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Ptolemy X Alexander I

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King of Egypt, 107–88 BC

Ptolemy X Alexander I

Ptolemy Philometor Soter (109-101 BC)
Ptolemy Philadelphus (101-88 BC)

Pharaoh

King of thePtolemaic Kingdom

Reign

107–88 BC
withCleopatra III (until 101 BC)
withBerenice III (after 101 BC)

Predecessor

Ptolemy IX Soter

Successor

Ptolemy IX Soter

Royal titulary

Horus name

nṯrj-m-ẖt ẖnm.n-sw-ḥpw-Ꜥnḫ-ḥr-msḫn(t) ḥwnw-nfr bnr-mrwt sḫꜤj.n-sw-mwt.f-ḥr-nst-jt.f ṯmꜢ-Ꜥḥwj-ḫꜢswt jṯj-m-sḫm.f-mj-rꜤ-psḏ.f-m-Ꜣḫt
Netjeriemkhet Khnumensuhapuankhhermeskhen(et) Hununeferbenermerutsekhaensumutefhernesetitef Tjema'ahuikhasut Itjemsekhemefmirepesdjefemakhet
Godlike in his mother's love, associated with the living Apis upon his birth, the perfect youth, pleasant in his popularity,
who his mother placed upon the throne of his father, who is strong in strategy, who defeats foreign lands, who lights up the horizon with his conquering power like Ra.

Nebty name

shrw-tꜢwi kꜢ-nḫt sḫm-nḥḥ
Seherutawy Kanakht Sekhemneneh
Who pleases the Two Lands, the strong bull, eternal power

Golden Horus

ꜤꜢ-ib mri-nṯrw ity-bꜢḳt ḥḳꜢ-wꜢḏti Ꜥḳ.f-tꜢmri-m-ḥtp
A'a-ib Merynetjeru Itibaqet Heqawadjty Aqeftameryemhotep
The great-hearted one who is beloved of the Gods, Master of Baqet and ruler of the two crowns, when he enters The Beloved Land in peace

Praenomen

iwꜤ-(n)-nṯr-mnḫ-nṯrt-mnḫt-rꜤ stp-n-ptḥ iri-mꜢꜤt-rꜤ znn-Ꜥnḫ-n-jmn
Iwa(en)netjermenekhenetjeretmenkhetre Setepenptah Irimaatre Senenankhenamun
Heir of the potent god and of the potent goddess, the daughter of Ra, chosen by Ptah, who has accomplished the Maat of Ra, the living likeness of Amun

Nomen

ptlwmis ḏd n.f Ꜥlksntrs Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mri-ptḥ
Petulemis Djed Enef Aleksentres Ankhdjetmeryptah
Ptolemaios, also called Alexandros, living forever, beloved of Ptah

Consorts

Cleopatra Selene
Berenice III

Children

Ptolemy XI
Cleopatra V

Father

Ptolemy VIII

Mother

Cleopatra III

Born

140/39 BC?^[1]

Died

88 or 87 BC^[1]

Dynasty

Ptolemaic dynasty

Ptolemy X Alexander I^{[note 1]} (Greek:Πτολεμαῖος Ἀλέξανδρος,Ptolemaĩos Aléxandros) was thePtolemaic king ofCyprus from 114 BC until 107 BC and ofEgypt from 107 BC until his death in 88 BC. He ruled in co-regency with his motherCleopatra III asPtolemy Philometor Soter^[a] until 101 BC, and then with his niece and wifeBerenice III asPtolemy Philadelphus.^[b] He was a son ofPtolemy VIII and Cleopatra III, and younger brother ofPtolemy IX. His birth name was probably Alexander.

Ptolemy X was the second son ofPtolemy VIII and Cleopatra III. When Ptolemy VIII died in 116 BC, Ptolemy IX became king with Cleopatra III as his co-regent and Alexander was sent toCyprus to serve as governor. However, in 114–13 BC, he declared himself king. Cleopatra III quarrelled with Ptolemy IX and arranged for Alexander to return to Egypt in 107 BC and replace his brother as co-regent (with modern sources calling him Ptolemy X).

