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Ptolemy IX Soter

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2nd/1st century BC king of Ptolemaic Egypt

Ptolemy IX Soter

Probable bust of Ptolemy IX (or X)^[1]

Pharaoh andKing of thePtolemaic Kingdom

Reign

116–107 BC withCleopatra III
88–81 BC

Predecessor

Ptolemy VIII &Cleopatra III (116 BC)
Ptolemy X Alexander I (88 BC)

Successor

Ptolemy X Alexander I (107 BC)
Berenice III (81 BC)

Royal titulary

Horus name

ḏsr-mswt-ḥnꜤ-ḥpw-Ꜥnḫ nṯrj-ḫpr(w) snsn-msḫn(t)-nt-zꜢ-Ꜣst
Djosermesuthenahapuankh netjerikheperu sensenmesekhenetsa'Aset
Distinguished through his birth together with the living Apis, godlike at conception, twin in his birthplace with the son of Isis

Second Horus Name:
kꜢ-nḫt jty-psḏ-m-tꜢmrj-mj-ḥpw-Ꜥnḫ rdj-n.f-ḥꜢbw-sd-ꜤšꜢw-wrw-mj-ptḥ-tꜢṯnn-jt-nṯrw
Kanakht itypesedjemtamerimihapuankh redjenefhabusedashauwerumiptah-tatjenenitnetjeru
The strong bull and sovereign who shines in Ta-mery like the living Apis bull, whom has been given many Sed festivals like Ptah Ta-tjenen, and father of the gods

Nebty name

sḫꜤi-sw-mwt.f-ḥr-nst-jt.f jṯj-tꜢwj m mꜢꜤ-ḫrw
Sekhasumutefhernesutitef ititawy em Maat-kheru

Second Nebty name:
wr-pḥti ḫnti-š-nḥḥ smn-hpw-mi-ḏḥwti-ꜤꜢ-ꜤꜢ
Werpehty Khentishenehe Semenhepumidjehutia'a

Third Nebty name:
wr-pḥti sḫm-WꜢḏ-wr iti-iwꜤ-tꜢwi-m-mꜢꜤ-ḫrw mnḫ-ib-ḫr-nṯrw-rmṯw
Werpehty Sekhemwadjwer Itiiwatawyemmaatkheru Menkhibkhernetjeruremetju

Golden Horus

nb-tꜢmri ḥḳꜢ.f-m-ḥꜤꜤw nb-ḥꜢbw-sd-mi-tꜢṯnn-it-nṯrw-nsyt(?) ity-smn-hpw-mi-ḏḥwti-ꜤꜢ-ꜤꜢ
Nebtamery Heqa'efemhaau Nebhabusedmitatenenitnetjerunesut Itysemenhepumidjehutia'a
Lord of Egypt who rules in joy, the lord of the Sed festival like Ptah-Tatenen, king of the Gods, who determines the laws like the great god Thoth

Second Golden Horus name:
šzp-tꜢmri ḥḳꜢ.f-m-ḥꜤꜤw nb-ḥꜢbw-sd-ꜤšꜢw-wrw-mi-it.f-Ptḥ-tꜢṯnn-smsw-nṯrw šzp.n.f-nsyt-n-rꜤ-m-ḳnw-nḫt ity-wḏꜤ-MꜢꜤt smn-hpw-mi-ḏḥwti-ꜤꜢ-ꜤꜢ
Sheseptamery Heqa'efemhaau Nebhabusedashauwerumiitefptatatenensemsunetjeru Shesepenefnesytenraemqenunekhet Itiwedjamaat Semenhepumidjehutia'a
Who, seizing Egypt, rules in joy, the lord of many great Sed festivals like his father Ptah-Tatenen, the oldest of the Gods

Praenomen

iwꜤ-(n)-nṯr-mnḫ-nṯrt-mr(t)-mwt.s-nḏt(t) stp.n-ptḥ iri-mꜢꜤt-rꜤ sḫm-Ꜥnḫ-imn
Iwa(en)netjermenekhnetjeretmeretmutesnedjet(et) Setepenptah Irimaatre Sekhemankhamun

Nomen

ptwlmis Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mri-ptḥ
Petulemis Ankhdjet meryptah
Ptolemaios, living forever, beloved of Ptah

