drought-prone, covering a total area of 1,562,000 hectares (6,030 sq mi) and a cropped area of 1,095,000 hectares (4,230 sq mi). Of the cropped area, only 116,000 hectares (450 sq mi) are irrigated—nearly half by wells and tanks, and 40 percent by government canals. The district had a population of 4.2 million in 1991, of which 52 percent was rural. There were 1,530 villages in the district.[99]Its average rainfall is 600 to 700 millimetres (24 to 28 in), most of which falls during the monsoon months (July to October). The area adjacent to the Western Ghats gets more rain than areas further east. TheDaund andIndapur talukas experience more-frequent droughts than Maval, on the district's western edge. Temperatures are moderate and rainfall is unpredictable, in tune with the Indian monsoon. Summers, from early March to July, are dry and hot. Temperatures range from 20 to 38 °C (68 to 100 °F), and may reach 40 °C (104 °F). Winter runs from November to February. Temperatures usually hover around 7 to 12 °C (45 to 54 °F), sometimes dipping to 3 °C (37 °F). June is the driest month, and the agricultural sector is considered vulnerable until 20 September.
| Climate data for Pune | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.9 (85.8) | 31.9 (89.4) | 35.4 (95.7) | 37.7 (99.9) | 36.9 (98.4) | 31.7 (89.1) | 28.4 (83.1) | 27.4 (81.3) | 29.4 (84.9) | 31.4 (88.5) | 30.0 (86.0) | 28.0 (82.4) | 31.5 (88.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.0 (50.0) | 12.0 (53.6) | 15.0 (59.0) | 19.5 (67.1) | 22.4 (72.3) | 22.7 (72.9) | 22.0 (71.6) | 21.3 (70.3) | 20.3 (68.5) | 17.0 (62.6) | 14.0 (57.2) | 10.0 (50.0) | 17.2 (62.9) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 0 (0) | 3 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 11 (0.4) | 40 (1.6) | 138 (5.4) | 163 (6.4) | 129 (5.1) | 155 (6.1) | 68 (2.7) | 28 (1.1) | 4 (0.2) | 741 (29.2) |
| Average precipitation days | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 3.3 | 10.9 | 17.0 | 16.2 | 10.9 | 5.0 | 2.4 | 0.3 | 67.8 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 291.4 | 282.8 | 300.7 | 303.0 | 316.2 | 186.0 | 120.9 | 111.6 | 177.0 | 248.0 | 270.0 | 288.3 | 2,895.9 |
| Source:HKO | |||||||||||||
Historical population of Pune district | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Pune district had apopulation of 9,429,408 in the2011 census,[101] roughly equal to the nation ofBenin.[102] The fourth most populous of India's 640 districts,[101] it has a population density of 603 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,560/sq mi).[101] The district'spopulation-growth rate between 2001 and 2011 was 30.34 percent.[101] Pune has asex ratio of 910females to every 1,000 males,[101] and aliteracy rate of 87.19 percent.[101]By age, 685,022 were age four or younger; 1,491,352 were between ages five and 15; 4,466,901 were 15 to 59, and 589,280 were 60 years of age or older. For every 1,000 males age 6 and older, there were 919 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 12.52% and 3.70% of the population respectively.[101]
| Religion | Percent | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hinduism | 85.80% | |||
| Islam | 7.14% | |||
| Buddhism | 3.61% | |||
| Christianity | 1.42% | |||
| Jainism | 1.36% | |||
| Other or not stated | 0.67% | |||
Hindus are the largest religious community, with a significant Muslim minority. In rural areas, Hindus are the predominant community. Buddhists are also significant, with smaller numbers of Christians and Jains concentrated in Pune city.[103]
Marathi is the only official language of the district. At the time of the2011 Census of India, 78.17% of the population in the district spokeMarathi, 10.00%Hindi, 1.89%Urdu, 1.40%Kannada, 1.34%Marwadi, 1.30%Telugu, 1.15%Gujarati, 0.58%Tamil, 0.53%Malayalam and 0.46%Sindhi as their first language.[104]
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The district has twomunicipal corporations in the city ofPune namelyPune Municipal Corporation (PMC) andPimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation (PCMC).PCMC, Pune is north western city limits of Pune and its corporation coversNigdi, Akurdi,Pimpri,Chinchwad andBhosari. The region was zoned for industrial development by the state of Maharashtra in the early 1960s & later acceded to the city limits.