During his reign, Ptolemy X had to fight against his brother Ptolemy IX to maintain control over the Egyptian throne. Cleopatra III and Ptolemy X fought a war against Ptolemy IX in theHasmonean kingdom (103–102 BC), in which Ptolemy X successfully prevented his brother from invading Egypt. In 101 BC, he had his mother murdered, married his niece Berenice III, and appointed his new wife as co-regent. An Egyptian uprising in 91 BC caused Ptolemy X to lose control of the south of the country. In 88 BC, the people expelled him from Alexandria, recalling Ptolemy IX to the throne. Ptolemy X raised an army with Roman help and invaded Cyprus, but was killed.

Background and early life

[edit]

Wall relief of Cleopatra III, her motherCleopatra II and Ptolemy VIII beforeHorus atKom Ombo

Ptolemy X, born Alexander, was a member of theGreek Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt. When KingPtolemy V had died in 180 BC, he had left three children:Ptolemy VI,Cleopatra II, andPtolemy VIII. All three ruled together from 169 BC until 164 BC, when Ptolemy VIII expelled his brother from power. In 163 BC, he was expelled in turn and forced to withdraw toCyrene. However, when Ptolemy VI died in 145 BC, Ptolemy VIII was invited back to Egypt to serve as king, marrying his sister Cleopatra II (who had previously been married to Ptolemy VI). The relationship between Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra II rapidly deteriorated, especially when Ptolemy VIII tookCleopatra III, the daughter of Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II), as a second wife. The conflict eventually led to a civil war with Cleopatra II on one side and Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III on the other (132–126 BC). Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III were victorious, but reconciled with Cleopatra II and restored her as co-regent in 124 BC.^[2]

Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III had two sons and three daughters. The eldest son wasPtolemy IX, who was born around 144–3 BC and became the heir to the thronec. 130 BC, during the civil war with Cleopatra II. Their second son, known as Ptolemy X, was born around 140 BC – it is possible that the Horus name that he later assumed indicates that he was born in 140–39 BC.^[1] He is referred to as Ptolemy Alexander in a number of ancient sources, but never in documentary sources likepapyri. It is likely that Alexander was his birth name.

Governor and king of Cyprus (116–107 BC)

[edit]

On 28 June 116, Ptolemy VIII died. According toJustin, Ptolemy VIII's will left Cleopatra III in charge of Egypt, with the right to choose either her elder son, Ptolemy, or her younger son, Alexander, as her co-regent. Justin further claims that Cleopatra III wanted to choose Alexander, but the people ofAlexandria rioted and forced her to choose Ptolemy.^[3]Pausanias implies that Cleopatra III's request to send Ptolemy IX to Cyprus in 117 BC had been intended to get him out of the way in order to enable Ptolemy X's succession.^[4] Some historians have found this account plausible.^[5] Others have argued that it is a false account that was invented by Cleopatra III at a later date.^[6] At any rate, Cleopatra II, Cleopatra III, and Ptolemy IX became the co-rulers of Egypt. They are listed together (in that order) as co-rulers in survivingpapyrus documents from October 116 BC.^[5] Meanwhile, Alexander was sent to Cyprus to serve as governor of the island.