Consorts

Cleopatra IV of Egypt(m. 119 BC; divorced 115 BC)
Cleopatra Selene(m. 115 BC; divorced 107 BC)

Children

Father

Ptolemy VIII of Egypt

Mother

Cleopatra III of Egypt

Born

143/2 BC^[2] or 140/39 BC^[3]

Died

December 81 BC

Dynasty

Ptolemaic dynasty

Ptolemy IX Soter II^{[note 1]} (Greek:Πτολεμαῖος Σωτήρ,Ptolemaĩos Sōtḗr 'Ptolemythe Saviour'), commonly nicknamedLathyros (Λάθυρος,Láthuros 'chickpea'),^[4] was twiceKing ofPtolemaic Egypt. The son ofPtolemy VIII andCleopatra III; he reigned asPtolemy Philometor Soter in joint rule with his grandmotherCleopatra II and mother Cleopatra III from 116 to 107 BC, and then again asPtolemy Soter from 88 to 81 BC.Ptolemy IX became the heir apparent after the murder of his half-brotherPtolemy Memphites in 130 BC, during a civil war between Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra II. On his father's death in 116 BC, he became co-regent with Cleopatra II (until 115 BC) and with Cleopatra III. He eventually quarrelled with his mother and in 107 BC, she deposed him and replaced him with his younger brother,Ptolemy X. However, Ptolemy IX succeeded in seizing control of Cyprus. From there he invadedJudaea, but was prevented by Ptolemy X from invading Egypt (103–102 BC). In 88 BC, the Alexandrians expelled Ptolemy X and restored Ptolemy IX to the throne. He reigned alone until 81 BC, when he appointed his daughterBerenice III as co-regent shortly before his own death. She succeeded him as ruler.

Background and early life

[edit]

When the Ptolemaic kingPtolemy V died in 180 BC, he left three children:Ptolemy VI,Cleopatra II, andPtolemy VIII. All three ruled together from 169 BC until 164 BC, when Ptolemy VIII expelled his brother from power. In 163 BC, he was expelled in turn and forced to withdraw toCyrene. However, when Ptolemy VI died in 145 BC, Ptolemy VIII was invited back to Egypt to serve as king, marrying his sister Cleopatra II, also sister and widow of Ptolemy VI. The relationship between Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra II rapidly deteriorated, especially when Ptolemy VIII tookCleopatra III, daughter of Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II, as a second wife. The conflict eventually led to a civil war with Cleopatra II on one side and Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III on the other (132-126 BC). Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III were victorious, but reconciled with Cleopatra II and restored her as co-regent in 124 BC.^[5]

Ptolemy IX was the son of Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III. The exact date of his birth is a bit unclear. As pharaoh, hisHorus name was "Distinguished through his birth together with the livingApis; twin in his birthplace with the son of Isis" which seems to indicate that he was born in the same year as an Apis bull, i.e. 143/2 BC.^[2] This would put his birth two years before his parents' marriage, which took place in 141 BC.^[6] Some historians, like Günther Hölbl, consider this insuperable and propose to place his birth in 140 or 139 BC instead.^[3]

Initially, Ptolemy IX was not the heir to the throne – that wasPtolemy Memphites, the son of Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II, who was roughly the same age as him. In 134/3 BC, Ptolemy IX served as the annualpriest of Alexander the Great, the year after Ptolemy Memphites had done the same.^[7]^[2] However, during the civil war, in 130 BC, Cleopatra II attempted to have Ptolemy Memphites crowned as her co-ruler, so Ptolemy VIII had him murdered, leaving Ptolemy IX as the heir.

Around 117 BC, Ptolemy IX was sent to Cyprus, reportedly at his mother's request, where he served as governor of the island (strategos, nauarchos, archiereus, archikynegos).^[8] Shortly before this he had married his sisterCleopatra IV, who probably gave birth to two sons while the couple was on Cyprus: the futurePtolemy XII in 117 BC andPtolemy, future king of Cyprus,c. 116 BC.[9]

First reign (116–107 BC)

[edit]

Will of Ptolemy VIII

[edit]

