Provisional designation is thenaming convention applied toastronomical objects immediately following their discovery. The provisional designation is usually superseded by a permanent designation once a reliable orbit has been calculated. As of 2019[update], approximately 47% of the more than 1,100,000 knownminor planets[2] remain provisionally designated, as hundreds of thousands have been discovered in the last two decades.[3] The modern system is overseen by theMinor Planet Center of theInternational Astronomical Union.
The current system of provisional designation ofminor planets (asteroids,centaurs andtrans-Neptunian objects) has been in place since 1925. It superseded several previous conventions, each of which was in turn rendered obsolete by the increasing numbers of minor planet discoveries. A modern or new-style provisional designation consists of the year of discovery, followed by two letters and, possibly, a suffixed number.[4]
For example, the provisional designation1992 QB1 stands for the 27th body identified during 16-31 Aug 1992:
A (first half of January) toY (second half of December), while the lettersI andZ are not used(see table below). The first half is always the 1st through to the 15th of the month, regardless of the numbers of days in the second "half". Thus,Q indicates the period from Aug 16 to 31.[4][5]I is not used (to avoid potential confusions with the digit 1). Because modern techniques typically yield hundreds if not thousands of discoveries per half-month, the subscript number is appended to indicate the number of times that the letters from A to Z have cycled through. The suffix1 indicates one completed cycle (1 cycle × 25 letters = 25), whileB is the 2nd position in the current cycle. Thus, B1 stands for the 27th minor planet discovered in a half-month.| First letter[4][5] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | — |
| January | February | March | April | May | June | July | August | September | October | November | December | — | ||||||||||||
| 1–15 | 16–31 | 1–15 | 16–29 | 1–15 | 16–31 | 1–15 | 16–30 | 1–15 | 16–31 | 1–15 | 16–30 | 1–15 | 16–31 | 1–15 | 16–31 | 1–15 | 16–30 | 1–15 | 16–31 | 1–15 | 16–30 | 1–15 | 16–31 | — |
| Second letter | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
| Subscript | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| none | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | ... | n |
| 0 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 100 | 125 | 150 | 175 | 200 | 225 | 250 | 275 | 300 | 25n | |
This scheme is now also used retrospectively for pre-1925 discoveries. For these, the first digit of the year is replaced by an A.[4] For example, 1801 AA indicates the first object discovered in the first half of January 1801 (1 Ceres).[6]
K07Tf8A in the packed form, where "K07" stands for the year 2007, and "f8" for the subscript number 418.Minor planets discovered during thePalomar–Leiden survey including three subsequent Trojan-campaigns, which altogether discovered more than 4,000 asteroids and Jupiter trojans between 1960 and 1977,[7] have custom designations that consist of a number (order in the survey) followed by a space and one of the following identifiers:[4][5]
For example, the asteroid6344 P-L is the 6344th minor planet in the original Palomar–Leiden survey, while the asteroid4835 T-1 (now 20936 Nemrut Dagi) was discovered during the first Trojan-campaign. The majority of these bodies have since been assigned a number and many are already named.
The first fourminor planets were discovered in the early 19th century, after which there was a lengthy gap before the discovery of the fifth. Astronomers initially had no reason to believe that there would be countless thousands of minor planets, and strove to assign a symbol to each new discovery, in the tradition of thesymbols used for the major planets. For example,1 Ceres was assigned a stylized sickle (⚳),2 Pallas a stylized lance or spear (⚴),3 Juno a scepter (⚵), and4 Vesta an altar with a sacred fire (.svg)
).[8] All had various graphic forms, some of considerable complexity.
It soon became apparent, though, that continuing to assign symbols was impractical and provided no assistance when the number of known minor planets was in the dozens.Johann Franz Encke introduced a new system in theBerliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch (BAJ) for 1854, published in 1851, in which he used encircled numbers instead of symbols. Encke's system began the numbering with Astraea which was given the number (1) and went through (11) Eunomia, while Ceres, Pallas, Juno and Vesta continued to be denoted by symbols, but in the following year's BAJ, the numbering was changed so that Astraea was number (5).
