The region is roughly coterminous with the formerFrench province ofProvence, with the addition of the following adjacent areas: the formerpapal territory ofAvignon, known asComtat Venaissin; the formerSardinian-PiedmonteseCounty of Nice annexed in 1860, whose coastline is known in English as theFrench Riviera and in French as theCôte d'Azur; and the southeastern part of the former French province ofDauphiné, in theFrench Alps. Previously known by the acronym PACA, the region adopted the nameRégion Sud as a commercial name or nickname in December 2017.[4]
The region Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur and its departments on the background of historical territories
The region logotype displays the coat of arms created in the 1990s and which combines the coats of arms of the old provinces making up Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. The region's economy is the third largest in France, just behindÎle-de-France andAuvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Its GDP in 2015 was €168.2 billion (US$190.5 billion)[6] while its per capita GDP was €30,863 (US$34,950).[7]
As of 2020, the population of the region was 5,098,666;Marseille and its metropolitan area is the most populous in the region with a city population of 870,321, anurban population of 1,618,479 and ametropolitan population of 1,879,601.[8] Marseille is the second largest city in France afterParis, and has the third largest metropolitan population, behind those of Paris andLyon respectively.[9]
Nice is host to the second-largest population concentration in the region, with a city population of 344,875 and an urban population of 1,005,230, making it the fifth-most populous city in France.
The absolute majority of the population speaks French but many regional and foreign languages are present in the region.[10]
The 1999 Census, which included a complementary survey asking for the mother tongue of the respondents, gave results on the most spoken mother tongues in Provence after French:[11]
According to a 2009 study, nearly 40% of all newborns in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in 2007 had at least one parent of an immigrant background, mostlyItalian,Spanish,Portuguese andMaghrebi. This is the second-highest rate afterÎle-de-France (Greater Paris), where the figure was around 56%.[12] Since the 1960s, the region has been a major immigration centre from France and intoFrance, mostly due to Northern French and to Mediterranean immigration from countries such asPortugal,Spain,Italy,Algeria,Tunisia andMorocco.[13]
The largest cities in the region areMarseille (regional prefecture),Nice,Toulon andAix-en-Provence, each with a population exceeding 100,000 inhabitants at the 1999 census. After Marseille, Nice is the second most populous city in the region, with a city proper population of about 350,000 and an urban population exceeding 1 million.
Marseille has an urban area of 2 million inhabitants and is the largest and capital city of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. It is also the second-most populated city in France, just behindParis, and the city with the third-largest metropolitan population in France, behind Paris andLyon, respectively.
Along with Nice and Marseille, the region is also made internationally popular withCannes, a city that, despite its comparatively small size (population of 73,603 in 2012), hosts the annualCannes Film Festival, which has highly popularized the region. In addition,Arles has become renowned as the city whereVincent van Gogh lived and painted 300 paintings.
Toulon is a large military harbour on the Mediterranean coast and is home to a French naval base. It is the capital of the Var department in the region. Also, Aix-en-Provence has long been a university town and, to this day, remains the most important educational centre in the region.
Below is a list of the most populated cities in the region along with their population (city proper) according to the most recent census:
In recent years,The Republicans have gained strong support in the region. Following the2015 regional election, the party took control of the regional executive, which had been previously controlled by theSocialist Party (PS).Christian Estrosi succeededMichel Vauzelle as President of the Regional Council. The 2015 election was also a show of force for theNational Front (FN), led byMarion Maréchal-Le Pen, which garnered over 45% of the vote in the second round.[15] The Socialist Party lost all representation at the regional level. TheFrench Communist Party (PCF) historically had several strongholds in the region from the 1920s onward, includingAubagne,Draguignan,La Ciotat,Beausoleil,Martigues,Gardanne,Arles as well as some suburbs ofMarseille, although not enough to win regional elections; the party usually received about 10% of the vote. In the 2002 presidential election, this declined to 4%.[16] In 2007, it dropped below 2%.[17] Nowadays the main competition in regional politics is between the right-wing The Republicans and the far-right National Rally (formerly National Front).[18][19] In the second round of the2021 regional election, The Republicans received 57.3% of the vote against the National Rally's 42.7% with a list led byThierry Mariani.[20] The Socialist Party, present in the first round on a joint list led byEurope Ecology – The Greens, failed again to win any seats. The2022 presidential election marked the first time a far-right candidate won a majority of the vote in the second round in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur.Marine Le Pen won a majority of the vote in three of the six departments (55.1% in Var, 52% in Vaucluse and 51.5% in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence); her respective scores in the remaining three (49.9% in Alpes-Maritimes, 47.9% in Bouches-du-Rhône and 44.9% in Hautes-Alpes) were superior to her national total (41.5%).[21]
In the second round of the last four presidential elections, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur voted as follows, with the winner of the election indicated in italics:
The regional income per capita is close to the French national average. Income inequality however is higher than in other regions: it is ranked the 2nd region most marked by inequalities after Île-de-France.[22] The region is ranked fifth by GDP (as of 2016).[23] Between 2007 and 2011, the region registered an average annual growth rate of 1.6% of GDP (Eurostat), close to the national average annual growth rate of 1.5%. Representing 7.2% of the national GDP over the period,[24] the region is an important economic powerhouse.