Coronation of Ptolemy IX depicted at Kom Ombo

On 28 June 116, Ptolemy VIII died. According toJustin, Ptolemy VIII's will left Cleopatra III in charge of Egypt, with the right to choose either Ptolemy IX or his younger brotherPtolemy X as her co-regent.Cyrene was left to Ptolemy VIII's illegitimate son,Ptolemy Apion. Justin further claims that Cleopatra III wanted to choose Ptolemy X, but the people ofAlexandria rioted and forced her to choose Ptolemy IX.^[10]Pausanias implies that Cleopatra III's request to send Ptolemy IX to Cyprus in 117 BC had been intended to get him out of the way in order to enable Ptolemy X's succession.^[11]

Some historians have found this account plausible.^[12] However, Chris Bennett argues that it is a false story that was invented by Cleopatra III at a later date. He points out that Justin's story assumes that Cleopatra III was the only living queen at the time of Ptolemy VIII's death. Documentary evidence shows that Cleopatra II was still alive in 116 BC, which makes it unlikely that Cleopatra III would have been allowed sole power to decide who would be king.^[13]

At any rate, Cleopatra II, Cleopatra III, and Ptolemy IX (in that order) are listed together as co-rulers in survivingpapyrus documents from October 116 BC. Ptolemy IX received the epithetPhilometor Soter (Mother-loving Saviour). This was the same epithet that Cleopatra II and taken on during her civil war with Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III, which suggests that she played a controlling role in the new regime.^[12] Ptolemy X was sent to Cyprus to serve as governor of Cyprus soon after Ptolemy IX's accession.

Divorce, remarriage, and intervention in Seleucid civil war

[edit]

Cleopatra II died some time before April 115 BC and at this point Cleopatra III became the dominant force in the government. Ptolemy IX was forced to divorce his sister-wife Cleopatra IV, who went off and married her cousin, the Seleucid kingAntiochus IX (r. 115–95 BC), whose motherCleopatra Thea^[14] was Cleopatra III's sister.^[15] Antiochus IX was waging a war against his half-brotherAntiochus VIII (r. 125–96 BC), who was married to Cleopatra IV's elder sisterTryphaena. On the way to meet Antiochus IX, Cleopatra IV stopped in Cyprus, where she recruited an army and seized control of the Cypriot fleet, in order to aid Antiochus IX.^[16] Perhaps as a result of this, in 114/113 BC, Ptolemy X proclaimed himself 'King of Cyprus', openly declaring his opposition to Ptolemy IX.^[17]^[12]

Meanwhile, Ptolemy IX married his younger sister,Cleopatra Selene, with whom he soon had a daughter,Berenice III.^[2] Cleopatra Selene was not made co-regent with her new husband, as would have been normal. Instead, in documents from this period, the royal couple were Cleopatra III and Ptolemy IX, who were integrated into the Ptolemaic dynastic cult as theTheoi Philometores Soteres (The Mother-loving Saviour Gods).^[18]

Ptolemy IX supported Antiochus IX in his conflict with Antiochus VIII. In 114 BC, Cleopatra IV had been captured and murdered by Antiochus VIII's wife Tryphaena, who was murdered in turn by Antiochus IX in 111 BC.^[18] In 109 BC, Ptolemy IX sent Antiochus IX fresh troops to aid him in a campaign against the Jewish rulerHyrcanus I of theHasmonean dynasty.^[19]

Expulsion from Alexandria

[edit]

In autumn 107 BC, a new conflict broke out between Cleopatra III and Ptolemy IX.Pausanias claims that Cleopatra III wounded a number of her owneunuch servants and displayed them to the people as evidence that her son had attempted to have her assassinated, causing the Alexandrians to riot and expel Ptolemy IX from the city. While this was taking place, Ptolemy X had left Cyprus and sailed toPelusium. Cleopatra III then had him brought to Alexandria and placed on the throne as her new co-regent.^[20]^[4]^[18] Ptolemy IX had left his two sons behind when he fled Alexandria. He also abandoned Cleopatra Selene, who now seems to have been married to Ptolemy X.^[21]

King of Cyprus (107–88 BC)

[edit]

After his expulsion from Alexandria, Ptolemy IX went to the isle ofCyprus. There forces loyal to Cleopatra III and Ptolemy X rebuffed him, forcing him to retreat toSeleucia in Pieria. From there he mounted another invasion of Cyprus in 106 BC, which succeeded in conquering the island.^[22] He initially maintained control of Cyrene, but it seems to have come under the control of his half brother Ptolemy Apion some time after 105 BC. Apion protected his position by publishing a will which left all his territories to Rome in the event that he died without heirs, a method which was often used by Hellenistic kings to prevent rivals from attempting to depose or assassinate them. However, he actually died without heirs in 96 BC, meaning that Rome inherited the territory.^[23]^[19]