The new system found popularity among astronomers, and since then, the final designation of a minor planet is a number indicating its order of discovery followed by a name. Even after the adoption of this system, though, several more minor planets received symbols, including28 Bellona the morning star and lance of Mars's martial sister,[9]35 Leukothea an ancient lighthouse[10] and37 Fides a Latin cross (.svg)
).[11] According to Webster'sA Dictionary of the English Language, four more minor planets were also given symbols:16 Psyche,17 Thetis,26 Proserpina, and29 Amphitrite.[12] However, there is no evidence that these symbols were ever used outside of their initial publication in theAstronomische Nachrichten.
134340 Pluto is an exception: it is a high-numbered minor planet that received a graphical symbol with significant astronomical use (♇), because it was considered a major planet on its discovery, and did not receive a minor planet number until 2006.
Graphical symbols continue to be used for some minor planets, and assigned for some recently discovered larger ones, mostly by astrologers (seeastronomical symbol andastrological symbol). Threecentaurs –2060 Chiron,5145 Pholus, and7066 Nessus – and the largest trans-Neptunian objects –50000 Quaoar,90377 Sedna,90482 Orcus,136108 Haumea,136199 Eris,136472 Makemake, and225088 Gonggong – have relatively standard symbols among astrologers: the symbols for Haumea, Makemake, and Eris have even been occasionally used in astronomy.[13] However, such symbols are generally not in use among astronomers.[14]
Several different notation and symbolic schemes were used during the latter half of the nineteenth century, but the present form first appeared in the journalAstronomische Nachrichten (AN) in 1892. New numbers were assigned by the AN on receipt of a discovery announcement, and apermanent designation was then assigned once an orbit had been calculated for the new object.
At first, the provisional designation consisted of the year of discovery followed by a letter indicating the sequence of the discovery, but omitting the letter I (historically, sometimes J was omitted instead). Under this scheme,333 Badenia was initially designated1892 A,163 Erigone was1892 B, etc. In 1893, though, increasing numbers of discoveries forced the revision of the system to use double letters instead, in the sequence AA, AB... AZ, BA and so on. The sequence of double letters was not restarted each year, so that1894 AQ followed1893 AP and so on. In 1916, the letters reachedZZ and, rather than starting a series of triple-letter designations, the double-letter series was restarted with1916 AA.[4]
Because a considerable amount of time could sometimes elapse between exposing the photographic plates of an astronomical survey and actually spotting a small Solar System object on them (witness the story ofPhoebe's discovery), or even between the actual discovery and the delivery of the message (from some far-flung observatory) to the central authority, it became necessary to retrofit discoveries into the sequence — to this day, discoveries are still dated based on when the images were taken, and not on when a human realised they were looking at something new. In the double-letter scheme, this was not generally possible once designations had been assigned in a subsequent year. The scheme used to get around this problem was rather clumsy and used a designation consisting of the year and a lower-case letter in a manner similar to the old provisional-designation scheme for comets. For example,1915 a (note that there is a space between the year and the letter to distinguish this designation from the old-style comet designation1915a,Mellish's first comet of 1915),1917 b. In 1914 designations of the form year plus Greek letter were used in addition.
Temporary designations are custom designations given by an observer or discovering observatory prior to the assignment of a provisional designation by the MPC.[15] These intricate designations were used prior to theDigital Age, when communication was slow or even impossible (e.g. during WWI). The listed temporary designations by observatory or observer use uppercase and lowercase letters (LETTER,letter), digits, numbers and years, as wellRoman numerals (ROM) andGreek letters (greek).[15]
| Observatory | Temp. designation | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Algiers Obs. | AlgerLETTER | Alger A, Alger CM |
AlgLETTER | Alg A, Alg CM | |
| Alma-Ata | Alma-Ata [Nr.]number | Alma-Ata Nr. 1 |
year Anumber | 1952 A1, A1 | |
| Arequipa | Arequipaletter | Arequipa a |
