TheSouth Armagh Brigade of theProvisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) operated duringthe Troubles in southCounty Armagh. It was organised into two battalions, one aroundJonesborough and another aroundCrossmaglen. By the 1990s, the South Armagh Brigade was thought to consist of about 40 members,[1] roughly half of them living south of the border.[2] It has allegedly been commanded since the 1970s byThomas 'Slab' Murphy who is also alleged to be a member of theIRA's Army Council.[3] Compared to other brigades, the South Armagh IRA was seen as an 'independent republic' within the republican movement, retaining a battalion organizational structure and not adopting the cell structure the rest of the IRA was forced to adopt after repeated intelligence failures.[4]
As well as paramilitary activity, the South Armagh Brigade has also been widely accused ofsmuggling across theIrish border.[5] Between 1970 and 1997 the brigade was responsible for the deaths of 165 members of British security forces (123British soldiers and 42Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) officers). A further 75 civilians were killed in the area during the conflict,[6] as well as ten South Armagh Brigade members.[7] The RUC recorded 1,255 bombings and 1,158 shootings around a radius of ten miles from the geographic centre of South Armagh in the same period.[6]
South Armagh has a longIrish republican tradition. From 1919,Frank Thornton, Third Director of Operations in Michael Collins' Intelligence Staff,[8][9] played a key role in organising IRA activities acrossSouth Armagh, Louth, Monaghan, Cavan, Longford and Down.[10] Many men in the area served in theFourth Northern Division of the Irish Republican Army during theIrish War of Independence (1919–21) and, unlike most of the rest of theNorthern Ireland IRA, on the anti-Treaty side in theIrish Civil War (1922–23). Men from the area also took part in IRA campaigns in the 1940 and1950s.[11]
At the beginning of the Northern IrelandTroubles in August 1969, rioters, led by IRA men, attacked the RUC barracks inCrossmaglen, in retaliation for the attacks on Catholic/nationalist areas inBelfast in theNorthern Ireland riots of August 1969.[12] After the split in the IRA in that year, the South Armagh unit sided with the Provisional IRA rather than theOfficial IRA. The following August, two RUC constables were killed by acar bomb inCrossmaglen.[13]
However, theIRA campaign in the area did not begin in earnest until 1971. On 7 August of that year, Harry Thornton, a 29-year-old sewage worker from South Armagh was shot and killed by the British Army while staying in a car outsideSpringfield Road base in Belfast, he and his coworker Arthur Murphy having been mistaken for gunmen. Murphy was lightly wounded and arrested by the RUC. The incident caused outrage among South Armagh residents, provided the IRA with many new recruits and created a hostile climate where local people were prepared to tolerate the killing of security force members.[14]
During the early 1970s, the brigade was mostly engaged in ambushes of British Army patrols. In one such ambush in August 1972, aFerret armoured car was destroyed by a 600 lblandmine, killing one soldier. There were also frequent gun attacks on foot patrols. Travelling overland in South Armagh eventually became so dangerous that the British Army began using helicopters to transport troops and supply its bases - a practice that had to be continued until the late 1990s. According to authorToby Harnden, the decision was taken shortly after aSaracen armoured vehicle was destroyed by a culvert bomb near Crossmaglen, on 9 October 1975. Subsequently, the British Army gave up the use of roads to the IRA in South Armagh.[15] IRA volunteer Éamon McGuire, a formerAer Lingus senior engineer, and his team claim that they were responsible for getting the British Army "off the ground and into the air" in South Armagh. He was identified as the IRA's chief technical officer by theCentral Intelligence Agency.[16] Another noted IRA commander at that time was the commanding officer of the first battalion, CaptainMichael McVerry. He was eventually killed during an attack on the RUC barracks inKeady in November 1973. Around this time IRA engineers in South Armagh pioneered the use of home-made mortars which were relatively inaccurate but highly destructive.[17]
In 1975 and 1976, as sectarian violence increased inNorthern Ireland, theSouth Armagh Republican Action Force, allegedly a cover-name for the South Armagh Brigade, carried out two attacks against Protestants. In September 1975 they attacked anOrange lodge inNewtownhamilton, killing five members of the lodge. Then, in January 1976, after a series of loyalistUlster Volunteer Force (UVF) attacks on Catholic civilians in the border areas (including theReavey and O'Dowd killings the previous day), the group shot and killed ten Protestant workmen in the "Kingsmill massacre" nearBessbrook. The workers' bus was stopped and the one Catholic worker taken aside before the others were killed.[18] In response, theBritish government stated that it was dispatching theSpecial Air Service (SAS) to South Armagh, although the SAS had been present in the area for many years.[19] While loyalist attacks on Catholics temporarily declined afterwards and many Protestants became more reluctant to help the UVF, the massacre caused considerable controversy in the republican movement.