Cleopatra II died some time before April 115 BC and at this point Cleopatra III became the dominant force in the government of Egypt. Ptolemy IX was forced to divorce his sister-wife Cleopatra IV, who went off and married the Seleucid kingAntiochus IX (r. 115–95 BC), whose motherCleopatra Thea^[7] was Cleopatra III's sister.^[8] Her new husband was waging a war against his half-brotherAntiochus VIII (r. 125–96 BC), who was married to Cleopatra IV's elder sisterTryphaena. On the way to meet Antiochus IX, Cleopatra IV stopped in Cyprus, where she recruited an army and seized control of the Cypriot fleet, in order to aid Antiochus IX.^[9] Perhaps as a result of this, in 114–113 BC, Alexander proclaimed himself 'King of Cyprus', openly declaring his opposition to Ptolemy IX.^[1]^[5]

In autumn 107 BC, a new conflict broke out between Cleopatra III and Ptolemy IX. Pausanias claims that Cleopatra III wounded a number of her owneunuch servants and displayed them to the people as evidence that her son had attempted to have her assassinated, causing the Alexandrians to riot and expel Ptolemy IX from the city.^[10]^[11]

King of Egypt (107–88 BC)

[edit]

Accession

[edit]

Head of Ptolemy X, from Egypt, Ptolemaic period, 2nd century BC. Neues Museum, Germany

While this conflict was taking place, Alexander had left Cyprus and sailed toPelusium. Cleopatra III had him brought to Alexandria and placed on the throne as her new co-regent in September 107 BC.^[12] Cleopatra III seems to have dominated the new government even more thoroughly than she had during the reign of Ptolemy IX. Because of the means by which he came to the throne, he was given the derisory nicknamePareisactus (Greek:παρείσακτος,pareísaktos, "smuggled in").^[13]^[1] Another nickname given to himho Cocces (the son of Cocce), seems to refer to his mother's dominance, but the exact meaning of the name thereby given to his mother, Cocce, is unclear. It may meancuckoo, in which case this nickname too refers to the way in which his mother had brought him to the kingship. Other interpretations are 'son of the scarlet lady' or 'son of the cunt'.^[1] In general, Ptolemy X was slotted into the role that his brother had previously held. He married his brother's wife,Cleopatra Selene, who was also his sister.^[14] He assumed the epithet that had previously been borne by his brother,Philometor Soter (Mother-loving Saviour) and took his brother's place in the dynastic cult, in which he and his mother were worshipped as theTheoi Philometores Soteres (Mother-loving Saviour Gods).^[1] Ptolemy X served as the annual Priest of Alexander and the Ptolemies for 107–106 BC and 106–105 BC – as his brother had for every year since 116 BC.^[1] In 105–104 BC, Cleopatra III assumed the priesthood for herself.^[12]

War with Ptolemy IX and intervention in Judaea

[edit]

After his expulsion from Alexandria, Ptolemy IX had gone to Cyprus. Forces loyal to Cleopatra III and Ptolemy X expelled him, but he mounted another invasion of Cyprus in 106 BC, which succeeded in conquering the island.^[15] Cyrene had initially remained under Ptolemy IX's control, but some time after 105 BC and before 100 BC, a third brother,Ptolemy Apion gained control of the region.Justin claims that the territory had originally been left to Apion in Ptolemy VIII's will, but it is not clear whether this was true or apost facto invention.^[3] It is unclear whether Apion was aligned with either Ptolemy IX or Ptolemy X. One sign that he was a free agent may be the will which he published. This will left all his territories to Rome in the event that he died without heirs, a method which was often used by Hellenistic kings to prevent rivals from attempting to depose or assassinate them. He actually did die without heirs in 96 BC, meaning that Rome inherited the territory.^[16]^[17]

In 103 BC, the newHasmonean King ofJudaea,Alexander Jannaeus, attackedPtolemais Akko. Ptolemy IX responded by invading Judaea.^[18] Fearing that Ptolemy IX was planning to use Judaea as a springboard for an invasion of Egypt, Cleopatra III and Ptolemy X invaded Judaea themselves. Ptolemy X invadedPhoenicia by sea and then marched inland toDamascus, while Cleopatra III besieged Ptolemais Akko. Ptolemy IX attempted to slip past them and into Egypt, but Ptolemy X managed to rush back and stop him. Ptolemy IX spent the winter encamped atGaza, before deciding to sail back to Cyprus in early 102 BC.^[17] During this conflict, Cleopatra III and Ptolemy X made an alliance with the Seleucid king Antiochus VIII Grypus. He was still waging his own civil war against his brother Antiochus IX Cyzicenus, who had previously received support from Ptolemy IX. To seal the alliance with Antiochus VIII, Cleopatra forced Ptolemy X to divorce his sister-wife, Cleopatra Selene, and remarried her to Antiochus.^[19]^[14]