Areqletter | Areq a | |
Arequipanumber | Arequipa 17 | |
Areqnumber | Areq 17 | |
| Belgrade Obs. | yearletter [(Beograd)] | 1956 x (Beograd), 1956 x |
letter | x | |
| Lowell Obs. (Flagstaff) | Anumber | A0, A7 |
| Heidelberg Obs. (directorMax Wolf) | Wolf [Nr.]number | Wolf Nr. 18, Wolf 18 |
Wolfletter | Wolf u | |
Wolfgreek | Wolf alpha | |
Heidnumber | Heid 1, Heid 234 | |
| Johannesburg Obs. | LETTER | A, E |
Gnumber | G 1, G 21 | |
Tnumber | T 9, T 16 | |
| Kyoto-Kwasan | number | 1, 6 |
letter | d | |
| La Plata Obs. | [La Plata]yearROM | La Plata 1951 I, 1951 I |
[La Plata]yearLETTER | La Plata 1950 G, 1950 G | |
| Lick | [Asteroid]LETTER | Asteroid B, B |
| Mount Wilson Obs. | [Asteroid]LETTER | Asteroid A, A |
LETTER | D | |
| Purple Mountain Obs. (Nanking) | P.O.number | P.O. 32, P.O. 189 |
POnumber | PO 32, PO 189 | |
| Crimean Astrophysical Obs. (Nauchnij) | Nnumber | N1 |
Knumber | K1, K3423 | |
| Simeiz Obs. | [1942] SIGMA Knumber | 1942 SIGMA K1, SIGMA K1 |
[1942] SIG Knumber | 1942 SIG K1, SIG K1 | |
sigmanumber | sigma 1, sigma 229 | |
| Taunton Obs. | Tauntondigit | Taunton 83 |
| Tokyo-Mitaka | TokyoLETTER | Tokyo B |
Tokyoletter | Tokyo b | |
Tokyonumber | Tokyo 20 | |
TokyoyearLETTER | Tokyo 1954 D | |
| Turku Obs. | T-number | T-1, T-774 |
| Uccle Obs. | letter [(Uccle)] | p (Uccle), p |
letternumber [(Uccle)] | x2 (Uccle), x2 | |
[year] Unumber | 1945 U 12, U 12 | |
| Washington | year Wdigit | 1917 W 15, 1923 W 21 |
| Yerkes Obs. | Y.O.number | Y.O. 23 |
YOnumber | YO 23 |
The system used forcomets was complex previous to 1995. Originally, the year was followed by a space and then a Roman numeral (indicating the sequence of discovery) in most cases, but difficulties always arose when an object needed to be placed between previous discoveries. For example, after Comet 1881 III and Comet 1881 IV might be reported, an object discovered in between the discovery dates but reported much later couldn't be designated "Comet 1881 III½". More commonly comets were known by the discoverer's name and the year. An alternate scheme also listed comets in order of time ofperihelion passage, using lower-case letters; thus "Comet Faye" (modern designation4P/Faye) was bothComet 1881 I (first comet to pass perihelion in 1881) andComet 1880c (third comet to be discovered in 1880).
The system since 1995 is similar to the provisional designation of minor planets.[16] For comets, the provisional designation consists of the year of discovery, a space,one letter (unlike the minor planets with two) indicating thehalf-month of discovery within that year (A=first half of January, B=second half of January, etc. skipping I (to avoid confusion with the number 1 or the numeral I) and not reaching Z), and finally a number (not subscripted as with minor planets), indicating the sequence of discovery within the half-month. Thus, the eighth comet discovered in the second half of March 2006 would be given the provisional designation 2006 F8, whilst the tenth comet of late March would be 2006 F10.
If a comet splits, its segments are given the same provisional designation with a suffixed letter A, B, C, ..., Z, AA, AB, AC...
If an object is originally found asteroidal, and later develops a cometary tail, it retains its asteroidal designation. For example, minor planet 1954 PC turned out to be Comet Faye, and we thus have "4P/1954 PC" as one of the designations of said comet. Similarly, minor planet1999 RE70 was reclassified as a comet, and because it was discovered byLINEAR, it is now known as176P/LINEAR (LINEAR 52)and(118401) LINEAR.
Provisional designations for comets are given condensed or "packed form" in the same manner as minor planets. 2006 F8, if a periodic comet, would be listed in the IAU Minor Planet Database as PK06F080. The last character is purposely a zero, as that allows comet and minor planet designations not to overlap.
Comets are assigned one of four possible prefixes as a rough classification. The prefix "P" (as in, for example,P/1997 C1, a.k.a. Comet Gehrels 4) designates a "periodic comet", one which has an orbital period of less than 200 years or which has been observed during more than a single perihelion passage (e.g.153P/Ikeya-Zhang, whose period is 367 years). They receive a permanent number prefix after their second observed perihelion passage(seeList of periodic comets).[17]
Comets which do not fulfill the "periodic" requirements receive the "C" prefix (e.g.C/2006 P1, the Great Comet of 2007). Comets initially labeled as "non-periodic" may, however, switch to "P" if they later fulfill the requirements.