In 103 BC, the new Hasmonean KingAlexander Jannaeus led an army to conquerPtolemais Akko. The city appealed to Ptolemy IX for help and he sailed over and caused Jannaeus to lift his siege. He then invadedGalilee, defeated Jannaeus in a battle at Asophon near theRiver Jordan, and despoiledJudaea with impunity.^[24] Fearing that Ptolemy IX was planning to use Judaea as a springboard for an invasion of Egypt, Cleopatra III and Ptolemy X invaded Judaea themselves. Ptolemy X invadedPhoenicia by sea and then marched inland toDamascus, while Cleopatra III besieged Ptolemais Akko. Ptolemy IX attempted to slip past them and into Egypt, but Ptolemy X managed to rush back and stop him. Ptolemy IX spent the winter encamped atGaza, before deciding to sail back to Cyprus in early 102 BC. Nothing further is known about his activities until 88 BC.^[19]

Second reign (88–81 BC)

[edit]

Restoration

[edit]

Probable bust of Ptolemy IX (or X),Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

The army and people of Alexandria turned against Ptolemy X in spring 88 BC and expelled him from Egypt. The Alexandrians then recalled Ptolemy IX to the throne. Ptolemy IX was formally re-crowned as Pharaoh atMemphis in November. In his first reign, Ptolemy had borne the epithetPhilometor Soter (Mother-loving saviour), but on his return he dropped thePhilometor, since it recalled his mother. The cults and memory of Cleopatra III and Ptolemy X seem to have been officially suppressed.^[25]

When Ptolemy IX returned to Egypt, the south of the country had been under the control of Egyptian rebels since 91 BC. Ptolemy sent a large force south in November 88 BC, under the command of the general Hierax.Thebes was quickly recaptured and severely sacked.^[26] Ptolemaic control was restored as far south asPhilae, butLower Nubia, which had come under the control of the kingdom ofMeroe during the revolt, was not reclaimed.^[25]

Roman claims and First Mithridatic War

[edit]

After his expulsion from Alexandria, Ptolemy X made an attempt to invade Cyprus and recapture control, but was killed in the attempt. Before his death, however, he had taken out a large loan from theRoman Republic, in return for which he produced a will which left his kingdom to the Romans. Although they chose not to take advantage of this, the possibility of Roman intervention hung over Ptolemy IX for the rest of his reign and forced him to adopt a highly deferential posture with the Romans.^[25]

In 86 BC, a Roman fleet commanded byLucullus arrived in Alexandria seeking financial and military support againstMithridates VI of Pontus, with whom the Romans were fighting theFirst Mithridatic War (89-84 BC).^[27] Ptolemy hosted Lucullus magnificently, but did not offer him any material support.^[28] This was probably partially due to the confused political situation – the Roman war effort was being led bySulla, but he had been declared an outlaw by the government in Rome led byLucius Cornelius Cinna. Moreover, Mithridates VI had managed to capture Ptolemy's sons, who had been onCos since 103 BC.^[25]

Death and succession

[edit]

On 5 August 81 BC, Ptolemy IX promoted his daughter Berenice III, who had previously been the wife and co-regent of Ptolemy X, to the status of co-regent. Some sources claim that Ptolemy IX had made Berenice III his co-regent at the start of his second reign in 88 BC, but all documentary evidence shows that he reigned alone until 81BC. Ptolemy died shortly thereafter, probably in December of the same year, leaving her alone on the throne. After a few months of sole rule, her cousinPtolemy XI was placed on the throne as her co-regent, murdered her, was murdered himself, and was replaced byPtolemy XII, another child of Ptolemy IX.^[2]^[25]^[4]

Regime

[edit]

In August 115 BC, Ptolemy IX travelled down theNile toElephantine in order to celebrate the festival there in honour of the Great God of the Nile – a traditional Pharaonic duty which was meant to give thanks for theinundation and ensure the success of the next. The fact that Ptolemy IX carried this ritual out personally, rather than letting a local priest carry it out in his stead, shows the extent to which Ptolemy embraced the Pharaonic role.^[29]

It is possible that construction of certain buildings occurred during the first reign of Ptolemy IX. This would have included work on theDendera Temple complex and on the temple inEdfu.