By the end of the 1970s, the IRA in most of Northern Ireland had been restructured into acell system. South Armagh, however, where the close rural community and family connections of IRA men diminished the risk of infiltration, retained its larger "battalion" structure. On 17 February 1978 the commander of the 2nd BattalionRoyal Green Jackets, Lieutenant Colonel Ian Corden-Lloyd, was killed and two other soldiers injured when theGazelle helicopter he was travelling inwas attacked by an IRA unit near Jonesborough. At that moment, a gun battle was taking place on the ground between British soldiers and members of the South Armagh Brigade. The helicopter crashed while taking evasive manoeuvres after being fired at from the east side of Edenappa road.[20] Corden-Lloyd's subordinates had been accused of brutality against Catholic civilians in Belfast in 1971.[21] In August 1979, a South Armagh unit killed 18 soldiers in theWarrenpoint ambush.[22] This was the biggest single loss of life inflicted on the British Army in its deployment in Northern Ireland (Operation Banner).
A number of South Armagh IRA members were imprisoned by the end of the 1970s and took part in theblanket protest anddirty protest in pursuit of political status for IRA prisoners.Raymond McCreesh, a South Armagh man, was among the ten republican hunger strikers who died for this goal in the1981 hunger strike. The South Armagh Brigade retaliated for the deaths of the hunger strikers by killing five British soldiers with a mine that destroyed their armoured vehicle nearBessbrook.[23]
During the mid-1980s, the brigade focused its attacks on the RUC, killing 20 of its members between 1984 and 1986. Nine of these were killed in the February1985 Newry mortar attack.[24] Three months later, a further four RUC officers were killed by a 900 lb roadside bomb atKillean, County Armagh.[25]
In 1986, the British Army erected ten hilltopobservation posts in South Armagh. These bases acted as information-gathering centres and also allowed the British Army to patrol South Armagh more securely. Between 1971 and the erection of the hilltop sites in the mid-1980s (the first in 1986), 84 members of the security forces were killed in the Crossmaglen andForkhill areas by the IRA. After this, 24 security force personnel andLord Justice Gibson and his wife were killed in the same areas, roughly a third of the previous yearly rate.
In March 1989, two senior RUC officers were killed in an ambush nearJonesborough.Chief Superintendent Harry Breen and Superintendent Bob Buchanan were returning from a meeting with theGarda Síochána in theRepublic of Ireland, where they had been discussing a range of issues including ways of combating IRA attacks on the cross-border rail link, when they were ambushed.[26] This incident was investigated by theSmithwick Tribunal into allegedcollusion between the IRA and the Gardaí.[27] As the divisional commander for South Armagh, Breen was the most senior policeman to have been killed during the Troubles.[28]
South Armagh became the most heavily militarised area in Northern Ireland. In an area with a population of 23,000, the British Army stationed around 3,000 troops in support of the RUC to contain an unknown number of paramilitaries.[29]
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the IRA elsewhere in Northern Ireland found that nine out of ten planned operations were aborted.[30] However, the South Armagh Brigade continued to carry out varied and high-profile attacks in the same period.[31] By 1991, the RUC acknowledged that no mobile patrols had operated in South Armagh without Army support since 1975.[32]
On 30 December 1990,Sinn Féin member and IRA volunteer,[33]Fergal Caraher, was killed byRoyal Marines near a checkpoint inCullyhanna. His brother Michael Caraher, who was severely wounded in the shooting, later became the commander of one of theSouth Armagh sniper squads.
These squads were responsible for killing seven soldiers and two RUC members until the Caraher team was finally caught by theSpecial Air Service in April 1997.[34] The South Armagh Brigade also built the bombs that were used to wreck economic targets inLondon during the 1990s, specially hitting the financial district. The truck bombs were sent to England byferry.[35] On 22 April 1993, the South Armagh IRA unittook control of the village of Cullaville near the border with the Republic, for two hours, making good use ofdead ground. The fact that the IRA executed the action despite the presence of a British Army watchtower nearby, caused outrage among British andIrish parliamentary circles.[36][37]
The South Armagh Brigade was by far the most effective IRA brigade in shooting down British helicopters during the conflict. They carried out 23 attacks on British Army helicopters during the Troubles, bringing five down on separate occasions: theGazelle shot down in February 1978 near Jonesborough,[20] aLynx in June 1988,[38] a second Lynx in February 1991.[39] while in 1994 another Lynx and an RAFPuma were shot down in March and July respectively.[38] The shooting down of the Lynx in 1994 during amortar attack on Crossmaglen barracks is regarded by Toby Harnden as the most successful IRA operation against a helicopter in the course of the Troubles.[40] A sustained machine gun attack against a helicopter was filmed by aDublin television crew in March 1991 outside Crossmaglen Health Center. There was no reaction from British security although the RUC/Army base was just 50 yards away.[41] The only successful IRA attack against an Army helicopter outside South Armagh was carried out by theEast Tyrone Brigade nearClogher,County Tyrone, on 11 February 1990.[42] By 1994, the only way for the British army to travel safely across South Armagh and some border areas of Tyrone and Fermanagh was on board troop-carryingChinook helicopters.[43]
Dates inbold indicate a death by a sniper.