Reign with Berenice III

[edit]

In September 101 BC, Cleopatra disappears from official documents. Justin reports that Ptolemy X had her murdered, when he realised that she was intending to kill him.^[19] In October of the same year, Ptolemy married his nieceBerenice III, daughter of Ptolemy IX and Cleopatra Selene and appointed her co-regent.^[1] Ptolemy X changed his own epithet toPhiladelphos (Sibling-lover) and the couple were brought into the dynastic cult as theTheoi Philadelphoi (Sibling-loving gods).^[20]^[17]

In 91 BC, a rebellion broke out inUpper Egypt. This rebellion was the latest in a series of native Egyptian uprisings in the region, following those ofHugronaphor (205–185 BC) andHarsiesi (131–130 BC). It is unknown what the name of the rebellion's leader was or whether he claimed the title ofPharaoh, as earlier rebel leaders had. The rebels gained control ofThebes and were supported by the Theban priests. Their forces are also attested inLatopolis andPathyris. The rebellion also meant that the Ptolemies lost contact with theTriacontaschoenus region (Lower Nubia).Meroe took control of the region and retained it until theRoman period.^[21]

Around May 88 BC, Alexandrians and the army turned against Ptolemy X and expelled him.Porphyry reports that the rebellion was a result of anger at Ptolemy's friendliness with theJews.^[22]Strabo says that Ptolemy X was expelled because he melted down the golden sarcophagus ofAlexander the Great and replaced it with one made out of glass.^[23] The Alexandrians invited Ptolemy IX to return to Alexandria and retake the throne, which he did. Ptolemy X and Berenice gathered a naval force to recapture the kingdom, but were defeated in battle. Ptolemy X recruited a second force atMyra, invaded Cyprus, and was killed.^[24]^[1]^[25]

In the process of recruiting this final force, Ptolemy X had taken out a loan from theRoman Republic. It seems that providing collateral for this loan involved producing a will, which left Egypt to the Roman Republic in the event of his death without an heir.^[26] The Romans chose not to take advantage of this will after Ptolemy's death, but did not outright reject it, either. The possibility of Roman intervention hung over Ptolemy XII for the rest of his reign and forced him to adopt a highly deferential posture with the Romans.^[25]

Marriage and issue

[edit]

Ptolemy X probably married his sister Cleopatra Selene on taking the throne in 109 BC. She had previously been married to Ptolemy IX. They probably had one son,Ptolemy XI before she was remarried to Antiochus VIII in 103/02 BC.^[27]^[14] After he murdered Cleopatra III, Ptolemy X marriedBerenice III, who was probably the daughter of Ptolemy IX and Cleopatra Selene (thus, Ptolemy X's step-daughter and niece), in October 101 BC.^[28] They probably had one daughter,Cleopatra V.^[20]

Name	Image	Birth	Death	Notes
Ptolemy XI		c. 105 BC	April 80 BC	Co-regent with his mother Berenice III for a few days in April 80 BC.
Cleopatra V		c. 100–95 BC	57 BC	Married her cousinPtolemy XII and co-regent with him from 79-69 BC, co-regent with her daughterBerenice IV 58-57 BC.

