| Puget Sound War | |||||||
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| Part of theYakima War | |||||||
 A map of Seattle, drawn at the time of theBattle of Seattle, part of the Puget Sound War. Map shows the sloopUSSDecatur and the barkBrontes inElliott Bay | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Chief Leschi | |||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
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ThePuget Sound War was an armed conflict that took place in thePuget Sound area of the state ofWashington in 1855–56, between theUnited States military, local militias and members of theNative American tribes of theNisqually,Muckleshoot,Puyallup, andKlickitat. Another component of the war, however, were raiders from theHaida andTlingit who came into conflict with theUnited States Navy during contemporaneous raids on the native peoples of Puget Sound. Although limited in its magnitude, territorial impact and losses in terms of lives, the conflict is often remembered in connection to the1856 Battle of Seattle and to the execution of a central figure of the war, NisquallyChief Leschi. The contemporaneousYakima War may have been responsible for some events of the Puget Sound War, such as the Battle of Seattle, and it is not clear that the people of the time made a strong distinction between the two conflicts.
The Puget Sound War began overland rights and ended in a cloud of controversy surrounding thehanging ofChief Leschi.
The catalyst of the war was theTreaty of Medicine Creek of 1854.[1] Negotiated byIsaac Stevens, then governor of theWashington Territory, the treaty preserved Indian fishing rights, but took away primeNisquallyfarmland.[2] Leschi, chosen to negotiate the treaty with Stevens, was outraged and chose to fight rather than give up his people's land.[3] The fighting commenced on 27 October 1855, when "Eaton's Rangers", acitizen militia under Captain Charles Eaton, were involved in a clash with Nisqually tribesmen. James McAllister, first lieutenant of Eaton's Rangers from nearConnell's Prairie, and Michael Connell, an American settler, were killed. Four days later, two militiamen were killed – Joseph Miles and Abram Benton Moses.
The war itself consisted of a series of short skirmishes with relatively few deaths on the American side. Notable battles occurred in present-dayTacoma,Seattle, and even as far east asWalla Walla. On 28 October 1855, a party of natives killed eight settlers in what was later called theWhite River Massacre. Three children fled on foot toSeattle, but a five-year-old boy was seized and held by the natives for six months before being released.[4]
A conflicting source describes the attack as being aNisqually band allegedly led byChief Leschi, and reported nine settlers killed. Two boys and a girl were taken from the battle and returned unharmed to an American steamer at Point Elliot.[5] A memoir of the event emphasized that families were warned ahead of time so they could evacuate:
Some of the families included members of the volunteer companies who had been roaming the area attacking peaceful Indians.[5]
In response to the attack atWhite River, the Americans captured around 4,000 noncombatant Native Americans and held them onFox Island. Many of the imprisoned natives died due to insufficient food, water, and shelter.[7] Additionally, southwestern tribes who had no tradition of warfare were raided by fearful Americans. They were disarmed and their villages placed under surveillance. Families ofthe Upper Chehalis andLower Chehalis peoples from along theChehalis River were forcibly relocated to a farm nearSteilacoom; coastal tribes such as theCowlitz were moved to a site on theChehalis River; theChinook people were moved inland toFort Vancouver. All these remained captive until at least the end of the war, a span of nearly two years.[5]
The final battle of the war occurred on or about 10 March 1856, when a column of approximately 110 volunteers from the Washington Territorial Volunteers were ambushed near Connell's Prairie by a force estimated at 150 Native American tribesmen, supposedly led by Chief Leschi of theNisqually tribe. After several hours of skirmishing and several charges by the volunteers, the Natives withdrew, taking their dead and wounded with them, but leaving behind bloody clothing and drums, among other items. Following the battle, Leschi and his remaining warriors retreated over theCascades intoEastern Washington.[8]
Leschi was captured in November 1856 and was forced to stand trial for the murder of Abram Benton Moses. His first trial resulted in ahung jury because of the question of the legitimacy of murder during wartime; the jury of twelve voted ten in favor, two opposed to conviction.[2] Leschi was tried again in 1857. Despite vague witness accounts and issues over whether Leschi was actually at the scene of the incident, he was found guilty of murder. Leschi was hanged on 19 February 1858.[9]
On 10 December 2004, a historical court convened inPierce County, Washington ruled
thereby exonerating him of any wrongdoing.[10] TheLeschi neighborhood in Seattle andChief Leschi Schools on thePuyallup Indian Reservation bear his name.[11][12]