Relationship with Rome

[edit]

ARoman embassy led by the senator Lucius Memmius, arrived in Egypt in 112 BC. As part of his visit, he was given a tour of theFayyum region. Papyrus letters survive that instruct all local officials to treat him with the greatest respect and provide him with the most luxurious accommodation. The visit is a sign of the extent to which the Ptolemies now sought to conciliate the Roman Republic. It is also an early example of Roman tourism in Egypt, which would become a major phenomenon in theRoman imperial period. A set of fourgraffiti atPhilae provide evidence for another set of early Roman tourists. Dated to 116 BC, they are the earliest known examples of theLatin language to be found in Egypt.^[18]

Marriages and issue

[edit]

Raredrachms ofPtolemy XII minted atPaphos,Cyprus in 53 BC^[30]

Ptolemy IX is only known to have married twice, first toCleopatra IV fromc. 119 BC until he was forced to divorce her in 115 BC, and secondly to Cleopatra Selene from 115 BC, until he abandoned her during his flight from Alexandria in 107 BC.

At least three children are attested for Ptolemy IX. The birth dates and parentage of his two sonsPtolemy XII andPtolemy of Cyprus are disputed.^[31] According to Justin, Cleopatra Selene and Ptolemy IX had two children.^[32] The historian John Whitehorne noted that the existence of those two children is doubted and they might have died at a young age.^[33]

Ptolemy XII is referred to byCicero and other ancient sources as an illegitimate son;Pompeius Trogus called him a "nothos" (bastard), whilePausanias wrote that Berenice III was Ptolemy IX's only legitimate offspring.^[34] This has discouraged the identification of Ptolemy XII and Ptolemy of Cyprus with the two sons mentioned by Justin.Michael Grant suggested that Ptolemy XII's mother was a Syrian or a partly Greek concubine whileGünther Hölbl suggested that she was a member of the Egyptian elite.^[35] However,John Pentland Mahaffy and Christopher Bennett argue that they were considered illegitimate simply because their mother had not been a co-regnant queen. They propose Cleopatra IV as the mother, in which case Ptolemy XII and Ptolemy of Cyprus would have been born in 117 and 116 BC respectively. Bennett further proposes that Ptolemy XII and Ptolemy of Cyprus are identical with the two sons mentioned by Justin.^[2]

The mother of Ptolemy IX's daughter, Berenice III is not certain either. Cleopatra IV and Cleopatra Selene are candidates, with the former favoured by modern scholarship.^[36] Bennett noted that Berenice III's legitimacy was never questioned by ancient historians, and the illegitimacy of Ptolemy IX and Cleopatra IV's marriage makes it more probable that Berenice III was the result of a legitimate marriage, that is between her father and Cleopatra Selene.^[37]^[38]

Name	Birth	Death	Notes
Ptolemy XII	117 orc. 98 BC	February/March 51 BC	King of Egypt (80-58 & 55-51 BC)
Ptolemy	116 orc. 96 BC?	58 BC	King of Cyprus (80-58 BC)
Berenice III	Late 115 or early 114 BC	April 80 BC	Co-regent withPtolemy X (101-88 BC), Queen of Egypt (81-80 BC)

Notes

[edit]

^Numbering the Ptolemies is a modern convention. Older sources may give a number one higher or lower. The most reliable way of determining which Ptolemy is being referred to in any given case is by epithet (e.g. "Philopator"). Ptolemy IX also took the same title 'Soter' asPtolemy I. In older references and in more recent references by the German historian Huss, Ptolemy IX may be numbered VIII.