Ancestry

[edit]

Ancestors of Ptolemy X Alexander I

8.Ptolemy IV Philopator

4.Ptolemy V Epiphanes^[29]

9.Arsinoe III of Egypt

2.Ptolemy VIII Physcon^[29]

10.Antiochus III the Great

5.Cleopatra I of Egypt^[29]

11.Laodice III

1.Ptolemy IX Lathyros

12. =4. Ptolemy V Epiphanes^[29]

6.Ptolemy VI Philometor^[29]

13. =5. Cleopatra I of Egypt^[29]

3.Cleopatra III of Egypt^[29]

14. =4/12. Ptolemy V Epiphanes^[29]

7.Cleopatra II of Egypt^[29]

15. =5/13. Cleopatra I of Egypt^[29]

Notes

[edit]

^Numbering the Ptolemies is a modern convention. Older sources may give a number one higher or lower. The most reliable way of determining which Ptolemy is being referred to in any given case is by epithet (e.g. "Philopator").

^lit. "Ptolemy, mother-loving savior"
^lit. "Ptolemy, sibling-lover"

References

[edit]

^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^jBennett, Chris."Ptolemy X".Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved13 November 2019.
^Hölbl 2001, pp. 172–203
^^a ^bJustin,Epitome of Pompeius Trogus 39.3.1
^Pausanias 1.9.1
^^a ^b ^cHölbl 2001, pp. 204–205
^Bennett, Chris."Cleopatra II".Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved12 November 2019.
^Antiochus IX at Livius.org
^Ptolemy VI Philometor andCleopatra II at Livius.org
^Justin 39.3.2
^Justin (historian),Epitome of Pompeius Trogus 39.4.1;Pausanias 1.9.2
^Hölbl 2001, pp. 206–207
^^a ^bBennett, Chris."Cleopatra III".Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved12 November 2019.
^Strabo,Geography 17.1.8
^^a ^b ^cBennett, Chris."Cleopatra Selene".Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved12 November 2019.
^Diodorus,Bibliotheca 34/35.39a;Justin 39.4.1-2
^Bennett, Chris."Ptolemy Apion".Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved12 November 2019.
^^a ^b ^cHölbl 2001, pp. 207–210
^JosephusAntiquities of the Jews 13.324-364
^^a ^bJustin 39.4.1-2
^^a ^bBennett, Chris."Berenice III".Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved12 November 2019.
^Pausanias 1.9.3
^PorphyryFGrH 260 F2.9
^StraboGeography 17.1.8
^PorphyryFGrH 260 F2.8-9;JustinEpitome of Pompeius Trogus 39.5;Pausanias
^^a ^bHölbl 2001, p. 211
^Cicero,Agr. 1.1, 2.41-42
^C. J. Bennett,Anc. Soc. 28 (1997) 39, 55
^Porphyry 165
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^jAidan Dodson, Dyan Hilton, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, 2004

Bibliography

[edit]

Hölbl, Günther (2001).A History of the Ptolemaic Empire. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 143–152 & 181–194.ISBN 0415201454.

External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toPtolemy X.

Ptolemy X Alexander entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith

Regnal titles
Ptolemy X Alexander I Ptolemaic dynasty Born: ? Died: c. 88 BC
Preceded by Ptolemy IX	Pharaoh of Egypt 110–109 BC withCleopatra III	Succeeded by Ptolemy IX
Preceded by Ptolemy IX	Pharaoh of Egypt 107–88 BC withCleopatra III andBerenice III	Succeeded by Ptolemy IX