In 2013, the region was responsible for 7.4% of national employment,[25] with an employment rate of 60.9%.[26] The region's employment success has a main characteristic: a higher concentration of elderly people than in the rest of France (respectively 27.1% and 24.1% in 2013).[27]
With more than 80% of regional employment in the service sector in 2016,[28] the regional economy is mostly oriented towards service activities, above the national average of 75.8%.[29] The sector grew between 2000 and 2010 (3.1% on annual average versus 2.1% in France). The region concentrates more on commercial activities than financial ones than the rest of France does; principally because of tourism. 34% of the labour force is employed in retail and trade, against 32% at the national level. Moreover, the sector strongly contributes to growth of added value (81.5% vs. 77.3% at the national level). The industrial sector (existing mainly through theMarseille-Fos Port), including construction, consists of 17.1% of regional employment (vs. 20.6% in the rest of France), and contributes to 9.3% of gross added value, 3.2 points below the French level.
Employment in the agricultural sector is lower than the national level (2.4% against 3.1%). However, it grew at a rate of 4.1% annually on average between 2000 and 2008, while the rest of the country saw its agricultural employment decline by 2.4%. According to theINSEE, the region is characterised by a strong presence of SMEs of less than 500 employees, which represent 91.2% of local businesses (higher than the national average of 90.9%). Retail activities and tourism explain these figures.
The region's economy is dependent on tourism like most coastal places but also a majority of its economy is dependent on coastal activities. PACA is the 3rd richest French region and ranks 19th on the European scale. Its prosperity is mainly thanks to its attractiveness in terms of tourism; it is indeed one of the world's favourite tourist destinations, welcoming about 34 million tourists every year. The service sector predominates and provides many good jobs. In 2009, the region was admittedly affected by the global economic crisis, albeit to a small extent. It is (after the Paris area) the 2nd French region with regards to business startups.
If tourism is the driving force of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, the region is also a leader when it comes to innovative sectors, such as high technology, biotechnology, and microelectronics. Education, for its part, is well developed with the region's various universities, international schools, preparatory classes for specialist university courses, and engineering and business schools. All these institutions of higher learning help contribute to the human capital needed by the region to meet current technological challenges.
The region has a total GDP (2018) of €166.4 billion (US$188.7 bn), the sixth highest in France.[30] It has a per capita GDP of €30,864 (US$34,994),[31] slightly higher than the French average. According to a recent survey, a person living in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur has an average annual income of about €37,489 (US$45,755).
The region is at the centre of a complex and dense motorway network, in the heart of Mediterranean coast. Motorways are operated by ASF, ESCOTA,[37] SMTC, MPM (Marseille Metropolis) and DIR Med (State). In PACA, motorways have the particularity to serve the city centres of large cities, unlike other large cities of France. This is due to their comparatively early construction in relation to the motorways of France's other regions.
A7 – Autoroute du Soleil "Motorway of the Sun" links the region to Lyon and on to the North of France. This motorway starts in centralMarseille at thePorte d'Aix. The road widens at Septèmes Valleys and meets the A51. After a junction with the A55 and connecting highways A517, A551 and A552, the motorway crosses Vitrolles in 2x2x2 lanes. It servesMarseille Provence Airport andAix-en-Provence TGV railway station. After 10 kilometres, the A7 passes theBerre-l'Étang petrochimical complex at a junction with the D8 highway. After this it meets the A8 Provençal motorway atLa Fare-les-Oliviers. After the toll station atLançon-de-Provence, the road meets the A54 motorway atSalon-de-Provence. The motorway continues along the Rhône and Durance to Avignon and Orange until Lyon.
A8 – La Provençale, crosses the region from west to east to Italy. This motorway starts from the A7 at La Fare-les-Oliviers. The first part of free-road starts and cross Aix-en-Provence to be linked with A51 and N296 motorways. After the Palette Valley, the motorway arrives to the La Barque tool and the junction with the A52 to Aubagne, Marseille-Est and Toulon. Crossing the Var department with the A8/A57 junction atLe Luc, the A8 gets a mountain profile to cross the French Riviera: Cannes, Antibes, Nice. A connection is made with A500 motorway at La Turbie to serves the Principauty of Monaco. After Menton, the motorway cross the Italian border until Genoa.
