 | The examples and perspective in this articledeal primarily with the United States, the United Kingdom, and Ireland and do not represent aworldwide view of the subject. You mayimprove this article, discuss the issue on thetalk page, orcreate a new article, as appropriate.(April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Apublic utility company (usually justutility) is an organization that maintains theinfrastructure for apublic service (often also providing a service using that infrastructure). Public utilities are subject to forms ofpublic control andregulation ranging from local community-based groups to statewidegovernment monopolies.
Public utilities are meant to supply goods and services that are considered essential;water,gas,electricity,telephone,waste disposal, and othercommunication systems represent much of the public utility market. The transmission lines used in the transportation ofelectricity, or naturalgas pipelines, havenatural monopoly characteristics. Amonopoly can occur when it finds the best way to minimize its costs through economies of scale to the point where other companies cannot compete with it.[1] If the infrastructure already exists in a given area, minimal benefit is gained through competing. In other words, theseindustries are characterized byeconomies of scale in production.[2] Though it can be mentioned that these natural monopolies are handled or watched by a public utilities commission, or an institution that represents the government.[1]
There are many different types of public utilities. Some, especially largecompanies, offer multiple products, such as electricity and natural gas. Other companies specialize in one specific product, such as water. Modern public utilities may also be partially (or completely) sourced from clean andrenewable energy in order to produce sustainable electricity. Of these,wind turbines andsolar panels are those used most frequently.
Whether broadband internet access should be a public utility is a question that was being discussed with the rise of internet usage. This is a question that was being asked due to the telephone service being considered a public utility. Since arguably broadband internet access has taken over telephone service, perhaps it should be a public utility.The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States in 2015 made their stance on this issue clear.[1] Due to the telephone service having been considered a public utility, the FCC made broadband internet access a public utility in the United States.[1]
Public utilities have historically been considered to be anatural monopoly. This school of thought holds that the most cost-efficient way of doing business is through a single firm because these are capital-intensive businesses with unusually large economies of scale and high fixed costs associated with building and operating the infrastructure, e.g. power plants, telephone lines and water treatment facilities.[3] However, over the past several decades, traditional public utilities' monopoly position has eroded. For instance, wholesaleelectricity generation markets, electric transmission networks,[4]electricity retailing and customer choice,[5]telecommunications, some types ofpublic transit andpostal services have become competitive in some countries and the trend towardsliberalization,deregulation andprivatization of public utilities is growing. However, the infrastructure used to distribute most utility products and services has remained largely monopolistic.[citation needed]
Key players in the public utility sector include:[6]
Public utilities must pursue the following objective given thesocial responsibility their services attribute to them:
The management of public utilities continues to be important for local and generalgovernments. By creating, expanding, and improving upon public utilities, a governmental body may attempt to improve its image or attract investment. Traditionally, public services have been provided by public legal entities, which operate much like corporations, but differ in that profit is not necessary for a functional business. A significant factor in government ownership has been to reduce therisk that an activity, if left to private initiative, may be considered not sufficientlyprofitable and neglected. Many utilities are essential for human life, national defense, or commerce, and the risk of public harm with mismanagement is considerably greater than with other goods. The principle ofuniversality of utilities maintains that these services are best owned by, and operating for, the public. The government and thesociety itself would like to see these services being economically accessible to all or most of the population. Furthermore, other economic reasons based the idea: public services need hugeinvestments ininfrastructures, crucial for competitiveness but with a slowreturn of capital; last, technical difficulties can occur in the management of plurality of networks, example in the citysubsoil.[7]
Public pressure forrenewable energy as a replacement for legacy fossil fuel power has steadily increased since the 1980s. As the technology needed to source the necessary amount ofenergy from renewable sources is still under study, publicenergy policy has been focused on short term alternatives such as natural gas (which still produces substantialcarbon dioxide) ornuclear power. In 2021 a power and utilities industry outlook report by Deloitte identified a number of trends for the utilities industry:
Issues faced by public utilities include:
Alternative pricing methods include:[citation needed]
Utility stocks are considered stable investments because they typically provide regulardividends toshareholders and have more stable demand.[10] Even in periods ofeconomic downturns characterized by lowinterest rates, such stocks are attractive becausedividend yields are usually greater than those of other stocks, so the utility sector is often part of a long-termbuy-and-hold strategy.[6]
Utilities require expensive critical infrastructure which needs regularmaintenance and replacement. Consequently, the industry iscapital intensive, requiring regular access to the capital markets for external financing. A utility'scapital structure may have a significant debt component, which exposes the company tointerest rate risk.[11] Should rates rise, the company must offer higher yields to attractbondinvestors, driving up the utility's interest expenses. If the company's debt load and interest expense becomes too large, its credit rating will deteriorate, further increasing the cost of capital and potentially limiting access to the capital markets.[12]
Public utilities inKazakhstan include heating, water supply, sewerage, electricity and communications systems.