Pune District is divided into fifteentalukas –Pune City taluka,Pimpri-Chinchwad taluka,Haveli taluka,Mulshi taluka,Velhe taluka,Bhor taluka,Purandar taluka,Baramati taluka,Daund taluka,Indapur taluka,Maval taluka,Khed taluka,Shirur taluka,Ambegaon taluka andJunnar taluka. There are thirteenpanchayat samitis. The district has 1,866 villages and 21Vidhan Sabha constituencies: Junnar, Ambegaon, Khed-Alandi, Maval, Mulshi, Haveli, Bopodi, Shivajinagar, Parvati (SC), Kasba Peth, Bhvani Peth,Camp Cantonment, Shirur, Daund, Indapur, Baramati, Purandhar and Bhor. Its fourLok Sabha constituencies are Pune, Baramati, Shirur and Maval (shared with Raigad district).
The district has threecantonments, inCamp,Khadki andDehu Road.
Smaller towns in the district haveNagar Palikas (municipal councils). Most are these are the headquarters of their respective taluka or its main town:
The growth of the Pune metropolitan area has led to the development of township schemes in the city such asMagarpatta,Amanora andNanded City and development further from the city in the mountains, such asLavasa.[105]
Pune District Court administers justice at the district level, and is the principal court of original jurisdiction in civil matters. The district court is also aSessions Court for criminal matters. It is presided over by a Principal District and Sessions Judge appointed by thestate government.
Court decisions are subject to the appellate jurisdiction ofBombay High Court. Pune District Court is under the High Court's administrative control.
State primary schools in the cities and district are run by the city corporation andZilla Parishads, respectively; private schools are operated by charitable trusts. Secondary schools are also run by charitable trusts. All schools are required to undergo inspection by the Zilla Parishad or city corporation.[106] Instruction is primarily in Marathi, English or Hindi, althoughUrdu is also used. Secondary schools are affiliated with theCouncil for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), theCentral Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), theNational Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) or theMaharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education. Under the10+2+3 plan, after completing secondary school students typically enroll for two years in ajunior college (also known as pre-university) or a school with a higher secondary curriculum affiliated with theMaharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education or a central board.
Pune and the district have 55 post-secondary-schoolindustrial training institutes (ITI) run by the government and private trusts which offer vocational training in trades such as construction, plumbing, welding and automobile repair. Successful candidates receive the National Trade Certificate.[107]
Pune city has been called theOxford of the East.[106] The city is home toSavitribai Phule Pune University, and many of its affiliated colleges. The district has a number of central government run educational and training institutes, including theNational Defence Academy, theArmed Forces Medical College and theFilm and Television Institute of India. The district has many privately run colleges and universities (including religious and special-purpose institutions). Most of the private colleges were founded after the Maharashtra state government of Chief MinisterVasantdada Patil liberalised the education sector in 1982.[108] Politicians and other leaders were instrumental in establishing the private institutions.[109][110]
Other higher-education institutions in the district include:
Pune University
Although the district is an industrial center, its economy also has a significant agricultural component. Pune is also considered an educational hub of the state of Maharashtra with students coming from all over India to attend the numerous colleges and institutes.
Industrial development began during the 1950s in Pune's outlying areas, such asHadapsar,Bhosari andPimpri. The government-runHindustan Antibiotics was founded in Pimpri in 1954.[111]Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC), the state government owned corporation tasked with industrial development in the state has over many decades earmarked specific areas in the district for industrial development. The first MIDC set up in the district was aroundBhosari in the early 1960s.MIDC provides land, and infrastructure for manufacturing companies to set up business in the area.[112] So far MIDC has set up Industrial parks indifferent areas of the district atPimpri,Chinchwad,Bhosari,Ranjangaon,Kurkumbh,Jejuri,Baramati,Chakan,Indapur,Hinjawadi, andTalawade.[113] Telco (nowTata Motors) began operations in 1961 around Chinchwad.By 1970s, Pune emerged as India's leading engineering region with the expansion of Telco,Bajaj,Kinetic,Bharat Forge,Alfa Laval,Atlas Copco,Sandvik andThermax. The district vies withChennai as the "Detroit of India".[114] Growth in the villages of Pimpri, Chinchwad and Bhosari allowed them (and their surrounding areas) to incorporate as separate governing body knows as thePimpri Chinchawad Municipal Corporation, Pune. The Pune metropolitan area was defined in 1967 as the city, the three cantonment areas and the villages on its outskirts. Some of these villages, such asKothrud,Katraj,Hadapsar,Hinjawadi andBaner, have become suburbs of Pune.[115] In 2008,General Motors,Volkswagen andFiat built plants near Pune.