References

[edit]

^Museum, The J. Paul Getty (1986).The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal: Volume 14. Getty Publications. pp. 59–78.ISBN 978-0-89236-091-8.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^fBennett, Chris."Ptolemy IX".Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved11 November 2019.
^^a ^bHölbl 2001, p. 203
^^a ^b ^cPtolemy Soter II and Ptolemy Alexander I at LacusCurtius — (Chapter XI of E. R Bevan'sHouse of Ptolemy, 1923)
^Hölbl 2001, pp. 172–203
^Bennett, Chris."Cleopatra III".Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved11 November 2019.
^Bennett, Chris."Ptolemy Memphites".Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved11 November 2019.
^Pausanias 1.9.1;OGIS 143
^Bennett, Chris."Cleopatra IV".Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved12 November 2019.
^Justin,Epitome of Pompeius Trogus 39.3.1
^Pausanias 1.9.1
^^a ^b ^cHölbl 2001, pp. 204–205
^Bennett, Chris."Cleopatra II".Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved12 November 2019.
^Antiochus IX at Livius.org
^Ptolemy VI Philometor andCleopatra II at Livius.org
^Justin 39.3.2
^Bennett, Chris."Ptolemy X".Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved12 November 2019.
^^a ^b ^c ^dHölbl 2001, pp. 206–207
^^a ^b ^cHölbl 2001, pp. 207–210
^Justin (historian),Epitome of Pompeius Trogus 39.4.1;Pausanias 1.9.2
^Bennett, Chris."Cleopatra Selene".Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved12 November 2019.
^Diodorus,Bibliotheca 34/35.39a;Justin 39.4.1-2
^Bennett, Chris."Ptolemy Apion".Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved12 November 2019.
^JosephusAntiquities of the Jews 13.324-364
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eHölbl 2001, pp. 211–213
^Pausanias 1.9.3
^PlutarchLife of Lucullus 2-3;Appian,Mithridatica 33
^CiceroAc. 1.2.11
^Hölbl 2001, pp. 205–206
^Ioannis Svoronos,Ta nomismata tou kratous ton Ptolemaion, Athens, 1904, vol. I-II,p. 302 (n°1838), & vol. III-IV,plate LXI, n°22, 23.
^Werner Huß,Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit. C. H. Beck, Munich 2001, p. 674-675
^JustinEpitome of the Philippic History 39.4
^Whitehorne 1994, p. 176.
^Sullivan 1990, p. 92.
^Fletcher 2008, p. 353.
^Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2013) [2012]. "Cleopatra V Berenike III". In Bagnall, Roger S.; Brodersen, Kai; Champion, Craige B.; Erskine, Andrew;Huebner, Sabine R. (eds.).The Encyclopedia of Ancient History (13 Vols.). Vol. III: Be-Co. Wiley-Blackwell.ISBN 978-1-405-17935-5.
^Bennett 1997, p. 54.
^Bennett, Chris."Berenice III".Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved16 November 2019.

Bibliography

[edit]

Bennett, Christopher J. (1997). "Cleopatra V Tryphæna and the Genealogy of the Later Ptolemies".Ancient Society.28. Peeters Publishers:39–66.doi:10.2143/AS.28.0.630068.ISSN 0066-1619.
Fletcher, Joann (2008).Cleopatra the Great: The Woman Behind the Legend. Hodder & Stoughton.ISBN 978-0-340-83173-1.
Hölbl, Günther (2001).A History of the Ptolemaic Empire. London & New York: Routledge.ISBN 0415201454.
Sullivan, Richard (1990).Near Eastern Royalty and Rome, 100–30 BC. Phoenix: Supplementary Volume. Vol. 24. University of Toronto Press.ISBN 978-0-802-02682-8.
Whitehorne, John (1994).Cleopatras. Routledge.ISBN 978-0-415-05806-3.

External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toPtolemy IX.

Ptolemy IX Lathyrus entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
Ptolemy IX (Soter) at Thebes by Robert Ritner

Regnal titles
Ptolemy IX Soter Ptolemaic dynasty Born: 143/2 BC Died: 81 BC
Preceded by Helenus of Cyrene	Governor of Cyprus 117 BC-116 BC	Succeeded by Ptolemy X
Preceded by Ptolemy VIII	Pharaoh of Egypt 116 BC–107 BC withCleopatra III andCleopatra IV	Succeeded by Cleopatra III Ptolemy X
Preceded by Helenus of Cyrene	King of Cyprus 105-88 BC	Succeeded by Chaereas?
Preceded by Ptolemy X Berenice III	Pharaoh of Egypt 88 BC–81 BC	Succeeded by Berenice III