A50 – This motorway connects the east of Marseilles after the Prado-Carénage tooltunnel to Toulon. After crossing the Huveaune Valley and the South of Aubagne, the motorway goes near the coast to Toulon city center. The motorway crosses the city with a tunnel until A57. It is a suburban motorway.
A51 – Autoroute du Val de Durance "Motorway of the Durance Valley". The motorway starts with the A7/A51/A517 junction in the north of Marseille between Plan-de-Campagne and Septèmes Valleys. 20 kilometres after, the motorway stops at the A8/A516/A51/N296 junction in the southern part ofAix-en-Provence. At Aix-Nord, the motorway restarts and goes to rural South Alps afterManosque. It ends near Tallard, at 20 km (12 mi) south fromGap.
A52 – Grand Contournement de Marseille "Marseille Bypass". The motorway starts at the A8/A52 junction in Aix-Est (La Barque). It is a mountain 2x2 motorway built at 20 km (12 mi) around Marseille. After the A52/A520 junction and Pont de l'Étoile, it ends at Aubagne, connected with A501 and A50.
A54 – Autoroute de la Crau "Crau Motorway". This motorway starts at the A7/A54 junction at Salon-Est and the crossing ofSalon-de-Provence with four exits, the motorway arrives at the Crau Plain. It ends at the N569/A54 junction in Saint-Martin de Crau. It re-begins at Arles-Ouest toNîmes,Montpellier andBarcelona.
A55 – Autoroute du Littoral "Coastal Motorway". This motorway starts atPort-de-Bouc. After the Martigues bridge, the motorway passes at the south of the Berre pond in the Estaque Mountains After the A7/A55/A551/A552 junction atLes Pennes-Mirabeau, it crosses the mountains and arrives at Marseille (Estaque district). After the junction of Grand Littoral, the way crosses the newEuroméditerranée Central Business District with a long bridge of 7 km (4.3 mi). Cars enter in the Joliette tunnel, continued by the Vieux-Port tunnel under the sea and the Prado-Carénage tooltunnel. These three tunnels crosses the Marseille city centre. A55 is connected with A50.
A57 – Autoroute des Maures "Maures motorway". This motorways starts at A50/A57 junction after the Toulon tunnel. After the A57/1570 junction atLa Valette-du-Var, the motorway continues along the plain of Maures to Cuers and Le Luc to be link with the A8.
A500 - Tunnel de Monaco "Monaco Tunnel". This motorway starts at La Turbie (A8) at the west of Monaco. The A8 goes over Monaco but A500 goes in Monaco with a 5 km (3.1 mi) tunnel to the principality.
A501 - Aubagne bypass, connects A50 to A52.
A502 - Garlaban motorway. This little motorway connects the A50 from Aubagne to Aubagne-Est to the Garlaban mountains.
A515 - Junction from A51 to Gardanne.
A516 - L'Aixoise. This motorway connects the A51 southern East Junction to Aix city centre.
A517 - Convergent de Septèmes-les-Vallons "Convergent of Septemes Valleys". Link between A7 and 51.
A520 - Autoroute de la Sainte Baume "Ste. Baume motorway". This motorway starts from A52 at Pont de l'Étoile and ends at Auriol East to be connected with N560 to the Sambuc pass and Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume.
A570 - Autoroute de la Côte "Motorway of the Coast". Link between A57 andHyères. The national road N97 continues after toSaint-Tropez.
N113 - Highway in Vitrolles along the A7. Highway of the Crau Plain between Saint-Martin-de-Crau (A54) to Arles-Ouest (A54).
N296 - Aix-en-Provence bypass.
N569 - Port of Fos-Marseille.
D6 - Highway of Arc Valley from A515 to Rousset-Peynier Technologies centre.
D8 - Petrochimical area of Berre.
D9 - Link between Marseille Provence Airport, Aix TGV high speed train station, the Arbois desert, Europolis and Aix-en-Provence.
The region is served by 13 high-speed trains stations and one more in thePrincipality of Monaco. Two stations are situated on theLGV Méditerranée opened in 2001: Avignon TGV and Aix-en-Provence TGV. The others stations served by high-speed services are Avignon-Centre, Arles, Miramas, Marseille-Saint-Charles, Toulon, Les Arcs-Draguignan, Saint-Raphaël-Valescure, Cannes, Antibes, Nice-Ville and Menton.
Despite the importance of the region in the national economy and demography, the national services on conventional network are not very high due to the fact of the saturations of the tracks with high speed and regional trains.