A report by theEuropean Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) notes that additional investments are needed to improve the efficiency and reliability of these systems.[13]
The analysis conducted by the EBRD revealed a number of problems faced by heating, water supply and sewerage systems in Kazakhstan.
The report also provides examples of cities where networks are being upgraded with the support of the EBRD. These projects demonstrate how the introduction of modern technologies can improve the efficiency, reliability and environmental friendliness of heating, water supply and sewerage systems.
Upgrading infrastructure is not just a matter of convenience. It is of vital importance for public health, environmental protection and ensuring the sustainable development of the economy of Kazakhstan.
In most cases, public utilities in Kazakhstan are state-owned, which means that their activities are directly regulated by akimats. This creates a system with an administrative nature of relations, where the authorities have the authority to issue mandatory instructions for these companies.
Proponents of such a system emphasize that it allows the authorities to directly influence the commercial activities of public utilities, ensuring their compliance with state interests. This can be expressed in:
However, such a system has its drawbacks. Excessive government intervention can lead to:
Resource efficiency:
Despite these limitations, utilities within the framework of this system can demonstrate high efficiency in the use of labor resources and management costs.[13]
Residents of Kazakhstan receive water, sewerage and heating from companies recognized by the state as natural monopolies. This means that there is no competition in these areas, and tariffs are set by a special state body – the Committee for Regulation of Natural Monopolies, Competition and Consumer Protection (CRNM and CP).[14][15]
In order to ensure the smooth operation of public utilities, the state also controls the investment programs of monopolistic companies. This is handled by the Committee on Construction and Housing and Communal Services. Such a system allows you to regulate prices for utilities and direct investments to infrastructure development.[16] However, this system also has its disadvantages. For example, the lack of competition can lead to a decrease in the efficiency of monopolistic companies.
To protect the interests of consumers from unjustified overpricing and substandard service, there are special regulatory bodies whose powers are regulated by the Law "On Natural Monopolies" and other regulatory acts.
Main functions:
Interaction at different levels:
It is important to note that the powers to regulate the activities of natural monopolies are distributed between federal and local authorities. Effective coordination of their actions is necessary to ensure coordinated work and achieve common goals.
As a result, the activities of the regulatory authorities of natural monopolies are aimed at ensuring a balance between the interests of consumers, utility companies and the state.
2017 was marked by a new round of cooperation between Kazakhstan and theEuropean Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). The parties signed a three-year agreement with the aim of working together to modernize the country's infrastructure.