v t e Hellenistic rulers
Argeads	Philip II Alexander III the Great Philip III Arrhidaeus Alexander IV
Antipatrids	Cassander Philip IV Alexander V Antipater II Antipater Etesias Sosthenes
Antigonids	Antigonus I Monophthalmus Demetrius I Poliorcetes Antigonus II Gonatas Demetrius II Aetolicus Antigonus III Doson Philip V Perseus Philip VI (pretender)
Ptolemies	Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Keraunos Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Euergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra (regent) Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soter Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III Ptolemy IX Lathyros Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra VI Tryphaena Berenice IV Epiphanea Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator Ptolemy XV Caesarion
Monarchs of Cyrene	Magas Berenice II Demetrius the Fair Ptolemy VIII Physcon Ptolemy Apion Cleopatra Selene II
Seleucids	Seleucus I Nicator Antiochus I Soter Antiochus II Theos Seleucus II Callinicus Seleucus III Ceraunus Antiochus III the Great Seleucus IV Philopator Antiochus IV Epiphanes Antiochus V Eupator Demetrius I Soter Alexander I Balas Demetrius II Nicator Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes Alexander II Zabinas Cleopatra Thea Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Cleopatra Selene I Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus
Lysimachids	Lysimachus Ptolemy Epigonos
Attalids	Philetaerus Eumenes I Attalus I Eumenes II Attalus II Attalus III Eumenes III
Greco-Bactrians	Diodotus I Diodotus II Euthydemus I Demetrius I Euthydemus II Antimachus I Pantaleon Agathocles Demetrius II Eucratides I Plato Eucratides II Heliocles I
Indo-Greeks	Demetrius I Antimachus I Pantaleon Agathocles Apollodotus I Demetrius II Antimachus II Menander I Zoilos I Agathokleia Lysias Strato I Antialcidas Heliokles II Polyxenos Demetrius III Philoxenus Diomedes Amyntas Epander Theophilos Peukolaos Thraso Nicias Menander II Artemidoros Hermaeus Archebius Telephos Apollodotus II Hippostratos Dionysios Zoilos II Apollophanes Strato II Strato III
Monarchs of Bithynia	Boteiras Bas Zipoetes I Nicomedes I Zipoetes II Etazeta (regent) Ziaelas Prusias I Prusias II Nicomedes II Nicomedes III Nicomedes IV Socrates Chrestus
Monarchs of Pontus	Mithridates I Ctistes Ariobarzanes Mithridates II Mithridates III Pharnaces I Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos withLaodice Mithridates V Euergetes Mithridates VI Eupator Pharnaces II Darius Arsaces Polemon I Pythodorida Polemon II
Monarchs of Commagene	Ptolemaeus Sames II Mithridates I Antiochus I Mithridates II Antiochus II Mithridates III Antiochus III Antiochus IV
Monarchs of Cappadocia	Ariarathes I Ariarathes II Ariamnes II Ariarathes III Ariarathes IV Ariarathes V Orophernes Ariarathes VI Ariarathes VII Ariarathes VIII Ariarathes IX Ariobarzanes I Ariobarzanes II Ariobarzanes III Ariarathes X Archelaus
Monarchs of the Cimmerian Bosporus	Paerisades I Satyros II Prytanis Eumelos Spartokos III Hygiainon (regent) Paerisades II Spartokos IV Leukon II Spartokos V [ru] Kamasarye Paerisades III Paerisades IV Paerisades V Mithridates I Pharnaces Asander withDynamis Mithridates II Asander withDynamis Scribonius's attempted rule withDynamis Dynamis withPolemon Polemon Aspurgus Gepaepyris Mithridates III Cotys I
Monarchs of Epirus	Admetus Tharrhypas Alcetas I Neoptolemus I Arybbas Alexander I Aeacides Neoptolemus II Alcetas II Pyrrhus I Alexander II Olympias II (regent) Pyrrhus II Ptolemy Pyrrhus III Deidamia
Hellenistic rulers were preceded byHellenistic satraps in most of their territories.

