| Pu–Xian Min | |
|---|---|
| 莆仙語/莆仙話/興化話 Pó-sing-gṳ̂/Pó-sing-uā/Hing-hua̍-uā | |
| Native to | China,Malaysia,Singapore,Indonesia,Taiwan (Wuqiu) |
| Region | Fujian (Putian, parts ofFuzhou andQuanzhou) |
| Ethnicity | Putianese (Han Chinese) |
Native speakers | 3.15 million (2022)[1] |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
Early forms | |
| Dialects | |
| Simplified Han characters Traditional Han characters Hinghwa Romanized (Hing-hua̍ Báⁿ-uā-ci̍) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | cpx |
| Glottolog | puxi1243 |
| Linguasphere | 79-AAA-id |
 Pu-Xian Min | |
| This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. | |
Pu–Xian Min (Hinghwa Romanized:Pó-sing-gṳ̂;traditional Chinese:莆仙話;simplified Chinese:莆仙话;pinyin:Púxiānhuà), also known asPutian–Xianyou Min,Puxian Min,Pu–Xian Chinese,Xinghua,Henghua,Hinghua orHinghwa (Hing-hua̍-gṳ̂;traditional Chinese:興化語;simplified Chinese:兴化语;pinyin:Xīnghuàyǔ), is aChinese language that forms a branch ofMin Chinese. Pu-Xian is a transitional variety ofCoastal Min which shares characteristics with bothEastern Min andSouthern Min, although it is closer to the latter.
The native language ofPutian people, Pu-Xian is spoken mostly inFujian province, particularly inPutian city andXianyou County (after which it is named), parts ofFuzhou, and parts ofQuanzhou. It is also widely used as the mother tongue inWuqiu Township,Kinmen County,Fujian Province, Republic of China (Taiwan). More than 2,000 people in Shacheng,Fuding in northern Fujian also speak Pu-Xian.[5] There are minor differences between the dialects of Putian and Xianyou.
Overseas populations of Pu-Xian speakers exist inMalaysia,Indonesia andSingapore. Speakers of Pu-Xian are also known asHenghua, Hinghua, or Xinghua.
Before the year 979 AD, the Pu-Xian region was part of Quanzhou county and hence people there spoke a form ofSouthern Min.[6][7]
In 979 AD, during theSong dynasty, the region was administratively separated from Quanzhou and the Chinese spoken there developed separately from the rest of Southern Min. Due to its proximity with Fuzhou, it absorbed some elements ofEastern Min, such as morphophonemic alternations in initial consonants, but its basic linguistic characteristics, i.e. grammar and most of its lexicon, are based onSouthern Min. It also shares denasalization of historical nasal consonants and vocalic nasalization withSouthern Min varieties.[8]
Pu–Xian Min has been shown to be 62% cognate withQuanzhou dialect (Southern Min) and only 39% cognate with theFuzhou dialect (Eastern Min).[9]
Pu-Xian differs from most Southern Min varieties in several ways:
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Pu-Xian has 15consonants, including thezero onset, the same as most other Min varieties. Pu-Xian is distinctive for having alateral fricative[ɬ] instead of the[s] in other Min varieties, similar toTaishanese.
Pu-Xian has 53finals and 6 phonemictones.
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | unaspirated | p 巴 (b) | t 打 (d) | k 家 (g) | ʔ 烏 |
| aspirated | pʰ 彭 (p) | tʰ 他 (t) | kʰ 卡 (k) | ||
| Nasals | m 麻 (m) | n 拿 (n) | ŋ 雅 (ng) | ||
| Fricatives | β* | ɬ 沙 (s) | h 下 (h) | ||
| Affricates | unaspirated | ts 渣 (c) | |||
| aspirated | tsʰ 査 (ch) | ||||
| Approximant | l 拉 (l) | ||||
Pu–Xian Min has 53 finals (including nasalised finals)
| Vowel | Diphthong | Nasal | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| no glide | a 鴉 (a) | au 拗 (au) | aŋ 王 (ang) | aʔ 壓 (ah) |