As part of this agreement, the EBRD will allocate funds for the implementation of a number of important projects aimed at:
In addition to these two key areas, the EBRD will continue to support other initiatives aimed at improving the well-being of citizens of Kazakhstan.[13]
In theUnited Kingdom andIreland, the state, private firms, and charities ran the traditional public utilities. For instance, theSanitary Districts were established inEngland and Wales in 1875 and in Ireland in 1878.[citation needed]
The term can refer to the set of services provided by various organizations that are used in everyday life by the public, such as:electricity generation,electricity retailing,electricity supplies,natural gas supplies,water supplies,sewage works,sewage systems andbroadbandinternet services.[21] They are regulated byOfgem,Ofwat,Ofcom, theWater Industry Commission for Scotland and theUtility Regulator in the United Kingdom, and theCommission for Regulation of Utilities and theCommission for Communications Regulation in the Republic of Ireland. Disabled community transport services may occasionally be included within the definition. They were mostly privatised in the UK during the 1980s.
The first public utility in the United States was agrist mill erected onMother Brook inDedham, Massachusetts, in 1640.[22]
In the U.S., public utilities provide services at the consumer level, be it residential, commercial, or industrial consumer. Utilities, merchant power producers and very large consumers buy and sell bulk electricity at the wholesale level through a network ofregional transmission organizations (RTO) and independent system operators (ISO) within one of three grids, theEastern Interconnection, theTexas Interconnection, which is a single ISO, and theWestern Interconnection.[citation needed]
U.S. utilities historically operated with a high degree of financial leverage and low interest coverage ratios compared to industrial companies. Investors accepted these credit characteristics because of the regulation of the industry and the belief that there was minimal bankruptcy risk because of the essential services they provide. In recent decades several high-profile utility company bankruptcies have challenged this perception.[23]
Public utilities were historically regarded asnatural monopolies because the infrastructure required to produce and deliver a product such as electricity or water is very expensive to build and maintain. Once assets such as power plants or transmission lines are in place, the cost of adding another customer is small, and duplication of facilities would be wasteful.[24] As a result, utilities were either government monopolies, or if investor-owned,regulated by apublic utilities commission.[25][26]
In the electric utility industry, the monopoly approach began to change in the 1990s. In 1996, theFederal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) issued itsOrder No. 888, which mandated that electric utilities open access to their transmission systems to enhance competition and "functionally unbundle" their transmission service from their other operations. The order also promoted the role of an independent system operator to manage power flow on the electric grid.[27][28] Later, FERC Order No. 889 established an electronic information system called OASIS (open access same-time information system) which would give new users of transmission lines access to the same information available to the owner of the network.[29] The result of these and other regulatory rulings was the eventual restructuring of the traditional monopoly-regulated regime to one in which all bulk power sellers could compete. A further step in industry restructuring, "customer choice", followed in some 19 states, giving retail electric customers the option to be served by non-utility retail power marketers.[30][31][32]
Public utilities can beprivately owned orpublicly owned. Publicly owned utilities include cooperative and municipal utilities.Municipal utilities may actually include territories outside of city limits or may not even serve the entire city.Cooperative utilities are owned by the customers they serve. They are usually found inrural areas. Publicly owned utilities are non-profit.[citation needed] Private utilities, also calledinvestor-owned utilities, are owned byinvestors,[33][34][35] and operate for profit, often referred to as arate of return.
Apublic utilities commission is a governmental agency in a particular jurisdiction that regulates the commercial activities related to associated electric,natural gas, telecommunications, water, railroad, rail transit, and/or passenger transportation companies. For example, theCalifornia Public Utilities Commission (CPUC)[36] and thePublic Utility Commission of Texas regulate the utility companies in California and Texas, respectively, on behalf of their citizens and ratepayers (customers). These public utility commissions (PUCs) are typically composed of commissioners, who are appointed by their respective governors, and dedicated staff that implement and enforce rules and regulations, approve or deny rate increases, and monitor/report on relevant activities.[37]
Ratemaking practice in the U.S. holds that rates paid by a utility's customers should be set at a level which assures that the utility can provide reliable service at reasonable cost.[38]
Over the years, various changes have dramatically re-shaped the mission and focus of many public utility commissions. Their focus has typically shifted from the up-front regulation of rates and services to the oversight of competitive marketplaces and enforcement of regulatory compliance.[citation needed]
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[page needed]
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