Pharaohs

Protodynastic toFirst Intermediate Period (<3150–2040 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female^♀ uncertain

Protodynastic
(pre-3150 BC)

Lower	Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Ni-Neith Hat-Hor Pu Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Mekh Double Falcon Wash
Upper	A Finger Snail Fish Elephant Stork Bull Scorpion I Crocodile Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer /Menes

Early Dynastic
(3150–2686 BC)

I	Narmer /Menes Hor-Aha Djer Djet Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird
II	Hotepsekhemwy Nebra Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy

Old Kingdom
(2686–2181 BC)

III	Djoser Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Sedjes Qahedjet Huni
IV	Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis
V	Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas
VI	Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah Neferka Nefer

1^st Intermediate
(2181–2040 BC)

VII/VIII	Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare III Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare IV Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare V Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare VI Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Iby Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare Wadjkare Khuiqer Khui Iytjenu
IX	Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut Imhotep
X	Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare

Middle Kingdom andSecond Intermediate Period (2040–1550 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female^♀ uncertain

Middle Kingdom
(2040–1802 BC)

XI	Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV
Nubia	Segerseni Qakare Ini Iyibkhentre
XII	Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu^♀ Seankhibtawy Seankhibra

2^nd Intermediate
(1802–1550 BC)

XIII	Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep Sonbef Nerikare Sekhemkare Amenemhat V Ameny Qemau Hotepibre Iufni Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI Semenkare Nebnuni Sehetepibre Sewadjkare Nedjemibre Khaankhre Sobekhotep Renseneb Hor Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Djedkheperew Sebkay Sedjefakare Wegaf Khendjer Imyremeshaw Sehetepkare Intef Seth Meribre Sobekhotep III Neferhotep I Sihathor Sobekhotep IV Merhotepre Sobekhotep Khahotepre Sobekhotep Wahibre Ibiau Merneferre Ay Merhotepre Ini Sankhenre Sewadjtu Mersekhemre Ined Sewadjkare Hori Merkawre Sobekhotep Mershepsesre Ini II Sewahenre Senebmiu Merkheperre Merkare Sewadjare Mentuhotep Seheqenre Sankhptahi
XIV	Yakbim Sekhaenre Ya'ammu Nubwoserre Qareh Khawoserre 'Ammu Ahotepre Maaibre Sheshi Nehesy Khakherewre Nebefawre Sehebre Merdjefare Sewadjkare III Nebdjefare Nebsenre Sekheperenre Bebnum 'Apepi Nuya Wazad Sheneh Shenshek Khamure Yakareb Yaqub-Har
XV	Sharek Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Salitis Sakir-Har Khyan Yanassi Apepi Khamudi
XVI	Djehuti Sobekhotep VIII Neferhotep III Mentuhotepi Nebiryraw I Nebiriau II Semenre Bebiankh Sekhemre Shedwast Dedumose I Dedumose II Montuemsaf Merankhre Mentuhotep Senusret IV Seneferankhre
Abydos	Senebkay Wepwawetemsaf Pantjeny Snaaib
XVII	Rahotep Nebmaatre Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose

New Kingdom andThird Intermediate Period (1550–664 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs (male female^♀) uncertain

New Kingdom
(1550–1070 BC)

XVIII	Ahmose I Amenhotep I Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut^♀ Thutmose III Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten^♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb
XIX	Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Tausret^♀
XX	Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI Ramesses XII

3^rd Intermediate
(1069–664 BC)

XXI	Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II
High Priests of Amun	Herihor Pinedjem I Menkheperre
XXII	Shoshenq I Osorkon I Heqakheperre Shoshenq IIa Tutkheperre Shoshenq IIb Maatkheperre Shoshenq IIc Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami I Shoshenq V
Lines of XXII/XXIII	Harsiese Takelot II Pedubast I Iuput I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Shoshenq VII Menkheperre Ini Iuput II of Leontopolis Peftjauawybast of Herakleopolis Nimlot I of Hermopolis Djehutyemhat of Hermopolis Nimlot II of Hermopolis Padinemti of Hermopolis
XXIII	Pedubast II Osorkon IV Pami II Gemenefkhonsbak Pedubast III
XXIV	Tefnakht Bakenranef
XXV	Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun

Late toRoman Period(664 BC–313 AD)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female^♀ uncertain

Late
(664–332 BC)

XXVI	Ammeris Tefnakht II Nekauba Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III
XXVII	Cambyses II Petubastis III Darius I Psammetichus IV Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II
XXVIII	Amyrtaeus
XXIX	Nepherites I Hakor Psammuthes Nepherites II Muthis
XXX	Nectanebo I Teos Nectanebo II
XXXI	Artaxerxes III Khabash Arses Darius III