After India's1991 economic liberalization, Pune began attracting foreign capital from the information-technology and engineering industries. Between 1997 and 2000,IT parks were developed inAundh andHinjawadi.[116] Other IT parks have been set up atBaner,Magarpatta (inhadapsar), EON IT ParkKharadi andviman nagar. Pune is considered an IT hub of India along withBangalore[117]
Although the region around Pune is industrialized, agriculture continues to be important elsewhere in the district. Since most arable land is still rain-fed, thesouthwest monsoon season (between June and September) is crucial to the district's food sufficiency and quality of life. Fluctuations in time, distribution or quantity of monsoon rains may lead to floods or droughts. The eastern part of the district has been historically drought-prone, butirrigation provided by dams, canals and wells have made agriculture less dependent on rainfall.[118] The over-pumping of aquifers has led to increased water salinity in the talukas of Purandhar, Baramati, Daund, Indapur and Shirur (in the eastern part of the district), threatening agriculture and the drinking-water supply.[119]
Monsoon crops includerice,jwari andbajri. Other crops includewheat,pulses, vegetables andonions.Ambemohar, a mango-scented rice grown in Bhor taluka and areas near the Western Ghats, is popular throughout Maharashtra. Since it has a low yield, many farmers in the region grow the crossbred Indrayani rice instead.[120]
Major cash crops includesugarcane andoil seeds, includinggroundnut andsunflower. The district has significant fruit orchards, particularlymango,grape andorange. A winery in Narayangaon producessparkling wine from locally-grownThompson seedless grapes.[121] Most growers of cash crops (including cotton) in the district belong toagricultural cooperatives andsugar is produced in mills owned by local cooperative societies whose members of supply sugarcane to the mills.[122] During the last fifty years, the local sugar mills have played an important role in encouraging political participation and have been a stepping stone for aspiring politicians.[123]
Pune city and the district is home to several organizations of National importance. The defence related organizations include theNational Defence Academy atKhadakwasla for training army officers,INS Shivaji at Lonavala for training naval officers, the headquarters ofsouthern command of Indian Armed Forces based inPune cantonment, Indian Airforce base atLohagaon airport,Armed Forces Medical College at Wanawadi, the College of Military Engineering, the Army Institute of Physical Training, and the Institute of Armament Technology, theDRDO engineers lab at Dighi,High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, and ordinance factories atKhadki.Other central government of India undertakings in the district include National Water academy at Khadkwasla to train water resources engineers, National chemical Laboratory at Pashan,National Centre for Radio Astrophysics and theirGiant Metrewave Radio Telescope atNarayangaon, and the National film and television Institute. Presence of these organizations brings students and professionals from all over India for training and jobs, and add to the cosmopolitan nature of the city and the district.
Pune district has 13,642 kilometres (8,477 mi) of roads.National and state highways crossing the district include:
State highways include:
Bus service by private companies was introduced in Pune shortly before the independence. The city took over the service after the independence in 1947 as Poona Municipal Transport (PMT) which later became Pune Municipal Transport. During the 1990s, PMT and Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Transport (PCMT, the bus-service provider in Pimpri-Chinchwad) had a combined fleet of over 1,000 buses. Because municipal transport coverage was patchy, a number of employers in the industrial belt near Pimpri-Chinchwad and Hadapsar offered bus service to their employees.[124] The companies used many more private buses than the municipal providers used.[124] ThePune Municipal Corporation began abus rapid transit system (India's first) in 2006, but it encountered a number of difficulties. The two municipal bus companies merged in 2007 to formPune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited (PMPML). TheCommonwealth Youth Games were held the following year, which encouraged additional development in north-western Pune and added a fleet of buses running oncompressed natural gas (CNG) to the city's streets.Maharashtra State Transport buses began operating in 1951 throughout the state.