v t e Hellenistic rulers
Argeads	Philip II Alexander III the Great Philip III Arrhidaeus Alexander IV
Antipatrids	Cassander Philip IV Alexander V Antipater II Antipater Etesias Sosthenes
Antigonids	Antigonus I Monophthalmus Demetrius I Poliorcetes Antigonus II Gonatas Demetrius II Aetolicus Antigonus III Doson Philip V Perseus Philip VI (pretender)
Ptolemies	Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Keraunos Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Euergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra (regent) Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soter Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III Ptolemy IX Lathyros Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra VI Tryphaena Berenice IV Epiphanea Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator Ptolemy XV Caesarion
Monarchs of Cyrene	Magas Berenice II Demetrius the Fair Ptolemy VIII Physcon Ptolemy Apion Cleopatra Selene II
Seleucids	Seleucus I Nicator Antiochus I Soter Antiochus II Theos Seleucus II Callinicus Seleucus III Ceraunus Antiochus III the Great Seleucus IV Philopator Antiochus IV Epiphanes Antiochus V Eupator Demetrius I Soter Alexander I Balas Demetrius II Nicator Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes Alexander II Zabinas Cleopatra Thea Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Cleopatra Selene I Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus
Lysimachids	Lysimachus Ptolemy Epigonos
Attalids	Philetaerus Eumenes I Attalus I Eumenes II Attalus II Attalus III Eumenes III
Greco-Bactrians	Diodotus I Diodotus II Euthydemus I Demetrius I Euthydemus II Antimachus I Pantaleon Agathocles Demetrius II Eucratides I Plato Eucratides II Heliocles I
Indo-Greeks	Demetrius I Antimachus I Pantaleon Agathocles Apollodotus I Demetrius II Antimachus II Menander I Zoilos I Agathokleia Lysias Strato I Antialcidas Heliokles II Polyxenos Demetrius III Philoxenus Diomedes Amyntas Epander Theophilos Peukolaos Thraso Nicias Menander II Artemidoros Hermaeus Archebius Telephos Apollodotus II Hippostratos Dionysios Zoilos II Apollophanes Strato II Strato III
Monarchs of Bithynia	Boteiras Bas Zipoetes I Nicomedes I Zipoetes II Etazeta (regent) Ziaelas Prusias I Prusias II Nicomedes II Nicomedes III Nicomedes IV Socrates Chrestus
Monarchs of Pontus	Mithridates I Ctistes Ariobarzanes Mithridates II Mithridates III Pharnaces I Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos withLaodice Mithridates V Euergetes Mithridates VI Eupator Pharnaces II Darius Arsaces Polemon I Pythodorida Polemon II
Monarchs of Commagene	Ptolemaeus Sames II Mithridates I Antiochus I Mithridates II Antiochus II Mithridates III Antiochus III Antiochus IV
Monarchs of Cappadocia	Ariarathes I Ariarathes II Ariamnes II Ariarathes III Ariarathes IV Ariarathes V Orophernes Ariarathes VI Ariarathes VII Ariarathes VIII Ariarathes IX Ariobarzanes I Ariobarzanes II Ariobarzanes III Ariarathes X Archelaus
Monarchs of the Cimmerian Bosporus	Paerisades I Satyros II Prytanis Eumelos Spartokos III Hygiainon (regent) Paerisades II Spartokos IV Leukon II Spartokos V [ru] Kamasarye Paerisades III Paerisades IV Paerisades V Mithridates I Pharnaces Asander withDynamis Mithridates II Asander withDynamis Scribonius's attempted rule withDynamis Dynamis withPolemon Polemon Aspurgus Gepaepyris Mithridates III Cotys I
Monarchs of Epirus	Admetus Tharrhypas Alcetas I Neoptolemus I Arybbas Alexander I Aeacides Neoptolemus II Alcetas II Pyrrhus I Alexander II Olympias II (regent) Pyrrhus II Ptolemy Pyrrhus III Deidamia
Hellenistic rulers were preceded byHellenistic satraps in most of their territories.

Pharaohs

Protodynastic toFirst Intermediate Period (<3150–2040 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female^♀ uncertain

Protodynastic
(pre-3150 BC)

Lower	Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Ni-Neith Hat-Hor Pu Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Mekh Double Falcon Wash
Upper	A Finger Snail Fish Elephant Stork Bull Scorpion I Crocodile Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer /Menes

Early Dynastic
(3150–2686 BC)

I	Narmer /Menes Hor-Aha Djer Djet Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird
II	Hotepsekhemwy Nebra Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy

Old Kingdom
(2686–2181 BC)

III	Djoser Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Sedjes Qahedjet Huni
IV	Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis
V	Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas
VI	Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah Neferka Nefer