Comets which have been lost or have disintegrated are prefixed "D" (e.g.D/1993 F2, Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9).
Finally, comets for which no reliable orbit could be calculated, but are known from historical records, are prefixed "X" as in, for example,X/1106 C1.(Also seeList of non-periodic comets andList of hyperbolic comets.)
When satellites orrings are first discovered, they are given provisional designations such as "S/2000 J 11" (the 11th new satellite ofJupiter discovered in 2000), "S/2005 P 1" (the first new satellite ofPluto discovered in 2005), or "R/2004 S 2" (the second new ring ofSaturn discovered in 2004). The initial "S/" or "R/" stands for "satellite" or "ring", respectively, distinguishing the designation from the prefixes "C/", "D/", "P/", and "X/" used forcomets. These designations are sometimes written as "S/2005 P1", dropping the second space.
The prefix "S/" indicates a natural satellite, and is followed by a year (using the year when the discovery image was acquired, not necessarily the date of discovery). A one-letter code written in upper case identifies the planet such as J and S for Jupiter and Saturn, respectively(seelist of one-letter abbreviations), and then a number identifies sequentially the observation. For example,Naiad, the innermost moon of Neptune, was at first designated "S/1989 N 6". Later, once its existence and orbit were confirmed, it received its full designation, "Neptune III Naiad".
TheRoman numbering system arose with the very first discovery of natural satellites other than Earth's Moon:Galileo referred to theGalilean moons asI throughIV (counting from Jupiter outward), in part to spite his rivalSimon Marius, who had proposed the names now adopted. Similar numbering schemes naturally arose with the discovery of moons around Saturn and Uranus. Although the numbers initially designated the moons in orbital sequence, new discoveries soon failed to conform with this scheme (e.g. "Jupiter V" isAmalthea, which orbits closer to Jupiter than doesIo). The unstated convention then became, at the close of the 19th century, that the numbers more or less reflected the order of discovery, except for prior historical exceptions(see theTimeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their natural satellites). The convention has been extended to natural satellites of minor planets, such as "(87) Sylvia I Romulus".
Mostminor-planet moons do not receive a provisional designation; they remain undesignated, like thesatellite of 38628 Huya. Provisional designations are only given when there are observations showing the satellite as a distinct entity separate from the primary. In those cases, the provisional designation system follows that established for the satellites of the major planets. With minor planets, the planet letter code is replaced by the minor planet number in parentheses. Thus, the first observed moon of87 Sylvia, discovered in 2001, was at first designated S/2001 (87) 1, later receiving its permanent designation of (87) Sylvia I Romulus. Where more than one moon has been discovered, Roman numerals specify the discovery sequence, so that Sylvia's second moon is designated (87) Sylvia II Remus.
Since Pluto was reclassified in 2006, discoveries of Plutonian moons since then follow the minor-planet system: thusNix andHydra, discovered in 2005, were S/2005 P 2 and S/2005 P 1, butKerberos andStyx, discovered in 2011 and 2012 respectively, were S/2011 (134340) 1 and S/2012 (134340) 1. That said, there has been some unofficial use of the formats "S/2011 P 1" and "S/2012 P 1".[18][19]
Packed designations are used in online and electronic documents as well as databases.
The Orbit Database (MPCORB)[20] of theMinor Planet Center (MPC) uses the "packed form" to refer to all provisionally designated minor planets.[21] The idiosyncrasy found in the new-style provisional designations, no longer exists in this packed-notation system, as the second letter is now listedafter the subscript number, or its equivalent 2-digit code. For an introduction on provisional minor planet designations in the "un-packed" form, see§ New-style provisional designation.