During the 1960s, motorized three-wheeledauto rickshaws began replacing horse-drawntangas in the district's urban areas; their number grew from 200 in 1960 to over 20,000 in 1996. Although Pune was known as the bicycle city of India in the 1930s, motorcycles began replacing bicycles in the 1970s; the number of motorcycles increased from five per 1,000 people in 1965 to 118 per 1,000 in 1995.[124]
Pune Airport (IATA: PNQ) is acivil enclave at Lohegaon Air Base, northeast of the city, with service to a number of domestic and international destinations. Since Pune's air traffic is controlled by theIndian Air Force (IAF),[125] there is occasional conflict between theAirports Authority of India and the IAF over flight schedules or night landings. Theairport apron is becoming inadequate to handle the growing number of flights into Pune since the airport's upgrade to international status with flights to Dubai, Singapore and Frankfurt.[126][127] Pune Airport handled about 165 passengers a day in 2004–05, increasing to 250 passengers a day in 2005–06. There was a sharp rise in 2006–2007, when the number of daily passengers reached 4,309. In 2010–2011, the number of passengers was about 8,000 a day.[128]
Thegovernment of Maharashtra has entrusted responsibility toMaharashtra Airport Development Company (MADC) for thegreenfieldChhatrapati Sambhaji Raje International Airport project,[129] in the Purandar area.Baramati Airport, 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) fromBaramati and 100 kilometres (62 mi) from Pune and used for pilot training and charter flights, was being planned in 2011 as a private-jet hub byReliance Infrastructure.[130]
The district's two major rail junctions are Pune Junction and Daund Junction. All rail lines through Pune arebroad gauge double track, and are part ofIndian Railways'Central Railway zone. The Pune–Mumbai line, the district's most important rail route, was built during theBritish Raj. Khandala and Lonavala are on this route, which has a number of daily high-speed trains. The Mumbai–Kolhapur line also passes through the district, and other major Indian cities are connected to Pune by rail.
The district's rail lines are:
Although express trains on these routes skip many smaller stations, local "passenger trains" stop at each station.
A suburban rail system, operated by Central Railway, connects Pune to its suburbs and neighboring villages west of the city. The system has two routes: fromPune Junction toLonavala and toTalegaon. Five trains operate on the Pune Junction-Talegaon route, and eighteen trains operate on the Pune Junction-Lonavla route.[131] Eight passenger trains run between Pune Junction andDaund as suburban trains, making the Pune-Daund section a third suburban route. Major stations on this route are atLoni Kalbhor andUrali Kanchan.
Healthcare in the district is provided by private and public facilities. Primary care is provided by practitioners ofAllopathic medicine as well as traditional and alternative medicine (i.e.Ayurved,Homeopathy andUnani). For minor and chronic ailments, people in the district often rely on practitioners of traditional medicine.[132]Thedistrict is served by three government hospitals:Sassoon Hospital, Budhrani and Dr Ambedkar Hospital. There are also a number of private hospitals in the city of Pune such as Ranka Hospital,Sahyadri, Jahangir Nursing Home, Sancheti Hospital,Aditya Birla Memorial Hospital,KEM Hospital,Ruby Hall, Naidu Hospital[133] and Smile Inn Dental Clinic Pune.[134]
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Pune district has been at the center of Maharashtraian and Marathi history for more than four hundred years, beginning with the Deccan sultanates and followed by the Maratha Empire. The district has a number of mountain forts and buildings from these eras, in addition to shrines revered by Marathi Hindus (including five of the eightAshtavinayakaGanesha temples).Samadhis of the two most revered Marathi Bhakti saints (Dnyaneshwar andTukaram) are inAlandi and Dehu, respectively. The main temple ofKhandoba, the family deity for most Marathi Hindus, is inJejuri.[135]
The British designated Pune as the monsoon capital of theBombay Presidency, and many buildings and parks from the era remain.Hill stations such asLonavla andKhandala also date back to the Raj, and remain popular with residents of Pune and Mumbai for holidays.[136]
The district's mountains, forests and reservoirs are popular for hiking and birdwatching.Bhigwan, a catchment area of theUjjani Dam, is about from Pune onNH-65, the Pune–Solapur highway. An area of about 18,000 hectares (69 sq mi) has been proposed as a sanctuary formigratory birds.
Ashtavinayak refers to eight historic Ganesh temples in Pune district and adjacent areas. Each of these temples have its own individual legend and history. Five of these temples are situated in Pune district:
A number of historically important hill forts and castles in the district date back to theDeccan sultanates andMaratha Empire. The forts and surrounding mountains are popular for trekking.[143]
TheMaharashtra cricket team has its home ground in Pune, playing at the newMaharashtra Cricket Association MCA Cricket Stadium in Gahunje. TheI-League Pune Football Club plays in the league's First Division, and finished third in the 2009–10 season.FC Pune City played in theIndian Super League since the league's inception in 2014 until they folded in 2019, as did theirwomen's andreserve and academy teams.
The 1993National Games were held in Pune, and the new Sports City hosted theCommonwealth Youth Games in 2008.Puneri Paltan, one of ten teams in the professionalkabaddi league, has its home ground inBalewadi.
In the village of Kazad in Indapur Taluka in Poona District, some coins of the Traikutaka King Dahragana (A. D. 465) were discovered. From this we might hazard a guess that Poona was under these Kings at that time. The silver coins discovered at Junnar show that the region was also probably under the Andhra Kings.
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18°31′48″N73°50′24″E / 18.53000°N 73.84000°E /18.53000; 73.84000