All regional train services are operated under the ZOU! brand used for interurban train and bus services funded by the region. All such services are part of theTER Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur network and operated bySNCF on behalf of the region, except for services on the line between Nice and Digne-les-Bains, which are operated byChemins de fer de Provence, a company owned by the region. In 2021 the region became the first in mainland France to open up TER services to competition, and after a tender process awarded a contract toTransdev to operate TER services on the Marseille-Nice line. Transdev is scheduled to commence operations in place of SNCF from June 2025.[38]
The Regional Council of Provence-Alpes Côte d'Azur is the transport authority and defines the services in all region. An attractive fare permits to transport more than 100,000 passengers every day in 750 trains. Trains are leaving every 15, 20, 30, 60 or 120 minutes on each line.
The regional services operate on one set of tracks throughout the regions, which has led to delays and cancellations along the line. In 2016, during the second Council of the Year at the Region Hall in Marseille, in front of politicians and the new President of the Regional Council of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'AzurChristian Estrosi, the SNCF CEO,Guillaume Pepy, has announced the impossibility of the company to respond to the demand. TheMarseille-Saint-Charles Station, the Marseille's main railway station cannot support more than 23 trains an hour and the tracks are too old and not enough to accept an average of the capacity. The project of new high-speed line calledLGV PACA in 2030 could permit to increase trains on tracks with a new crossing of Marseille with a tunnel. Two new stations will be created in the territory of the city and a new line between Cannes andNice Côte d'Azur Airport.
Services operated by SNCF are declined with two appellations unlike other regions : TER, normally suburban trains and Intervilles, long-distance regional trains.Services operated by SNCF Intervilles:
Marseille-Saint-Charles to Toulon, Nice and Monaco
Marseille-Saint-Charles to Gap and Briançon
Marseille-Saint-Charles to Avignon and Lyon-Part-Dieu
Marseille-Saint-Charles to Montpellier, Narbonne and Perpignan
Briançon to Gap, Valence TGV, Valence-Ville and Romans-sur-Isère
Avignon-Centre to Montpellier, Narbonne and Perpignan
Services operated by SNCF TER:
Marseille-Saint-Charles to Marseille-Euroméditerranée, Port-de-Bouc and Miramas
Marseille-Saint-Charles to Vitrolles MP Airport, Miramas and Avignon-Centre
Marseille-Saint-Charles to Vitrolles MP Airport, Miramas, Nîmes and Montpellier-Saint-Roch
Marseille-Saint-Charles to Marseille-Euroméditerranée, Vitrolles MP Airport, Salon-de-Provence, Avignon-Centre and Avignon TGV
Marseille-Saint-Charles to Saint-Antoine, Aix-en-Provence and Pertuis
Marseille-Saint-Charles to Saint-Antoine, Aix-en-Provence and Sisteron
Marseille-Saint-Charles to Marseille-Blancarde and Aubagne
Marseille-Saint-Charles to Marseille-Blancarde, Aubagne, Toulon and Hyères
Marseille-Saint-Charles to Marseille-Blancarde, Aubagne, Toulon and Les Arcs-Draguignan
Avignon-Centre, Valence and Lyon-Perrache
Avignon-Centre to Nîmes, Montpellier, Narbonne and Perpignan
Avignon TGV to Avignon-Centre and Carpentras
Les Arcs-Draguignan to Cannes, Nice, Monaco and Menton
Grasse to Cannes, Nice, Monaco, Menton and Ventimiglia (Italy)
TheMétro de Marseille — opened in 1977 — is the region's sole subway system and consists of two lines, with a third planned.
Marseilles also has a moderntramway with three lines, as doAubagne andAvignon with one line each andNice, with three lines. Each of those cities rebuilt their tram networks after they were shut down in the mid-20th century — the exception being Line 68 in Marseilles, which continued service until 2004 before being rebuilt and reopened as part of the current system in 2007.
Tram networks operated inAix-en-Provence,La Ciotat andToulon in the early- and mid-20th century also but have not been revived.
The mining company Alteo processesbauxite to produce aluminium, resulting in various waste materials such as "boues rouges" (red mud) andarsenic. The dumping of this waste in the marine reserve ofCalanques National Park for six years was authorised by the French Government in 2015, and has been a continuing source of disagreement and legal procedures between environmental protection, government, and industrial lobbies. Company representatives have dismissed environmental concerns as exaggerated and uninformed.[39][40][41][42][43]
^TheCommission nationale de toponymie uses theProvence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur version, in accordance with the French usage ofhyphens.archive.wikiwix.com. Archived from theoriginal (PDF) on 2021-05-11. Retrieved 2021-12-27.
^"Le tertiaire domine largement en Paca" [The tertiary sector overwhelmingly dominates in PACA.].Alternatives Economiques (in French). January 2016. Retrieved2021-12-30.
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