The system of packed provisional minor planet designations:[22]
2014 is written asK14(see tables below)00 is used when there is no following subscript,99 is used for subscript 99,A0 is used for subscript 100, andA1 is used for 101)A2K)Contrary to the new-style system, the letter "i" is used in the packed form both for the year and the numeric suffix.[22] The compacting system provides upper and lowercase letters to encode up to 619 "cycles". This means that 15,500 designations ( = 619×25 + 25) within a half-month can be packed, which is a few times more than the designations assigned monthly in recent years.[1]
J95X00AJ95X01LK16EF6KK07Tf8AJ95. As it has no subscript number,00 is used as placeholder instead, and directly placed after the half-month letter "X".J95. Subscript number "1" is padded to01 to maintain the length of 7 characters, and placed after the first letter.K16. The subscript number "156" exceeds 2 digits and is converted toF6,(see table below)K07. The subscript number "418" exceeds 2 digits and is converted tof8,(see table below)| Compacting first two digits of year[22] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | J | K | L | ... |
| 1800s | 1900s | 2000s | 2100s | ... |
| Compacting 3-digit subscript numbers[22] | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R |
| 100s | 110s | 120s | 130s | 140s | 150s | 160s | 170s | 180s | 190s | 200s | 210s | 220s | 230s | 240s | 250s | 260s | 270s |
| S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j |
| 280s | 290s | 300s | 310s | 320s | 330s | 340s | 350s | 360s | 370s | 380s | 390s | 400s | 410s | 420s | 430s | 440s | 450s |
| k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z | ||
| 460s | 470s | 480s | 490s | 500s | 510s | 520s | 530s | 540s | 550s | 560s | 570s | 580s | 590s | 600s | 610s | ||
Comets follow the minor-planet scheme for their first four characters. The fifth and sixth characters encode the number. The seventh character is usually 0, unless it is a component of a split comet, in which case it encodes in lowercase the letter of the fragment.[22]
J95A010J95P01b (i.e. fragment B of comet 1995 P1)K88AA30 (as the subscript number exceeds two digits and is converted according to the above table).There is also an extended form that adds five characters to the front. The fifth character is one of "C", "D", "P", or "X", according to the status of the comet. If the comet is periodic, then the first four characters are the periodic-comet number (padded to the left with zeroes); otherwise, they are blank.[22]
Natural satellites use the format for comets, except that the last column is always 0.[22]
Survey designations used during thePalomar–Leiden Survey (PLS) have a simpler packed form, as for example:[1]
PLS6344T1S4835T2S1010T3S4101Note that the survey designations are distinguished from provisional designations by having the letterS in the third character, which contains a decimal digit in provisional designations and permanent numbers.
A packed form forpermanent designations also exists (these are numbered minor planets, with or without a name). In this case, only the designation's number is used and converted to a 5-character string. The rest of the permanent designation is ignored. Minor planet numbers below 100,000 are simply zero-padded to 5 digits from the left side. For minor planets between 100,000 and 619,999 inclusive, a single letter (A–Z and a–z) is used, similar as for the provisional subscript number(also see table above):[22]
A covers the number range 100,000–109,999B covers the number range 110,000–119,999a covers the number range 360,000–369,999z covers the number range 610,000–619,99900001 encodes1 Ceres99999 encodes(99999) 1981 FPA0000 encodes100000 Astronautica, (asA0= 100K)A9999 encodes(109999) 2001 SZ62 (asA9= 109K)B0000 encodes(110000) 2001 SM63 (asB0= 110K)G3693 encodes163693 Atira (asG3= 163K)Y2843 encodes342843 Davidbowie (asY2= 342K)g0356 encodes420356 Praamzius (asg0= 420K)z9999 encodes(619999) 2006 UP363 (asz9= 619K)For minor planets numbered 620,000 or higher, a tilde"~" is used as the first character. The subsequent 4 characters encoded inBase62 (using 0–9, then A–Z, and a–z, in this specific order) are used to store the difference of the object's number minus 620,000. This extended system allows for the encoding of more than 15 million minor planet numbers. For example:[22]
~0000 (620,000 − 620,000 = 0 = 0 ×623 + 0 ×622 + 0 ×621 + 0 ×620)~000z (620,061 − 620,000 = 61 = 0 ×623 + 0 ×622 + 0 ×621 + 61 ×620)~AZaz (3,140,113 − 620,000 = 2,520,113 = 10 ×623 + 35 ×622 + 36 ×621 + 61 ×620)~zzzz (15,396,335 − 620,000 = 14,776,335 = 61 ×623 + 61 ×622 + 61 ×621 + 61 ×620)For comets, permanent designations only apply to periodic comets that are seen to return. The first four characters are the number of the comet (left-padded with zeroes). The fifth character is "P", unless the periodic comet is lost or defunct, in which case it is "D".[22]
For natural satellites, permanent packed designations take the form of the planet letter, then three digits containing the converted Roman numeral (left-padded with zeroes), and finally an "S". For example, Jupiter XIIILeda isJ013S, and Neptune IINereid isN002S.[22]
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