The IRA ceasefire of 1994 was a blow to the South Armagh Brigade, in that it allowed the security forces to operate openly in the area without fear of attack and to build intelligence on IRA members.[45] When the IRA resumed its campaign in 1996-97, the South Armagh IRA was less active than previously,[46] although one of the sniper teams killed one soldier and seriously wounded an RUC constable. But the snipers also lost a number of their most skilled members, such as Mícheál Caraher, who were arrested and imprisoned just weeks before the second ceasefire. The capture of the sniper team was the single major success for the security forces in South Armagh in more than a decade,[47] and was arguably among the most important of the Troubles,[48] but by then, the IRA and Sinn Féin had achieved huge political gains towards their long-term goals.[49] The last major action of the brigade before the last IRA ceasefire was a mortar attack on Newtownhamilton RUC/Army barracks, on 12 July 1997. The singleMk-15 mortar bomb landed 40 yards (37 m) short of the perimeter fence[48] beside the base helipad.[50]
In 1997, several members of the South Armagh Brigade, based in Jonesborough andDromintee, followingMichael McKevitt, left the Provisional IRA because of its acceptance of theMitchell Principles of non-violence at a General Army Convention in October of that year and formed a dissident grouping, theReal IRA, which rejected the peace process. Their discontent was deepened by Sinn Féin's endorsement of theGood Friday Agreement in 1998. Most of the South Armagh IRA stayed within the Provisional movement, but there were reports of the brigade aiding the dissidents in different actions before the signing of the agreement, among them the bombings ofMoira andPortadown, and mortar attacks on a security base at Forkhill and a watchtower at Glassdrumman.[51] TheOmagh bombing of August 1998, a botchedReal IRA operation which killed 29 civilians, was prepared bydissident republicans in South Armagh.[52] Thomas Murphy and the leadership of the IRA in the area have allegedly since re-asserted their control, expelling dissidents from the district under threat of death. Michael McKevitt and his wifeBernadette were evicted from their home nearDundalk.[53] IRA members in South Armagh ceased co-operating with the RIRA after the Omagh bombing.[54]
After the Provisional IRA announced its intention to disarm and accept peaceful methods in July 2005, the British government announced a full demilitarisation plan which included the closing of all British Army bases in South Armagh by 2007. The normalisation process, negotiated under the provisions of the Good Friday Agreement in exchange for the complete decommissioning of IRA weaponry, was one of the main goals of the republican political strategy in the region.[55][56]
Since the army wind-down in 2007, security in the area is the sole responsibility of thePolice Service of Northern Ireland.[57]
Senior IRA figures in South Armagh, notablyThomas Murphy, are alleged to have been involved in large-scalesmuggling across the Irish border andmoney-laundering. Other alleged illegal activities involvefraud throughembezzlement ofagricultural subsidies and false claims of property loss. In 2006, the British and Irish authorities mounted joint operations to clamp down on smuggling in the area and to seize Thomas Murphy's assets.[58][59] On 22 June 1998 a deadly incident involving fuel smuggling took place near Crossmaglen, when former Thomas Murphy employee Patrick Belton ran over and killed a British soldier attempting to stop him while driving his oil tanker through a military checkpoint. Belton was shot and injured by other members of the patrol, but managed to flee to the Republic. He was later acquitted of any charges, but he eventually agreed in 2006 to pay €500,000 for cross-border smuggling.[60][61] Some sources claim that the smuggling activities not only made the South Armagh brigade self-sustained, but also provided financial support to most of the IRA operations around Northern Ireland.[62][63] The IRA control over the roads across the border in South Armagh enabled them to impose 'taxes' on every cross-border illegal enterprise.[63]
A memorial garden was unveiled on 3 October 2010 in the village ofMullaghbawn, nearSlieve Gullion mountain, with the names of 24 members of the South Armagh Brigade who died from different causes over the years inscribed upon a marble monument, along a bronze statue ofIrish mythological heroCú Chulainn.Martin McGuinness, thendeputy First Minister of Northern Ireland, gave the main oration, whileConor Murphy, thenMinister for Regional Development, introduced the families of the dead IRA members. The unveiling involved a large republican parade which failed to comply with the procedures of theParades Commission. APolice Service of Northern Ireland spokesman confirmed that an investigation was underway, but also stated that bothSinn Féin Ministers and everyone attending the parade were unaware that "the proper paperwork hadn't been submitted".[64] The monument serves as the venue for an annual South Armagh Brigade commemoration held each year in June.[65]
"The Saracen armoured car blown up by a culvert bomb at Lurganculleboy, near Crossmaglen in October 1975, killing Corporal Edward Gleeson. Shortly afterwards, the Army abandoned road transport in South Armagh.""The last armoured patrol in South Armagh, attacked in Crossmaglen October 1975 killing Cpl Gleeson. Since then the security forces travel by helicopter for security reasons."