1^st Intermediate
(2181–2040 BC)

VII/VIII	Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare III Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare IV Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare V Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare VI Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Iby Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare Wadjkare Khuiqer Khui Iytjenu
IX	Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut Imhotep
X	Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare

Middle Kingdom andSecond Intermediate Period (2040–1550 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female^♀ uncertain

Middle Kingdom
(2040–1802 BC)

XI	Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV
Nubia	Segerseni Qakare Ini Iyibkhentre
XII	Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu^♀ Seankhibtawy Seankhibra

2^nd Intermediate
(1802–1550 BC)

XIII	Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep Sonbef Nerikare Sekhemkare Amenemhat V Ameny Qemau Hotepibre Iufni Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI Semenkare Nebnuni Sehetepibre Sewadjkare Nedjemibre Khaankhre Sobekhotep Renseneb Hor Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Djedkheperew Sebkay Sedjefakare Wegaf Khendjer Imyremeshaw Sehetepkare Intef Seth Meribre Sobekhotep III Neferhotep I Sihathor Sobekhotep IV Merhotepre Sobekhotep Khahotepre Sobekhotep Wahibre Ibiau Merneferre Ay Merhotepre Ini Sankhenre Sewadjtu Mersekhemre Ined Sewadjkare Hori Merkawre Sobekhotep Mershepsesre Ini II Sewahenre Senebmiu Merkheperre Merkare Sewadjare Mentuhotep Seheqenre Sankhptahi
XIV	Yakbim Sekhaenre Ya'ammu Nubwoserre Qareh Khawoserre 'Ammu Ahotepre Maaibre Sheshi Nehesy Khakherewre Nebefawre Sehebre Merdjefare Sewadjkare III Nebdjefare Nebsenre Sekheperenre Bebnum 'Apepi Nuya Wazad Sheneh Shenshek Khamure Yakareb Yaqub-Har
XV	Sharek Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Salitis Sakir-Har Khyan Yanassi Apepi Khamudi
XVI	Djehuti Sobekhotep VIII Neferhotep III Mentuhotepi Nebiryraw I Nebiriau II Semenre Bebiankh Sekhemre Shedwast Dedumose I Dedumose II Montuemsaf Merankhre Mentuhotep Senusret IV Pepi III
Abydos	Senebkay Wepwawetemsaf Pantjeny Snaaib
XVII	Rahotep Nebmaatre Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose

New Kingdom andThird Intermediate Period (1550–664 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs (male female^♀) uncertain

New Kingdom
(1550–1070 BC)

XVIII	Ahmose I Amenhotep I Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut^♀ Thutmose III Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten^♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb
XIX	Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Tausret^♀
XX	Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI

3^rd Intermediate
(1069–664 BC)

XXI	Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II
High Priests of Amun	Herihor Pinedjem I
XXII	Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Tutkheperre Shoshenq Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Pedubast II Osorkon IV
XXIII	Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Iuput I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Shoshenq VII Menkheperre Ini
XXIV	Tefnakht Bakenranef
XXV	Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun

Late toRoman Period(664 BC–313 AD)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female^♀ uncertain

Late
(664–332 BC)

XXVI	Ammeris Tefnakht II Nekauba Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III
XXVII	Cambyses II Petubastis III Darius I Psammetichus IV Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II
XXVIII	Amyrtaeus
XXIX	Nepherites I Hakor Psammuthes Nepherites II Muthis
XXX	Nectanebo I Teos Nectanebo II
XXXI	Artaxerxes III Khabash Arses Darius III

Hellenistic
(332–30 BC)

Argead

Ptolemaic

Roman
(30 BC–313 AD)

XXXIV

Dynastic genealogies
1^st 2^nd 3^rd 4^th 11^th 12^th 18^th 19^th 20^th 21^st to 23^rd 24^th 25^th 26^th 27^th 30^th 31^st Argead Ptolemaic

List of pharaohs

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