| ɒ 奥 (o̤) | ɒŋ 用 (o̤ng) | ɒʔ 屋 (o̤h) | ||
| ɔ 科 (eo) | ɔu 烏 (o) | ɔŋ 温 (eong) | oʔ 熨 (eoh) | |
| e 裔 (a̤) | ai 愛 (ai) | ɛŋ 煙 (eng) | ɛʔ 黑 (eh) | |
| œ 改 (e̤) | œŋ 換 (e̤ng) | œʔ 郁 (e̤h) | ||
| ŋ 伓 (ng) | ||||
| /-i-/ | i 衣 (i) | iu 油 (iu) | iŋ 引 (ing) | iʔ 益 (ih) |
| ia 夜 (ia) | iau 要 (a̤u) | iaŋ 鹽 (iang) | iaʔ 葉 (iah) | |
| /-u-/ | u 夫 (u) | ui 位 (ui) | uŋ 黄 (ng) | |
| ua 画 (ua) | ɔi/ue 歪 (oi) | uaŋ 碗 (uang) | uaʔ 活 (uah) | |
| /-y-/ | y 余 (ṳ) | yŋ 恩 (ṳng) | yʔ 役 (ṳh) | |
| yɒ 安 (io̤ⁿ) | yɒŋ 羊 (io̤ng) | yɒʔ 藥 (io̤h) |
| Chinese character | 黃 (ńg) | 方 (hng) | 漲 (dn̂g) | 幫 (bng) | 光 (gng) | 兩 (nn̄g) | 毛 (mńg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Putian | uŋ | huŋ | tuŋ | puŋ | kuŋ | nuŋ | muŋ |
| Xianyou | ŋ̍ | hŋ̍ | tŋ̍ | pŋ̍ | kŋ̍ | nŋ̍ | mŋ̍ |
| IPA | ã | ẽ | ɛ̃ | ĩ | ỹ | ɒ̃ | iã | yã | uã | aĩ | aũ | uĩ | iũ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romanization | aⁿ | a̤ⁿ | a̤ⁿ | e̤ⁿ | o̤ⁿ | iaⁿ | io̤ⁿ | uaⁿ | oiⁿ | a̤uⁿ | |||
| Romanized IPA | ã | ẽ | ø̃ | ɒ̃ | iã | yɒ̃ | uã | oĩ | ɛũ |
| Chinese character | 爭 (caⁿ) | 還 (há̤ⁿ) | 段 (dē̤ⁿ) | 三 (so̤ⁿ) | 鼎 (diáⁿ) | 張 (da̤uⁿ) | 看 (kua̍ⁿ) | 飯 (bōiⁿ) | 贏 (ió̤ⁿ) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Xianyou | tsã | hĩ | tỹ | sɒ̃ | tiã | tiũ | kʰuã | puĩ | yɒ̃ |
| Putian | tsa | hi | tø | sɒ | tia | tiau | kʰua | puai | yɒ |
| Tone | Ing-báⁿ 陰平 | Ing-siō̤ng 陰上 | Ing-kṳ̍ 陰去 | Ing-ci̍h 陰入 | Ió̤ng-báⁿ 陽平 | Ió̤ng-kṳ̍ 陽去 | Ió̤ng-ci̍h 陽入 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Putian | ˥˧˧ (533) | ˦˥˧ (453) | ˦˨ (42) | ʔ˨˩ (ʔ21) | ˩˧ (13) | ˩ (11) | ʔ˦ (ʔ4) |
| Xianyou | ˥˦˦ (544) | ˧˧˨ (332) | ˥˨ (52) | ʔ˨ (ʔ2) | ˨˦ (24) | ˨˩ (21) | ʔ˦ (ʔ4) |
| Chinese character | 買 | 黃 | 生 | 領 | 師 | 兩 | 火 | 壁 | 著 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colloquial | pe | ŋ̍ | ɬã, tsʰã | nia | ɬai | nŋ̍ | hoe | pia | tieu |
| Literary | mai | hɒŋ | ɬɛŋ | liŋ | ɬo | løŋ | hɒ | piʔ | tøʔ |
新婦房 ɬiŋpupaŋ → ɬiŋmuβaŋ
青草 tsʰɔŋtsʰau → tsʰɔŋnau
| Chinese character | 埋 (lit.) | 萬 (lit.) | 人 (lit.) | 入 | 危 (lit.) | 逆 | 內 | 諾 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Putian | mai | man | tsin | tsiʔ | kui | kiʔ | tue | tɔʔ |
| Quanzhou | bai | ban | lin | dzip | ɡui | ɡiak | lue | lɔk |
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Hing-hua̍ báⁿ-uā-ci̍ (興化平話字) is the Romanization system for Pu–Xian Min. It has 23 letters: a a̤ b c ch d e e̤ g h i k l m n ng o o̤ p s t u ṳ.
The Romanization only needs five tone marks for seven tones:
| IPA | Pu–Xian Min (Xinghua) | Fuzhou |
|---|---|---|
| pʰ | p | p |
| tʰ | t | t |
| kʰ | k | k |
| p | b | b |
| t | d | d |
| k | g | g |
| tsʰ | ch | ch |
| ts | c | c |
| Tone | 陰平 Ing-báⁿ | 陰上 Ing-siō̤ng | 陰去 Ing-kṳ̍ | 陰入 Ing-ci̍h | 陽平 Ió̤ng-báⁿ | 陽去 Ió̤ng-kṳ̍ | 陽入 Ió̤ng-ci̍h |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Báⁿ-uā-ci̍ | a | â | a̍ | ah | á | ā | a̍h |
| Pe̍h-ōe-jī | a | á | à | ah | â | ā | a̍h |
Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WesternHimalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand,Nepal,Sikkim) |
|  | |||
| EasternHimalayas (Tibet,Bhutan,Arunachal) | |||||
| Myanmar and Indo- Burmese border |
| ||||
| East andSoutheast Asia |
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| Dubious (possible isolates,Arunachal) |
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| Proposed groupings | |||||
| Proto-languages | |||||
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | |||||
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